Chapter 41

[2004]Dig.1, 15; cf. 12, 4, 15; 47, 2, 57 [56], 1.[2005]ib. 1, 15, 3 and 4; Cod. 1, 43, 1.[2006]Dig.19, 2, 56; 20, 2, 9.Praefecti vigilum(one of whom is the jurist Herennius Modestinus) take part in a controversy which has come down to us known as thelis fullonum(BrunsFontes;C.I.L.vi. n. 266). The case has been discussed by Bethmann-HollwegCivilprozessii. p. 767 n. 60 and Mommsen inC.I.L.l.c.;Staatsr.ii. p. 1058 n. 3.[2007]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 539.[2008]Coins of 16B.C.exist (Eckhel vi. 105) with the inscription “s. p. q. R. imp. Cae(sari), quod v(iae) m(unitae) s(unt) ex ea p(ecunia) q(uam) is ad a(erarium) de(tulit)”; cf.Vita Pert.9 “aerarium in suum statum restituit. Ad opera publica certum sumptum constituit. Reformandis viis pecuniam contulit.”[2009]Frontinusde Aquaed.100 and 104.[2010]Dio Cass. lvii. 14.[2011]Tac.Hist.i. 58.[2012]Cic.pro Caec.20, 57.[2013]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “intra paucos libertos domus.”[2014]Tac.Hist.i. 58 “Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.” In Otho’s reign we find a mention of Secundus the rhetor ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν γενόμενος (Plut.Otho9).[2015]The evidence for Hadrian’s change is mainly epigraphic. See HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 32. Two instances of it are found inVita Hadr.22 “ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos habuit.”[2016]Dio Cass. lii. 25.[2017]Tac.Agric.4 “Cn. Julius Agricola ... utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.”[2018]p. 405.[2019]i.e. the posts ofpraefectus cohortis,tribunus militum,praefectus alae. See Suet.Claud.25.[2020]Hirschfeldop. cit.p. 248.[2021]Tac.Ann.iv. 15. See p. 395.[2022]Ulp. inDig.1, 19, 1, 1 “si venditionis vel donationis vel transactionis causa quid agat, nihil agit: non enim alienare ei rem Caesaris, sed diligenter gerere commissum est.”[2023]Dig.1, 19, 1.[2024]Suet.Claud.12 “ut ... rata essent, quae procuratores sui in judicando statuerent, precario exegit” (from the Senate). Tacitus exaggerates the nature of the change when he says that “Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit” (Ann.xii. 60).[2025]Cf. Ulp. inDig.1, 16, 9 (with reference to the duties of a proconsul) “sane si fiscalis pecuniaria causa sit, quae ad procuratorem principis respicit, melius fecerit, si abstineat.”[2026]Henzen 6525.[2027]Wilmanns 1259, 1262.[2028]Cod.3, 26, 7.[2029]Suet.Vesp.12; Henzen 6396.[2030]C.I.L.v. n. 737.[2031]HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 32.[2032]ib. p. 35.[2033]Cf. the title ofDig.1, 19 “De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis.”[2034]Hirschfeld,op. cit.p. 37; LiebenamBeiträge zur Verwaltungsgesch.p. 32.[2035]Strabo iii. p. 167. The titlea copiis militaribusis found in inscriptions (Orelli 2922, 3505).[2036]Tac.Ann.ii. 47. Here it is said of cities of Asia, “quantum aerario aut fisco pendebant, in quinquennium remisit (Caesar).” Theprocurator AsiaeofAnn.iv. 15 is probably aprocurator patrimonii. See p. 395.[2037]p. 395. For procuratorsad bona damnatorumsee Wilmanns 1278, 1291. For aprocurator a caducis,C.I.L.iii. n. 1622.[2038]Wilmanns 1257, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1285.[2039]p. 396.[2040]Timesitheus, the father-in-law of Gordian, wasproc. tam patrimoni quam rat. privatar.in one district,proc. ration. privat.in another (Wilmanns 1293).[2041]Herodian vii. 1 (Maximin) τήν τε θεραπείαν πᾶσαν, ἣ συγγεγόνει τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τοσούτων ἐτῶν, τῆς βασιλείου αὐλῆς ἀπέπεμψε: cf.VitaPert. 12 “Sane nullum ex eis, quos Commodus rebus gerendis imposuerat, mutavit, exspectans urbis natalem, quod eum diem rerum principium volebat esse.”[2042]Liebenamop. cit.p. 55.[2043]Vita Nigri7 “cum unus ad memoriam, alter ad libellos paruisset, statim praefecti facti sunt (Paulus et Ulpianus).”[2044]This may be illustrated by the careers of Burrus (proc. Augustae,proc. Ti. Caesaris,proc. divi Claudii,praefecto praetori,C.I.L.xii. 5842), of Vibianus Tertullus (ab epistulis Graecis,proc. a rationibus,praefectus vigilum,C.I.L.iii. 6574) and of Sex. Var. Marcellus (proc. aquarum,proc. Brittaniae,proc. rationis privatae,vice-praefectus praetorio, Orelli 946).