Chapter 40

[1861]It is said of Claudius (Suet.Claud.12) “neminem exulum nisi ex senatus auctoritate restituit”; and of Antoninus Pius (Vita6) “His quos Hadrianus damnaverat in senatu indulgentias petit, dicens etiam ipsum Hadrianum hoc fuisse facturum.”[1862]Such acts are mentioned under Claudius (Dio Cass. lx. 4), Otho (Tac.Hist.i. 90; Plut.Otho1), Vitellius (Tac.Hist.ii. 92), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), Nerva (Plin.Ep.iv. 9, 2), Antoninus Caracalla (Vita3), and Gordian (Herodian vii. 6, 4).[1863]Tac.Ann.ii. 50 “(Tiberius) liberavit ... Appuleiam lege majestatis, adulterii graviorem poenam deprecatus.”[1864]p. 390.[1865]Gordian is spoken of as παλινδικίαν διδοὺς τοῦς ἀδίκως κατακριθεῖσι (Herodian vii. 6, 4).[1866]Ulp. inDig.3, 1, 1, 10.[1867]Suet.Claud.14 “(Claudius) iis, qui apud privatos judices pius petendo formula excidissent, restituit actiones”;Dom.8 “(Domitianus) ambitiosas centumvirorum sententias rescidit.”[1868]This power was employed by Augustus (Suet.Aug.32 “Diuturnorum reorum ... nomina abolevit”), Gaius (Suet.Calig.15 “criminum ... si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, omnium gratiam fecit”; cf. Dio Cass. lix. 6), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), and Domitian (Suet.Dom.9).[1869]p. 388.[1870]Cic.in Vat.14, 33.[1871]p. 390.[1872]Dig.48, 19, 9, 11 “referre ad principem debet, ut ex auctoritate ejus poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.”[1873]The capital punishment of decurions was prohibited by Hadrian (Dig.48, 19, 15), and the earliestmandata, directing the procedure of governors in such cases, proceed from thedivi fratres(ib. 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2). The punishment of deportation had been confined to the Princeps and the praefects of the praetorian guard and the city by the time of Septimius Severus (ib. 48, 19, 2, 1 and 48, 22, 6, 1; cf. § 7).[1874]Pliny often raises this question in his correspondence with Trajan (31 [40], 4; 56 [64], 3; 57 [65], 1). The passages seem to show (i.) that there was at the time no fixed rule defining the governor’s power ofrestitutio, at least in public provinces; (ii.) thatrestitutioby a governor was felt to be permissible in certain cases.[1875]A passage in Justinian’sCode(9, 51, 1) shows us Antoninus (Caracalla) saying to a man, who had been deported to an island, “Restituo te in integrum provinciae tuae.”[1876]Greenidge inClassical Reviewviii. p. 437.[1877]Cf. Tac.Ann.iii. 53 (quoted p. 352).[1878]Dio Cass. xliii. 48; Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 557.[1879]Tac.Ann.xiii. 29; Dio Cass. liii. 2; Suet.Aug.36.[1880]Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. liii. 32.[1881]Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet.Claud.24. For the election by the Princeps see the inscription to Ti. Domitius Decidius “electo (Mommsen, “adlecto” Wilmanns) a T. Claudio Caesare ... qui primus quaestor per triennium citra ordinem praeesset aerario Saturni” (Wilmanns n. 1135).[1882]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 559.[1883]Tac. l.c.; Mommsen l.c.[1884]Dio Cass. lxxi. 33 καὶ χρήματα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου ᾔτησε τὴν βουλήν.[1885]For the meaning of the word—the great basket in which money was kept in the state treasuries—see MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 998 n. 1. At the beginning of the Principate there were, perhaps, fisci rather than afiscus(cf. Suet.Aug.101), although there must always have been a central controlling department.[1886]Tiberius in 23B.C.says of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia, “non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse” (Tac.Ann.iv. 15). He was doubtless a “procurator patrimonii.” Cf. Tac.Ann.xii. 60 (“cum Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit”); xiii. 1 “P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi.”[1887]MarquardtStaatsverwaltungii. p. 256.[1888]Vita Severi12 “interfectis innumeris Abani partium viris ... omnium bona publicata sunt.... Tuncque primum privatarum rerum procuratio constituta est.” The ordinarily accepted view of the relations of these two departments to one another is that of Hirschfeld and Marquardt, viz. that thepatrimoniumwas the inalienable crown property, theres privatathe strictly personal property of the Princeps. Karlowa (Rechtsgeschichtei. p. 505) takes an exactly oppositive view of their relations, based partly on the fact that extant inscriptions show theprocurator rationis privataeto have had a higher rank than theprocurator patrimonii.[1889]Mon. Anc.iii. 39 “HS milliens et septingentiens (170 million sesterces) ex patrimonio meo detuli.”[1890]Dio Cass. lv. 25; Tac.Ann.i. 78.[1891]Dio Cass. l.c.; cf. Tac.Ann.v. 8 (vi. 3).[1892]p. 351.[1893]Tac.Ann.ii 85.[1894]ib. iii. 61.[1895]ib. xi. 15.[1896]Vita Aurel.31.[1897]MommsenRömisches Münzwesenpp. 742 ff. He shows that the transitory usurpation of the copper coinage by Nero was due to the same desire of making a profit as his reduction of the value of silver.[1898]Dig.2, 15, 8 “divus Marcus oratione in senatu recitata effecit ne, etc.” Cf. 24, 1, 23; 27, 9, 1.[1899]Tacitus (Ann.vi. 2 [8]) remarks, with reference to proposals carried in the Senate in 32A.D., “et bona Sejani ablata aerario ut in fiscum cogerentur, tanquam referret.”[1900]Suet.Aug.38 “Liberis senatorum, quo celerius rei publicae assuescerent, protinus ... latum clavum induere et curiae interesse permisit.”[1901]WilmannsIndexp. 602; cf. Suet.Dom.10.[1902]Augustus had given the post ofpraefectus alaeas well as that oftribunus militumto senators’ sons (Suet.Aug.38). Mommsen (Staatsr.i. p. 548) thinks that after Tiberius theselaticlavii, as a rule, filled the office of tribune alone. They could scarcely have been given a real command when they first joined the standards.[1903]The poet Ovid, who assumed thelatus clavusby right of birth, took the first steps towards a senatorial career by filling two posts in the vigintivirate, but he went no further and subsided into equestrian rank (OvidTrist.iv. 10, 29;Fastiiv. 383).[1904]Suet.Claud.24 “Senatoriam dignitatem recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit.”[1905]Suet.Claud.24 “Latum clavum (quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem) etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed sub conditione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset.” Claudius then appealed to the famous precedent set by his ancestor Appius Caecus.[1906]Dig.23, 2, 44.[1907]ib. 1, 9, 8; 50, 1, 22, 5.[1908]ib. 1, 9, §§ 5, 6, 7, 10.[1909]Asc.in or.in Tog.Cand.p. 94.[1910]Dio Cass. lxix. 16 ἐνομοθέτησε δὲ ... ἵνα μηδεὶς βουλευτὴς μητ’ αὐτὸς μήτε δι’ ἑτέρου τέλος τι μισθῶται.[1911]Severus Alexander at first forbade the taking of interest, but subsequently allowed 6 per cent (Vita26). For investment by a senator at an earlier period cf. Plin.Ep.iii. 19, 8 “sum quidem prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen fenero.”[1912]Dig.50, 1, 23 “municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus dignitatem, quantum ad munera; quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur originem.” Cf. ib. 1, 9, 11; 50, 1, 22, 5;Cod.10, 40 [39], 8.[1913]p. 387.[1914]FriedländerSittengesch.i. 3.[1915]Dio Cass. lii. cc. 7, 15, 31; lxvii. 2.[1916]See p. 413.[1917]p. 364.[1918]p. 374.[1919]Suet.Claud.25 “stipendiaque instituit (Claudius) et imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur ‘supra numerum,’ quo absentes et titulo tenus fungerentur.”[1920]InA.D.16 a proposal was made in the Senate “ut ... legionum legati, qui ante praeturam ea militia fungebantur, jam tum praetores destinarentur” (Tac.Ann.ii. 36).[1921]Galba’s is a good instance of a distinguished senatorial career. He obtained officeante legitimum tempus; after the praetorship he governed Aquitania, after the consulship Upper Germany; he was then proconsul of Africa, and finally for eight years legate of Tarraconensis. See Suet.Galba6, 7, 8.[1922]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “(the state contracts) societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.”[1923]Dio Cass. liii. 30. On Antonius Musa, who had saved Augustus’ life, was conferred τὸ χρυσοῖς δακτυλίοις (ἀπελεύθερος γὰρ ἦν) χρῆσθαι: ib. xlviii. 45 (Augustus, on the reception of Menas the former freedman of Sex. Pompeius) δακτυλίοις τε χρυσοῖς ἐκόσμησε καὶ ἐς τὸ τῶν ἱππέων τέλος ἐσέγραψε. These wordsmaymean that Menas was made aneques equo publicoas well.[1924]A rescript of Hadrian is quoted with reference to theingenuitasconferred by the gold ring (Ulp. inDig.40, 10, 6). For other references to this right seeDig.38, 2, 3; Justin.Nov.78.[1925]The usurpation of the gold ring by freedmen, which was repressed by Claudius (Suet.Claud.25) and Domitian, and the inspection in the theatre instituted by the latter (Martial v. 8) seem to refer to a civil class; at least there is no evidence that such people claimed to beequites equo publico. When Dio Cassius (lvi. 42) speaks of οἵ τε ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ τέλους καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, it is not clear who “the others” are, but the passage shows that persons other than those in the corps were called “equites.”