[2045]Tac.Ann.xv. 35 (under Nero, inA.D.64, Torquatus Silanus was forced to death on various grounds) “quin eum inter libertos habere, quos ab epistulis et libellis et rationibus appellet, nomina summae curae et meditamenta”; cf. ib. xvi. 8 (A.D.65) “Ipsum dehinc Silanum increpuit isdem quibus patruum ejus Torquatum, tanquam disponeret jam imperii curas praeficeretque rationibus et libellis et epistulis libertos.”[2046]Dio Cass. lii. 33; Stat.Silv.v. 1, esp. 83-107; Justinus xliii. 5, 12; Suid. s.v. Διονύσιος.[2047]SenecaCons. ad Polyb.vi. 4 and 5.[2048]Vita Carini16 “fastidium subscribendi tantum habuit ut inpurum quendam ... ad subscribendum poneret.” The Princeps himself may not have written more than his signature. SeeVita Commodi13 “ipse Commodus in subscribendo tardus et neglegens, ita ut libellis una forma multis subscriberet.”[2049]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 545.[2050]Dio Cass.Ep.lxxviii. 13.[2051]Karlowa l.c.[2052]Vita Carini8 “Julius Calpurnius, qui ad memoriam dictabat.” He attended the Princeps with the other secretaries; seeVita Alex.31 “Postmeridianas horas subscriptioni et lectioni epistularum semper dedit, ita ut ab epistulis, a libellis et a memoria semper adsisterent.”[2053]Thisconsiliummust not be confused with the committee of the Senate which had been employed by Augustus and Tiberius, but was subsequently discontinued. This board, composed of some of the magistrates and a number of senators chosen by lot, had given a preliminary consideration to the business to be submitted to the Senate (Suet.Aug.35;Tib.55; Dio Cass. liii. 21). Something like it was devised by Mamaea in the reign of Severus Alexander (Dio Cass. lxxx. 1; Herodian vi. 1).[2054]Dio Cass. lv. 27; lvii. 7.[2055]Tac.Ann.iii. 10 “paucis familiarium adhibitis” (in the trial of Piso,A.D.20). In Nero’s trial of Octavia inA.D.62 his body of advisers (“amicos quos velut consilio adhibuerat princeps” Tac.Ann.xiv. 62) may have been regarded as aconsilium domesticum.[2056]Vita Hadr.18 “cum judicaret, in consilio habuit non amicos suos aut comites solum, sed juris consultos ... quos tamen senatus omnes probasset.”[2057]HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 215. Probably only the equestrian members of this board received salaries (MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 990).[2058]Cf.Vita Hadr.8 “erat ... tunc mos, ut, cum princeps causas agnosceret, et senatores et equites Romanos in consilium vocaret et sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret.”[2059]e.g. “centenario consiliario Aug(usti) ... juris perito” (Wilmanns 1286).[2060]p. 380.[2061]Vita Alex.16 “neque ullam constitutionem sacravit sine viginti jurisperitis et doctissimis ac sapientibus viris isdemque disertissimis non minus quinquaginta.”[2062]In Maecenas’ supposed advice to Augustus, which in this, as in other respects, probably reflects the practice of the time of Dio Cassius, it is said of theconsiliumἄλλοι ἄλλοτε διαγινωσκέτωσαν (Dio Cass. lii. 33).[2063]Suet.Aug.33.[2064]Suet.Nero15.[2065]Vita Alex.16 “ut iretur per sententias singulorum ac scriberetur quid quisque dixisset.”[2066]p. 410.[2067]p. 314.[2068]Plin.H.N.iii. 46 “nunc ambitum ejus (Italiae) urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum Augustum secuturos, descriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in regionesXI.”[2069]See the references in MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 220.[2070]Lex Malacitanac. lii. ff.[2071]KuhnVerfassung des römischen Reichesi. pp. 236, 237. In an inscription of Hadrian’s time we find in OstiaII.vir ... in comitiis factus(C.I.L.xiv. 375). For this and other instances see LiebenamStädteverwaltungp. 479.[2072]p. 438.[2073]Vita Hadr.22 “quattuor consulares per omnem Italiam judices constituit.” Of Antoninus Pius, who was one of these, it is said “cum Italiam regeret” (Vita Anton.3). Cf. App.B.C.i. 38.[2074]Vita M. Anton.11 “datis juridicis Italiae consuluit ad id exemplum, quo Hadrianus consulares viros reddere jura praeceperat.”[2075]Ulpian inFragmenta Vaticana205, 232, 241.[2076]Ulp. l.c.;Dig.40, 5, 41, 5.[2077]Frontoad Amicosii. 7.[2078]Marquardt (Staatsverw.i. p. 227) remarks that such a question as the qualification of a decurion belongs under Caesar’s legislation (lex Ursonensisc. 105) to the municipal courts.[2079]pp. 408, 410.[2080]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1082, LiebenamStädteverw.p. 480, and inPhilologuslvi. 290 ff. How far this curatorship became a standing office is uncertain.[2081]p. 428.[2082]The first officialad corrigendum statum Italiaebelongs to the year 214A.D., while the provincialcorrectorgoes back to the time of Trajan (MarquardtStaatsverw.i. pp. 228, 229).[2083]See the inscription of Atina of the time of Augustus (Wilmanns 1120), “T. Helvio ... legato Caesaris Augusti, qui Atinatibus HS ... legavit, ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent, frumentum et postea sestertia singula millia darentur.”[2084]VictorEpit.12; Dio Cass. lxviii. 5.[2085]MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 143, 144. Pius, in honour of his wife Faustina, created a fund forpuellae Faustinianae(Vita8); Alexander, in honour of his mother, one forpueri puellaeque Mammaeani(Vita57).[2086]Our knowledge of this institution is derived chiefly from two metal tables, theTabula Veleias(of Veleia in Cisalpine Gaul) and theTabula Baebianorum(of the Ligures Baebiani near Beneventum). See E. DesjardinsDe tabulis alimentariis, Mommsen inI.R.N.1354, Wilmanns 2844, 2845. On the institution see MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 141-147, LiebenamStädteverw.pp. 105, 360.[2087]p. 413.[2088]e.g.curator viae Appiae, praefectus alimentorum:curator viarum et praefectus alimentorum Clodiae et coherentium:curator viae Aemiliae et alimentorum(Wilmanns 1189, 1215, 1211). See Marquardt, Liebenam ll.cc., and MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1079. In districts not pierced by the great roads, procurators (alimentorum, ad alimenta) were employed.[2089]Marquardt l.c. p. 147.[2090]Tac.Ann.i. 2 “Neque provinciae ilium rerum statum abnuebant, suspecto senatus populique imperio ob certamina potentium et avaritiam magistratuum, invalido legum auxilio, quae vi, ambitu, postremo pecunia turbabantur.”[2091]δῆμος καὶ γερουσία (Dio Cass. liii. 12). These provinces are “propriae populi Romani” as opposed to those “propriae Caesaris” (Gaius ii. 21).[2092]Tac.Ann.i. 76; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet.Claud.25.[2093]Vita Marci22 “Provincias ex proconsularibus consulares (i.e. governed by consularlegati) aut ex consularibus proconsulares aut praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit.”[2094]Asia, Africa, Baetica, Narbonensis, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicilia, Macedonia, Achaea, Creta and Cyrene, Cyprus, Bithynia.[2095]Tarraconensis, Germania superior, Germania inferior, Brittania, Pannonia sup., Pannonia inf., Moesia sup., Moesia inf., Dacia, Dalmatia, Cappadocia, Syria, Lusitania, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, Galatia, Pamphylia and Lycia, Cilicia, Arabia, Numidia. See MarquardtStaatsv.i. p. 494.[2096]Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Poeninae, Raetia, Noricum, Thracia, Epirus, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis. See Marquardt l.c.[2097]Suet.Aug.47,Claud.25,Vesp.8.[2098]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 858; MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 358. The earliest known commissioner dates from the time of Trajan. He was “missus in provinciam Achaiam ... ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum” (Plin.Ep.viii. 24).[2099]Tac.Ann.ii. 47.[2100]Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cic.pro Flacco29, 71.[2101]Tac.Ann.xii. 63.[2102]MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 684.[2103]Mommsen points out (ib. p. 685) that, if it did, Spain after the time of Vespasian would have paid no taxes.[2104]C.I.L.iii. n. 781.[2105]Dig.27, 1, 17; cf. Suet.Claud.25.