[1926]Dionys. vi. 13.[1927]Theseviriwould seem to show that there were sixturmae. See HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.p. 243 n. 1.[1928]Hence such expressions asa divo Hadriano equo publico honoratus(Wilmanns 1825),equo publico exornatus ab Impp. Severo et Antonino Augg.(ib. 1595).[1929]p. 347.[1930]p. 225. It is probable that the revision of the knights described in Suet.Claud.16,Vesp.9 refers to the censorship of these emperors.[1931]a censibus equitum Romanorum(Wilmanns 1275),a censibus a libellis Aug.(ib. 1249 b),a libellis et censibus(ib. 1257).[1932]p. 225.[1933]Suet.Aug.38 “equitum turmas frequenter recognovit, post longam intercapedinem reducto more transvectionis.”[1934]ib. 38 “mox reddendi equi gratiam fecit eis, qui majores annorum quinque et triginta retinere eum nollent.”[1935]ib. 39 “Unum quemque equitum rationem vitae reddere coegit.”[1936]Suet.Calig.16 “palam adempto equo, quibus aut probri aliquid aut ignominiae inesset.”[1937]Suet.Aug.37, 39.[1938]In those of Caligula (Suet.Calig.16) and Nero (Dio Cass. lxiii. 13), and perhaps in those of Vitellius (Tac.Hist.ii. 62) and Severus Alexander (Vita15).[1939]Zosimus ii. 29.[1940]By the side of such titles asequo publico judex selectus ex V decuriis(Wilmanns 2110) andequum publicum habens adlectus in V decurias(ib. 2203) we find the titlequin. decur. judi(cum) (inter) quatringenarios(Henzen 6469), in which a purely monetary qualification is expressed.[1941]Wilmanns nn. 1639, 2841,Indexp. 564; MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 565.[1942]Wilmanns n. 2858; Mommsen ib. n. 3.[1943]These might have been included in theequites illustreswhom Augustus forbade to set foot in Egypt (Tac.Ann.ii. 59 “vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus”), but the knights chiefly referred to here are doubtless distinguished permanent members of the order.[1944]The variants used by Tacitus would apply to both of these classes. He usesinsignis(Ann.xi. 5) and speaks ofprimores equitum(Hist.i. 4). Two ex-praefects of the praetorian guard are described asequites Romani dignitate senatoria(Ann.xvi. 17). Cf. note 3.[1945]For the promotions from one praefecture to another, see MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1042 n. 1.[1946]p. 61.[1947]p. 120.[1948]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17] “duratque simulacrum, quotiens ob ferias Latinas praeficitur qui consulare munus usurpet.”[1949]Suet.Caes.76 “praefectos ... pro praetoribus constituit, qui absente se res urbanas administrarent”; Dio Cass. xliii. 28 πολιανόμοις τισίν ὀκτώ, ὤς τισι δοκεῖ, ἢ ἔξ, ὡς μᾶλλον πεπίστευται, ἐπιτρέψας.[1950]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17].[1951]Tac. l.c.; cf. Dio Cass. liv. 19.[1952]In Tac.Ann.vi. 10 [16] it is said of L. Piso (died 32A.D.) “praefectus urbi recens continuam potestatem et insolentia parendi graviorem mire temperavit.”[1953]We find Maximus as praefect during Caligula’s presence in Rome in 39A.D.(Dio Cass. lix. 13).[1954]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17] “(Augustus) sumpsit e consularibus.”[1955]Vita Commodi14 “praefectos urbi eadem facilitate mutavit”;Vita Pii8 “successorem viventi bono judici nulli dedit nisi Orfito praefecto urbi, sed petenti.” For the frequent life-long tenure of the office see Dio Cass. lii. 24.[1956]Paulus inDig.5, 1, 12, 1 “(Judicem dare possunt) hi quibus id more concessum est propter vim imperii, sicut praefectus urbi ceterique Romae magistratus”; contrast Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 33 “nam praefectus annonae et vigilum non sunt magistratus, sed extra ordinem utilitatis causa constituti sunt.”[1957]Messala Corvinus, praefectcirca25B.C.(Jerome in Euseb.Chron.a. 1991).[1958]SenecaEp.83, 14 “L. Piso urbis custos ... officium ... suum, quo tutela urbis continebatur, diligentissime administravit.”[1959]Suet.Aug.49.[1960]Tac.Ann.iv. 5.[1961]Dig.1, 12.[1962]Tac.Ann.xiv. 41 (A.D.61) “pari ignominia (interdiction from Italy) Valerius Ponticus adficitur, quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset, interim specie legum, mox praevaricando ultionem elusurus.”[1963]Dio Cass. lii. 21 καὶ τὰς δίκας, τάς τε παρὰ πάντων ὧν εἶπον ἀρχόντων ἐφεσίμους τε καὶ ἀναπομπίμους καὶ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου, τοῖς τε ἐν τῇ πόλει, πλὴν ὦν ἂν εἴπω, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω αὐτῆς μέχρι πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακοσίων σταδίων οἰκοῦσι κρίνῃ: Ulp. inDig.1, 12, 1 “Omnia omnino crimina praefectura urbis sibi vindicavit [a praefectura urbis sibi vindicari,Momms.], nec tantum ea, quae intra urbem admittuntur, verum ea quoque, quae extra urbem intra Italiam [intra c̅ lapidem,Momms., cf. 1, 12, 1, 4] epistula divi Severi ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi missa declaratur.”