[2106]Dig.50, 15, 8, 5 “Divus Antoninus Antiochenses colonos fecit salvis tributis.”[2107]ib. 7 “Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis; sed divus Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est.”[2108]Dig.l.c.[2109]“Rationes imperii” (Suet.Cal.16), λογισμοὺς τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων (Dio Cass. lix. 9). Cf. Tac.Ann.i. 11.[2110]MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 207-211.[2111]Dio Cass. liii. 17.[2112]Liv.Ep.134; cf. Dio Cass, liii. 22.[2113]Tac.Ann.i 31 and 33; ii. 6; xiv. 46.[2114]Dio Cassius (liii. 22), after saying that Augustus made ἀπογραφαί in the Gallic provinces, adds κᾀντεῦθεν ἔς τε τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἀφίκετο, καὶ κατεστήσατο καὶ ἐκείνην.[2115]St. Luke ii. 2; Joseph.Antiq.xvii. 355.[2116]See the inscriptions collected by Kubitschek in Pauly-WissowaReal-Encyclopädie, s.v.census.[2117]Thetres Galliaehonour a procurator as “primus umquam eq(ues) R(omanus) a censibus accipiendis” (Wilmanns 1269). The inscription is attributed to the joint rule of Severus and Caracalla.[2118]Kubitschek l.c.[2119]The chief evidence that there was comes from the province of Dacia. In a document of sale from Alburnum Majus, dated May 6, 159A.D.the purchaser of a house binds himself “[uti] ... pro ea domo tributa usque ad recensum dep[e]n[dat]” (BrunsFontes).[2120]Dig.50, 15,3 “in Syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim feminae usaue ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur.”[2121]Grenfell and HuntOxyrhynchus Papyriii. pp. 207 ff.[2122]Dig.50, 15, 4 “Forma censuali cavetur, ut agri sic in censum referantur. Nomen fundi cujusque: et in qua civitate et in quo pago sit: et quos duos vicinos proximos habeat. Et arvum ... vinea ... olivae ... pratum ... pascua ... silvae caeduae.”[2123]Plin.H.N.xix. 40; xxi. 77; Tac.Ann.iv. 72.[2124]JosephusBell. Jud.ii. 16, 4; cf. Grenfell and Hunt l.c.[2125]JosephusBell. Jud.vii. 6, 6. The Jews seem, however, to have paid other personal taxes as well. See App.Syr.50; MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. p. 202.[2126]Boadicea is made to say that, besides the land-tax, τῶν σωμάτων αὐτῶν δασμὸν ἐτήσιον φέρομεν (Dio Cass. lxii. 3).[2127]C. I. Gr.2336.[2128]p. 321.[2129]Gaius ii. 21 “(provincialiapraedia) quorum alia stipendiaria, alia tributaria vocamus. Stipendiaria sunt ea, quae in iis provinciis sunt quae propriae populi Romani esse intelliguntur. Tributaria sunt ea, quae in his provinciis sunt quae propriaeCaesaris essecreduntur.”[2130]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “frumento et pecuniae vectigales, cetera publicorum fructuum, societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.” Cf. “societates vectigalium” (xiii. 50).[2131]ib. xiii. 50, 51.[2132]Dig.39, 4.[2133]Plin.Paneg.37.[2134]Procuratoresandpublicaniare found concerned with the same taxes in the same province, e.g.procuratorIIII.publicorum Africae(C.I.L.iii. 3925; Wilmanns 1242),conductorIIII.p. Afr.(C.I.L.vi. 8588).[2135]p. 417.[2136]Tabularium censuale(C.I.L.ii. 4248). For the officials connected with it, calledtabularii, see WilmannsIndexp. 572.[2137]p. 323.[2138]Dio Cass. xlii. 20.[2139]ib. liii. 14.[2140]Tac.Ann.iii. 32. InA.D.22 it was determined afresh that the Flamen Dialis might not leave Italy, “ita sors Asiae in eum qui consularium ... proximus erat conlata” (ib. iii. 71).[2141]Dio Cass. liii. 13.[2142]ib.[2143]“Salarium proconsulare” (Tac.Agric.42).[2144]Dio Cass. l.c.[2145]Tac.Hist.iv. 48.[2146]Tac.Ann.iii. 35 (on the outbreak of the war with Tacfarinas inA.D.21) “Tiberius ... M’. Lepidum et Junium Blaesum nominavit, ex quis pro consule Africae legeretur.”[2147]πάρεδροι (Dio Cass. liii. 14).[2148]WilmannsIndexp. 553.[2149]Gaius i. 6. On the changed position of these assistants of the proconsuls, see Bethmann-HollwegCivilprozessii. p. 102; Greenidge inClass. Rev.ix. p. 258.[2150]pp. 417, 385.[2151]Except when a colleague was occasionally appointed. See p. 360.[2152]Dig.1, 21, 5.[2153]Dio Cassius (lii. 22) attributes this power ἐς μόνον τὸν ὑπατευκότα ἄρχοντα, i.e. to alegatus consularis.[2154]Dio Cass. liii. 13.

[2004]Dig.1, 15; cf. 12, 4, 15; 47, 2, 57 [56], 1.

[2005]ib. 1, 15, 3 and 4; Cod. 1, 43, 1.

[2006]Dig.19, 2, 56; 20, 2, 9.Praefecti vigilum(one of whom is the jurist Herennius Modestinus) take part in a controversy which has come down to us known as thelis fullonum(BrunsFontes;C.I.L.vi. n. 266). The case has been discussed by Bethmann-HollwegCivilprozessii. p. 767 n. 60 and Mommsen inC.I.L.l.c.;Staatsr.ii. p. 1058 n. 3.

[2007]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 539.

[2008]Coins of 16B.C.exist (Eckhel vi. 105) with the inscription “s. p. q. R. imp. Cae(sari), quod v(iae) m(unitae) s(unt) ex ea p(ecunia) q(uam) is ad a(erarium) de(tulit)”; cf.Vita Pert.9 “aerarium in suum statum restituit. Ad opera publica certum sumptum constituit. Reformandis viis pecuniam contulit.”

[2009]Frontinusde Aquaed.100 and 104.

[2010]Dio Cass. lvii. 14.

[2011]Tac.Hist.i. 58.

[2012]Cic.pro Caec.20, 57.

[2013]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “intra paucos libertos domus.”

[2014]Tac.Hist.i. 58 “Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.” In Otho’s reign we find a mention of Secundus the rhetor ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν γενόμενος (Plut.Otho9).