[1964]Dig.1, 12, 3; 48, 19, 8, 5.[1965]Collatio14, 3, 2;Dig.1, 12, 1, 4. Cf. note 5.[1966]Ulp. inDig.1, 12, 3 “Praefectus urbi, cum terminos urbis exierit, potestatem non habet: extra urbem potest jubere judicare.”[1967]Dig.1, 12, 1, 6 “Sed et ex interdictis quod vi aut clam aut interdicto unde vi audire [aut unde vi adiri,Momms.] potest.”[1968]Dio Cass. lii. 21 (quoted n. 5);Cod.7, 62, 17 (Constantine,A.D.322) “si apud utrumque praetorem, dum quaestio ventilatur, ab aliqua parte auxilium provocationis fuerit objectum, praefecturae urbis judicium sacrum appellator observet.”[1969]Dio Cass. liii. 11.[1970]Tac.Ann.iv. 5. Otho speaks of the corps as “Italiae alumni et Romana vere juventus” (Tac.Hist.i 84).[1971]Suet.Tit.6.[1972]Vita Severi14.[1973]Two are regarded as the normal number by Dio Cassius (lii. 24). Three are found under Commodus, Didius Julianus, and Severus Alexander. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 867.[1974]Collatio14, 3, 2. The right was given by constitutions (“jam eo perventum est constitutionibus”). The citation is from Ulpian, and this jurisdiction had doubtless been attained before the time of Caracalla. Cf.Vita Alex.21.[1975]Cod.9, 2, 6, 1 (Gordian,A.D.243, with reference to appeal against apraeses provinciaeon the ground of condemnation in absence) “praefectos praetorio adire cura.”[1976]ib. 4, 65, 4, 1 (Alexander,A.D.222) “si majorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit (praeses provinciae), ad Domitium Ulpianum praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit”; cf. 8, 40 [41], 13.[1977]Dig.12, 1, 40 “Lecta est in auditorio Aemilii Papiniani praefecti praetorio juris consulti cautio hujusmodi”; cf. 22, 1, 3, 3.[1978]p. 386.[1979]Dig.1, 11, 1, 1 (Arcadius in early part of fourth centuryA.D.) “praefectorum auctoritas ... in tantum meruit augeri ut appellari a praefectis praetorio non possit. Nam cum antea quaesitum fuisset an liceret ... et extarent exempla eorum qui provocaverint, postea publice sententia principali lecta appellandi facultas interdicta est;”Cod.7, 62, 19 (Constantine,A.D.331) “a praefectis autem praetorio provocare non sinimus.”[1980]Cf.Vita Marci11 “habuit secum praefectos, quorum et auctoritate et periculo semper jura dictavit.”[1981]See below on theconsilium.[1982]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 549. A knight of the third century is appointedin consilium praef. praet. item urb(i) ex sacra jussione(Henzen 6519). Cf. MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1122 n. 1.[1983]Cod.1, 26, 2 (Alexander,A.D.235) “Formam a praefecto praetorio datam, etsi generalis sit, minime legibus vel constitutionibus contrariam, si nihil postea ex auctoritate mea innovatum est, servari aequum est.”[1984]Vita Alex.21.[1985]ib. “Alexander autem idcirco senatores esse voluit praef. praet., ne quis non senator de Romano senatore judicaret.”[1986]ib. “si quis imperatorum successorem praef. praet. dare vellet, laticlaviam eidem ... summitteret”; cf.Vita Commodi4;Vita Hadriani8 “cum Attianum ex praefecto praetorii ornamentis consularibus praeditum faceret senatorem.”[1987]Cic.ad Att.iv. 1, 7; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9.[1988]Dio Cass. xlvi. 39.[1989]Dig.1, 2, 2, 32.[1990]Dio Cass. liv. 1;Mon. Anc.Gr. iii. 6.[1991]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1038 n. 1; HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.p. 130 n. 1; KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 553.[1992]Dio Cass. liv. 17; lv. 26.[1993]Praefecti frumenti dandiare found, apparently for the purpose of distribution, as late as the second century. They were generally ex-praetors and appointedex senatus consulto, probably because theaerariumbore or contributed to the cost. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 673; KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 553.[1994]Dio Cass. lii. 24; Senecade Brev. Vitae19, 1.[1995]Hirschfeld inPhilologus1870, pp. 79 ff.[1996]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i p. 556.[1997]Dig.48, 2, 13; cf. 48, 12, 1.[1998]ib. 14, 5, 8; 14, 1, 1, 18.[1999]ib. 14, 5, 8 “sententiam (praefecti annonae) conservavit imperator”; cf. Dio Cass. lii. 33.[2000]p. 235.[2001]Dio Cass. liv. 2.[2002]Paulus inDig.1, 15, 1 and 3.[2003]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 558.