[2015]The evidence for Hadrian’s change is mainly epigraphic. See HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 32. Two instances of it are found inVita Hadr.22 “ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos habuit.”

[2016]Dio Cass. lii. 25.

[2017]Tac.Agric.4 “Cn. Julius Agricola ... utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.”

[2018]p. 405.

[2019]i.e. the posts ofpraefectus cohortis,tribunus militum,praefectus alae. See Suet.Claud.25.

[2020]Hirschfeldop. cit.p. 248.

[2021]Tac.Ann.iv. 15. See p. 395.

[2022]Ulp. inDig.1, 19, 1, 1 “si venditionis vel donationis vel transactionis causa quid agat, nihil agit: non enim alienare ei rem Caesaris, sed diligenter gerere commissum est.”

[2023]Dig.1, 19, 1.

[2024]Suet.Claud.12 “ut ... rata essent, quae procuratores sui in judicando statuerent, precario exegit” (from the Senate). Tacitus exaggerates the nature of the change when he says that “Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit” (Ann.xii. 60).

[2025]Cf. Ulp. inDig.1, 16, 9 (with reference to the duties of a proconsul) “sane si fiscalis pecuniaria causa sit, quae ad procuratorem principis respicit, melius fecerit, si abstineat.”

[2026]Henzen 6525.

[2027]Wilmanns 1259, 1262.

[2028]Cod.3, 26, 7.

[2029]Suet.Vesp.12; Henzen 6396.

[2030]C.I.L.v. n. 737.

[2031]HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 32.

[2032]ib. p. 35.

[2033]Cf. the title ofDig.1, 19 “De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis.”

[2034]Hirschfeld,op. cit.p. 37; LiebenamBeiträge zur Verwaltungsgesch.p. 32.

[2035]Strabo iii. p. 167. The titlea copiis militaribusis found in inscriptions (Orelli 2922, 3505).

[2036]Tac.Ann.ii. 47. Here it is said of cities of Asia, “quantum aerario aut fisco pendebant, in quinquennium remisit (Caesar).” Theprocurator AsiaeofAnn.iv. 15 is probably aprocurator patrimonii. See p. 395.

[2037]p. 395. For procuratorsad bona damnatorumsee Wilmanns 1278, 1291. For aprocurator a caducis,C.I.L.iii. n. 1622.

[2038]Wilmanns 1257, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1285.

[2039]p. 396.

[2040]Timesitheus, the father-in-law of Gordian, wasproc. tam patrimoni quam rat. privatar.in one district,proc. ration. privat.in another (Wilmanns 1293).

[2041]Herodian vii. 1 (Maximin) τήν τε θεραπείαν πᾶσαν, ἣ συγγεγόνει τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τοσούτων ἐτῶν, τῆς βασιλείου αὐλῆς ἀπέπεμψε: cf.VitaPert. 12 “Sane nullum ex eis, quos Commodus rebus gerendis imposuerat, mutavit, exspectans urbis natalem, quod eum diem rerum principium volebat esse.”

[2042]Liebenamop. cit.p. 55.

[2043]Vita Nigri7 “cum unus ad memoriam, alter ad libellos paruisset, statim praefecti facti sunt (Paulus et Ulpianus).”

[2044]This may be illustrated by the careers of Burrus (proc. Augustae,proc. Ti. Caesaris,proc. divi Claudii,praefecto praetori,C.I.L.xii. 5842), of Vibianus Tertullus (ab epistulis Graecis,proc. a rationibus,praefectus vigilum,C.I.L.iii. 6574) and of Sex. Var. Marcellus (proc. aquarum,proc. Brittaniae,proc. rationis privatae,vice-praefectus praetorio, Orelli 946).

[2045]Tac.Ann.xv. 35 (under Nero, inA.D.64, Torquatus Silanus was forced to death on various grounds) “quin eum inter libertos habere, quos ab epistulis et libellis et rationibus appellet, nomina summae curae et meditamenta”; cf. ib. xvi. 8 (A.D.65) “Ipsum dehinc Silanum increpuit isdem quibus patruum ejus Torquatum, tanquam disponeret jam imperii curas praeficeretque rationibus et libellis et epistulis libertos.”

[2046]Dio Cass. lii. 33; Stat.Silv.v. 1, esp. 83-107; Justinus xliii. 5, 12; Suid. s.v. Διονύσιος.

[2047]SenecaCons. ad Polyb.vi. 4 and 5.

[2048]Vita Carini16 “fastidium subscribendi tantum habuit ut inpurum quendam ... ad subscribendum poneret.” The Princeps himself may not have written more than his signature. SeeVita Commodi13 “ipse Commodus in subscribendo tardus et neglegens, ita ut libellis una forma multis subscriberet.”

[2049]KarlowaRechtsgesch.i. p. 545.

[2050]Dio Cass.Ep.lxxviii. 13.

[2051]Karlowa l.c.

[2052]Vita Carini8 “Julius Calpurnius, qui ad memoriam dictabat.” He attended the Princeps with the other secretaries; seeVita Alex.31 “Postmeridianas horas subscriptioni et lectioni epistularum semper dedit, ita ut ab epistulis, a libellis et a memoria semper adsisterent.”

[2053]Thisconsiliummust not be confused with the committee of the Senate which had been employed by Augustus and Tiberius, but was subsequently discontinued. This board, composed of some of the magistrates and a number of senators chosen by lot, had given a preliminary consideration to the business to be submitted to the Senate (Suet.Aug.35;Tib.55; Dio Cass. liii. 21). Something like it was devised by Mamaea in the reign of Severus Alexander (Dio Cass. lxxx. 1; Herodian vi. 1).

[2054]Dio Cass. lv. 27; lvii. 7.

[2055]Tac.Ann.iii. 10 “paucis familiarium adhibitis” (in the trial of Piso,A.D.20). In Nero’s trial of Octavia inA.D.62 his body of advisers (“amicos quos velut consilio adhibuerat princeps” Tac.Ann.xiv. 62) may have been regarded as aconsilium domesticum.

[2056]Vita Hadr.18 “cum judicaret, in consilio habuit non amicos suos aut comites solum, sed juris consultos ... quos tamen senatus omnes probasset.”

[2057]HirschfeldVerwaltungsgesch.i. p. 215. Probably only the equestrian members of this board received salaries (MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 990).

[2058]Cf.Vita Hadr.8 “erat ... tunc mos, ut, cum princeps causas agnosceret, et senatores et equites Romanos in consilium vocaret et sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret.”

[2059]e.g. “centenario consiliario Aug(usti) ... juris perito” (Wilmanns 1286).

[2060]p. 380.

[2061]Vita Alex.16 “neque ullam constitutionem sacravit sine viginti jurisperitis et doctissimis ac sapientibus viris isdemque disertissimis non minus quinquaginta.”

[2062]In Maecenas’ supposed advice to Augustus, which in this, as in other respects, probably reflects the practice of the time of Dio Cassius, it is said of theconsiliumἄλλοι ἄλλοτε διαγινωσκέτωσαν (Dio Cass. lii. 33).

[2063]Suet.Aug.33.

[2064]Suet.Nero15.

[2065]Vita Alex.16 “ut iretur per sententias singulorum ac scriberetur quid quisque dixisset.”

[2066]p. 410.

[2067]p. 314.

[2068]Plin.H.N.iii. 46 “nunc ambitum ejus (Italiae) urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum Augustum secuturos, descriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in regionesXI.”

[2069]See the references in MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 220.

[2070]Lex Malacitanac. lii. ff.

[2071]KuhnVerfassung des römischen Reichesi. pp. 236, 237. In an inscription of Hadrian’s time we find in OstiaII.vir ... in comitiis factus(C.I.L.xiv. 375). For this and other instances see LiebenamStädteverwaltungp. 479.

[2072]p. 438.