[1862]Such acts are mentioned under Claudius (Dio Cass. lx. 4), Otho (Tac.Hist.i. 90; Plut.Otho1), Vitellius (Tac.Hist.ii. 92), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), Nerva (Plin.Ep.iv. 9, 2), Antoninus Caracalla (Vita3), and Gordian (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1863]Tac.Ann.ii. 50 “(Tiberius) liberavit ... Appuleiam lege majestatis, adulterii graviorem poenam deprecatus.”

[1864]p. 390.

[1865]Gordian is spoken of as παλινδικίαν διδοὺς τοῦς ἀδίκως κατακριθεῖσι (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1866]Ulp. inDig.3, 1, 1, 10.

[1867]Suet.Claud.14 “(Claudius) iis, qui apud privatos judices pius petendo formula excidissent, restituit actiones”;Dom.8 “(Domitianus) ambitiosas centumvirorum sententias rescidit.”

[1868]This power was employed by Augustus (Suet.Aug.32 “Diuturnorum reorum ... nomina abolevit”), Gaius (Suet.Calig.15 “criminum ... si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, omnium gratiam fecit”; cf. Dio Cass. lix. 6), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), and Domitian (Suet.Dom.9).

[1869]p. 388.

[1870]Cic.in Vat.14, 33.

[1871]p. 390.

[1872]Dig.48, 19, 9, 11 “referre ad principem debet, ut ex auctoritate ejus poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.”

[1873]The capital punishment of decurions was prohibited by Hadrian (Dig.48, 19, 15), and the earliestmandata, directing the procedure of governors in such cases, proceed from thedivi fratres(ib. 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2). The punishment of deportation had been confined to the Princeps and the praefects of the praetorian guard and the city by the time of Septimius Severus (ib. 48, 19, 2, 1 and 48, 22, 6, 1; cf. § 7).

[1874]Pliny often raises this question in his correspondence with Trajan (31 [40], 4; 56 [64], 3; 57 [65], 1). The passages seem to show (i.) that there was at the time no fixed rule defining the governor’s power ofrestitutio, at least in public provinces; (ii.) thatrestitutioby a governor was felt to be permissible in certain cases.

[1875]A passage in Justinian’sCode(9, 51, 1) shows us Antoninus (Caracalla) saying to a man, who had been deported to an island, “Restituo te in integrum provinciae tuae.”

[1876]Greenidge inClassical Reviewviii. p. 437.

[1877]Cf. Tac.Ann.iii. 53 (quoted p. 352).

[1878]Dio Cass. xliii. 48; Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 557.

[1879]Tac.Ann.xiii. 29; Dio Cass. liii. 2; Suet.Aug.36.

[1880]Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. liii. 32.

[1881]Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet.Claud.24. For the election by the Princeps see the inscription to Ti. Domitius Decidius “electo (Mommsen, “adlecto” Wilmanns) a T. Claudio Caesare ... qui primus quaestor per triennium citra ordinem praeesset aerario Saturni” (Wilmanns n. 1135).

[1882]Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 559.

[1883]Tac. l.c.; Mommsen l.c.

[1884]Dio Cass. lxxi. 33 καὶ χρήματα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου ᾔτησε τὴν βουλήν.

[1885]For the meaning of the word—the great basket in which money was kept in the state treasuries—see MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 998 n. 1. At the beginning of the Principate there were, perhaps, fisci rather than afiscus(cf. Suet.Aug.101), although there must always have been a central controlling department.

[1886]Tiberius in 23B.C.says of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia, “non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse” (Tac.Ann.iv. 15). He was doubtless a “procurator patrimonii.” Cf. Tac.Ann.xii. 60 (“cum Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit”); xiii. 1 “P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi.”

[1887]MarquardtStaatsverwaltungii. p. 256.

[1888]Vita Severi12 “interfectis innumeris Abani partium viris ... omnium bona publicata sunt.... Tuncque primum privatarum rerum procuratio constituta est.” The ordinarily accepted view of the relations of these two departments to one another is that of Hirschfeld and Marquardt, viz. that thepatrimoniumwas the inalienable crown property, theres privatathe strictly personal property of the Princeps. Karlowa (Rechtsgeschichtei. p. 505) takes an exactly oppositive view of their relations, based partly on the fact that extant inscriptions show theprocurator rationis privataeto have had a higher rank than theprocurator patrimonii.

[1889]Mon. Anc.iii. 39 “HS milliens et septingentiens (170 million sesterces) ex patrimonio meo detuli.”

[1890]Dio Cass. lv. 25; Tac.Ann.i. 78.

[1891]Dio Cass. l.c.; cf. Tac.Ann.v. 8 (vi. 3).

[1892]p. 351.

[1893]Tac.Ann.ii 85.

[1894]ib. iii. 61.

[1895]ib. xi. 15.

[1896]Vita Aurel.31.

[1897]MommsenRömisches Münzwesenpp. 742 ff. He shows that the transitory usurpation of the copper coinage by Nero was due to the same desire of making a profit as his reduction of the value of silver.

[1898]Dig.2, 15, 8 “divus Marcus oratione in senatu recitata effecit ne, etc.” Cf. 24, 1, 23; 27, 9, 1.

[1899]Tacitus (Ann.vi. 2 [8]) remarks, with reference to proposals carried in the Senate in 32A.D., “et bona Sejani ablata aerario ut in fiscum cogerentur, tanquam referret.”

[1900]Suet.Aug.38 “Liberis senatorum, quo celerius rei publicae assuescerent, protinus ... latum clavum induere et curiae interesse permisit.”

[1901]WilmannsIndexp. 602; cf. Suet.Dom.10.

[1902]Augustus had given the post ofpraefectus alaeas well as that oftribunus militumto senators’ sons (Suet.Aug.38). Mommsen (Staatsr.i. p. 548) thinks that after Tiberius theselaticlavii, as a rule, filled the office of tribune alone. They could scarcely have been given a real command when they first joined the standards.

[1903]The poet Ovid, who assumed thelatus clavusby right of birth, took the first steps towards a senatorial career by filling two posts in the vigintivirate, but he went no further and subsided into equestrian rank (OvidTrist.iv. 10, 29;Fastiiv. 383).

[1904]Suet.Claud.24 “Senatoriam dignitatem recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit.”

[1905]Suet.Claud.24 “Latum clavum (quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem) etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed sub conditione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset.” Claudius then appealed to the famous precedent set by his ancestor Appius Caecus.

[1906]Dig.23, 2, 44.

[1907]ib. 1, 9, 8; 50, 1, 22, 5.

[1908]ib. 1, 9, §§ 5, 6, 7, 10.

[1909]Asc.in or.in Tog.Cand.p. 94.

[1910]Dio Cass. lxix. 16 ἐνομοθέτησε δὲ ... ἵνα μηδεὶς βουλευτὴς μητ’ αὐτὸς μήτε δι’ ἑτέρου τέλος τι μισθῶται.

[1911]Severus Alexander at first forbade the taking of interest, but subsequently allowed 6 per cent (Vita26). For investment by a senator at an earlier period cf. Plin.Ep.iii. 19, 8 “sum quidem prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen fenero.”

[1912]Dig.50, 1, 23 “municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus dignitatem, quantum ad munera; quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur originem.” Cf. ib. 1, 9, 11; 50, 1, 22, 5;Cod.10, 40 [39], 8.

[1913]p. 387.

[1914]FriedländerSittengesch.i. 3.

[1915]Dio Cass. lii. cc. 7, 15, 31; lxvii. 2.

[1916]See p. 413.

[1917]p. 364.

[1918]p. 374.

[1919]Suet.Claud.25 “stipendiaque instituit (Claudius) et imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur ‘supra numerum,’ quo absentes et titulo tenus fungerentur.”

[1920]InA.D.16 a proposal was made in the Senate “ut ... legionum legati, qui ante praeturam ea militia fungebantur, jam tum praetores destinarentur” (Tac.Ann.ii. 36).

[1921]Galba’s is a good instance of a distinguished senatorial career. He obtained officeante legitimum tempus; after the praetorship he governed Aquitania, after the consulship Upper Germany; he was then proconsul of Africa, and finally for eight years legate of Tarraconensis. See Suet.Galba6, 7, 8.

[1922]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “(the state contracts) societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.”

[1923]Dio Cass. liii. 30. On Antonius Musa, who had saved Augustus’ life, was conferred τὸ χρυσοῖς δακτυλίοις (ἀπελεύθερος γὰρ ἦν) χρῆσθαι: ib. xlviii. 45 (Augustus, on the reception of Menas the former freedman of Sex. Pompeius) δακτυλίοις τε χρυσοῖς ἐκόσμησε καὶ ἐς τὸ τῶν ἱππέων τέλος ἐσέγραψε. These wordsmaymean that Menas was made aneques equo publicoas well.

[1924]A rescript of Hadrian is quoted with reference to theingenuitasconferred by the gold ring (Ulp. inDig.40, 10, 6). For other references to this right seeDig.38, 2, 3; Justin.Nov.78.

[1925]The usurpation of the gold ring by freedmen, which was repressed by Claudius (Suet.Claud.25) and Domitian, and the inspection in the theatre instituted by the latter (Martial v. 8) seem to refer to a civil class; at least there is no evidence that such people claimed to beequites equo publico. When Dio Cassius (lvi. 42) speaks of οἵ τε ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ τέλους καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, it is not clear who “the others” are, but the passage shows that persons other than those in the corps were called “equites.”

[1926]Dionys. vi. 13.

[1927]Theseviriwould seem to show that there were sixturmae. See HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.p. 243 n. 1.

[1928]Hence such expressions asa divo Hadriano equo publico honoratus(Wilmanns 1825),equo publico exornatus ab Impp. Severo et Antonino Augg.(ib. 1595).

[1929]p. 347.

[1930]p. 225. It is probable that the revision of the knights described in Suet.Claud.16,Vesp.9 refers to the censorship of these emperors.

[1931]a censibus equitum Romanorum(Wilmanns 1275),a censibus a libellis Aug.(ib. 1249 b),a libellis et censibus(ib. 1257).

[1932]p. 225.

[1933]Suet.Aug.38 “equitum turmas frequenter recognovit, post longam intercapedinem reducto more transvectionis.”

[1934]ib. 38 “mox reddendi equi gratiam fecit eis, qui majores annorum quinque et triginta retinere eum nollent.”

[1935]ib. 39 “Unum quemque equitum rationem vitae reddere coegit.”

[1936]Suet.Calig.16 “palam adempto equo, quibus aut probri aliquid aut ignominiae inesset.”

[1937]Suet.Aug.37, 39.

[1938]In those of Caligula (Suet.Calig.16) and Nero (Dio Cass. lxiii. 13), and perhaps in those of Vitellius (Tac.Hist.ii. 62) and Severus Alexander (Vita15).

[1939]Zosimus ii. 29.

[1940]By the side of such titles asequo publico judex selectus ex V decuriis(Wilmanns 2110) andequum publicum habens adlectus in V decurias(ib. 2203) we find the titlequin. decur. judi(cum) (inter) quatringenarios(Henzen 6469), in which a purely monetary qualification is expressed.

[1941]Wilmanns nn. 1639, 2841,Indexp. 564; MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 565.

[1942]Wilmanns n. 2858; Mommsen ib. n. 3.

[1943]These might have been included in theequites illustreswhom Augustus forbade to set foot in Egypt (Tac.Ann.ii. 59 “vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus”), but the knights chiefly referred to here are doubtless distinguished permanent members of the order.

[1944]The variants used by Tacitus would apply to both of these classes. He usesinsignis(Ann.xi. 5) and speaks ofprimores equitum(Hist.i. 4). Two ex-praefects of the praetorian guard are described asequites Romani dignitate senatoria(Ann.xvi. 17). Cf. note 3.

[1945]For the promotions from one praefecture to another, see MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1042 n. 1.

[1946]p. 61.

[1947]p. 120.

[1948]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17] “duratque simulacrum, quotiens ob ferias Latinas praeficitur qui consulare munus usurpet.”

[1949]Suet.Caes.76 “praefectos ... pro praetoribus constituit, qui absente se res urbanas administrarent”; Dio Cass. xliii. 28 πολιανόμοις τισίν ὀκτώ, ὤς τισι δοκεῖ, ἢ ἔξ, ὡς μᾶλλον πεπίστευται, ἐπιτρέψας.

[1950]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17].

[1951]Tac. l.c.; cf. Dio Cass. liv. 19.

[1952]In Tac.Ann.vi. 10 [16] it is said of L. Piso (died 32A.D.) “praefectus urbi recens continuam potestatem et insolentia parendi graviorem mire temperavit.”

[1953]We find Maximus as praefect during Caligula’s presence in Rome in 39A.D.(Dio Cass. lix. 13).

[1954]Tac.Ann.vi. 11 [17] “(Augustus) sumpsit e consularibus.”

[1955]Vita Commodi14 “praefectos urbi eadem facilitate mutavit”;Vita Pii8 “successorem viventi bono judici nulli dedit nisi Orfito praefecto urbi, sed petenti.” For the frequent life-long tenure of the office see Dio Cass. lii. 24.

[1956]Paulus inDig.5, 1, 12, 1 “(Judicem dare possunt) hi quibus id more concessum est propter vim imperii, sicut praefectus urbi ceterique Romae magistratus”; contrast Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 33 “nam praefectus annonae et vigilum non sunt magistratus, sed extra ordinem utilitatis causa constituti sunt.”

[1957]Messala Corvinus, praefectcirca25B.C.(Jerome in Euseb.Chron.a. 1991).

[1958]SenecaEp.83, 14 “L. Piso urbis custos ... officium ... suum, quo tutela urbis continebatur, diligentissime administravit.”

[1959]Suet.Aug.49.

[1960]Tac.Ann.iv. 5.

[1961]Dig.1, 12.

[1962]Tac.Ann.xiv. 41 (A.D.61) “pari ignominia (interdiction from Italy) Valerius Ponticus adficitur, quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset, interim specie legum, mox praevaricando ultionem elusurus.”

[1963]Dio Cass. lii. 21 καὶ τὰς δίκας, τάς τε παρὰ πάντων ὧν εἶπον ἀρχόντων ἐφεσίμους τε καὶ ἀναπομπίμους καὶ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου, τοῖς τε ἐν τῇ πόλει, πλὴν ὦν ἂν εἴπω, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω αὐτῆς μέχρι πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακοσίων σταδίων οἰκοῦσι κρίνῃ: Ulp. inDig.1, 12, 1 “Omnia omnino crimina praefectura urbis sibi vindicavit [a praefectura urbis sibi vindicari,Momms.], nec tantum ea, quae intra urbem admittuntur, verum ea quoque, quae extra urbem intra Italiam [intra c̅ lapidem,Momms., cf. 1, 12, 1, 4] epistula divi Severi ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi missa declaratur.”

[1964]Dig.1, 12, 3; 48, 19, 8, 5.

[1965]Collatio14, 3, 2;Dig.1, 12, 1, 4. Cf. note 5.

[1966]Ulp. inDig.1, 12, 3 “Praefectus urbi, cum terminos urbis exierit, potestatem non habet: extra urbem potest jubere judicare.”

[1967]Dig.1, 12, 1, 6 “Sed et ex interdictis quod vi aut clam aut interdicto unde vi audire [aut unde vi adiri,Momms.] potest.”

[1968]Dio Cass. lii. 21 (quoted n. 5);Cod.7, 62, 17 (Constantine,A.D.322) “si apud utrumque praetorem, dum quaestio ventilatur, ab aliqua parte auxilium provocationis fuerit objectum, praefecturae urbis judicium sacrum appellator observet.”

[1969]Dio Cass. liii. 11.

[1970]Tac.Ann.iv. 5. Otho speaks of the corps as “Italiae alumni et Romana vere juventus” (Tac.Hist.i 84).

[1971]Suet.Tit.6.

[1972]Vita Severi14.

[1973]Two are regarded as the normal number by Dio Cassius (lii. 24). Three are found under Commodus, Didius Julianus, and Severus Alexander. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 867.

[1974]Collatio14, 3, 2. The right was given by constitutions (“jam eo perventum est constitutionibus”). The citation is from Ulpian, and this jurisdiction had doubtless been attained before the time of Caracalla. Cf.Vita Alex.21.

[1975]Cod.9, 2, 6, 1 (Gordian,A.D.243, with reference to appeal against apraeses provinciaeon the ground of condemnation in absence) “praefectos praetorio adire cura.”

[1976]ib. 4, 65, 4, 1 (Alexander,A.D.222) “si majorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit (praeses provinciae), ad Domitium Ulpianum praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit”; cf. 8, 40 [41], 13.

[1977]Dig.12, 1, 40 “Lecta est in auditorio Aemilii Papiniani praefecti praetorio juris consulti cautio hujusmodi”; cf. 22, 1, 3, 3.

[1978]p. 386.

[1979]Dig.1, 11, 1, 1 (Arcadius in early part of fourth centuryA.D.) “praefectorum auctoritas ... in tantum meruit augeri ut appellari a praefectis praetorio non possit. Nam cum antea quaesitum fuisset an liceret ... et extarent exempla eorum qui provocaverint, postea publice sententia principali lecta appellandi facultas interdicta est;”Cod.7, 62, 19 (Constantine,A.D.331) “a praefectis autem praetorio provocare non sinimus.”

[1980]Cf.Vita Marci11 “habuit secum praefectos, quorum et auctoritate et periculo semper jura dictavit.”

[1981]See below on theconsilium.

[1982]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 549. A knight of the third century is appointedin consilium praef. praet. item urb(i) ex sacra jussione(Henzen 6519). Cf. MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1122 n. 1.

[1983]Cod.1, 26, 2 (Alexander,A.D.235) “Formam a praefecto praetorio datam, etsi generalis sit, minime legibus vel constitutionibus contrariam, si nihil postea ex auctoritate mea innovatum est, servari aequum est.”

[1984]Vita Alex.21.

[1985]ib. “Alexander autem idcirco senatores esse voluit praef. praet., ne quis non senator de Romano senatore judicaret.”

[1986]ib. “si quis imperatorum successorem praef. praet. dare vellet, laticlaviam eidem ... summitteret”; cf.Vita Commodi4;Vita Hadriani8 “cum Attianum ex praefecto praetorii ornamentis consularibus praeditum faceret senatorem.”

[1987]Cic.ad Att.iv. 1, 7; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9.

[1988]Dio Cass. xlvi. 39.

[1989]Dig.1, 2, 2, 32.

[1990]Dio Cass. liv. 1;Mon. Anc.Gr. iii. 6.

[1991]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1038 n. 1; HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.p. 130 n. 1; KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 553.

[1992]Dio Cass. liv. 17; lv. 26.

[1993]Praefecti frumenti dandiare found, apparently for the purpose of distribution, as late as the second century. They were generally ex-praetors and appointedex senatus consulto, probably because theaerariumbore or contributed to the cost. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 673; KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 553.

[1994]Dio Cass. lii. 24; Senecade Brev. Vitae19, 1.

[1995]Hirschfeld inPhilologus1870, pp. 79 ff.

[1996]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i p. 556.

[1997]Dig.48, 2, 13; cf. 48, 12, 1.

[1998]ib. 14, 5, 8; 14, 1, 1, 18.

[1999]ib. 14, 5, 8 “sententiam (praefecti annonae) conservavit imperator”; cf. Dio Cass. lii. 33.

[2000]p. 235.

[2001]Dio Cass. liv. 2.

[2002]Paulus inDig.1, 15, 1 and 3.

[2003]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 558.

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