[2073]Vita Hadr.22 “quattuor consulares per omnem Italiam judices constituit.” Of Antoninus Pius, who was one of these, it is said “cum Italiam regeret” (Vita Anton.3). Cf. App.B.C.i. 38.

[2074]Vita M. Anton.11 “datis juridicis Italiae consuluit ad id exemplum, quo Hadrianus consulares viros reddere jura praeceperat.”

[2075]Ulpian inFragmenta Vaticana205, 232, 241.

[2076]Ulp. l.c.;Dig.40, 5, 41, 5.

[2077]Frontoad Amicosii. 7.

[2078]Marquardt (Staatsverw.i. p. 227) remarks that such a question as the qualification of a decurion belongs under Caesar’s legislation (lex Ursonensisc. 105) to the municipal courts.

[2079]pp. 408, 410.

[2080]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1082, LiebenamStädteverw.p. 480, and inPhilologuslvi. 290 ff. How far this curatorship became a standing office is uncertain.

[2081]p. 428.

[2082]The first officialad corrigendum statum Italiaebelongs to the year 214A.D., while the provincialcorrectorgoes back to the time of Trajan (MarquardtStaatsverw.i. pp. 228, 229).

[2083]See the inscription of Atina of the time of Augustus (Wilmanns 1120), “T. Helvio ... legato Caesaris Augusti, qui Atinatibus HS ... legavit, ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent, frumentum et postea sestertia singula millia darentur.”

[2084]VictorEpit.12; Dio Cass. lxviii. 5.

[2085]MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 143, 144. Pius, in honour of his wife Faustina, created a fund forpuellae Faustinianae(Vita8); Alexander, in honour of his mother, one forpueri puellaeque Mammaeani(Vita57).

[2086]Our knowledge of this institution is derived chiefly from two metal tables, theTabula Veleias(of Veleia in Cisalpine Gaul) and theTabula Baebianorum(of the Ligures Baebiani near Beneventum). See E. DesjardinsDe tabulis alimentariis, Mommsen inI.R.N.1354, Wilmanns 2844, 2845. On the institution see MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 141-147, LiebenamStädteverw.pp. 105, 360.

[2087]p. 413.

[2088]e.g.curator viae Appiae, praefectus alimentorum:curator viarum et praefectus alimentorum Clodiae et coherentium:curator viae Aemiliae et alimentorum(Wilmanns 1189, 1215, 1211). See Marquardt, Liebenam ll.cc., and MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1079. In districts not pierced by the great roads, procurators (alimentorum, ad alimenta) were employed.

[2089]Marquardt l.c. p. 147.

[2090]Tac.Ann.i. 2 “Neque provinciae ilium rerum statum abnuebant, suspecto senatus populique imperio ob certamina potentium et avaritiam magistratuum, invalido legum auxilio, quae vi, ambitu, postremo pecunia turbabantur.”

[2091]δῆμος καὶ γερουσία (Dio Cass. liii. 12). These provinces are “propriae populi Romani” as opposed to those “propriae Caesaris” (Gaius ii. 21).

[2092]Tac.Ann.i. 76; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet.Claud.25.

[2093]Vita Marci22 “Provincias ex proconsularibus consulares (i.e. governed by consularlegati) aut ex consularibus proconsulares aut praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit.”

[2094]Asia, Africa, Baetica, Narbonensis, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicilia, Macedonia, Achaea, Creta and Cyrene, Cyprus, Bithynia.

[2095]Tarraconensis, Germania superior, Germania inferior, Brittania, Pannonia sup., Pannonia inf., Moesia sup., Moesia inf., Dacia, Dalmatia, Cappadocia, Syria, Lusitania, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, Galatia, Pamphylia and Lycia, Cilicia, Arabia, Numidia. See MarquardtStaatsv.i. p. 494.

[2096]Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Poeninae, Raetia, Noricum, Thracia, Epirus, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis. See Marquardt l.c.

[2097]Suet.Aug.47,Claud.25,Vesp.8.

[2098]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 858; MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 358. The earliest known commissioner dates from the time of Trajan. He was “missus in provinciam Achaiam ... ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum” (Plin.Ep.viii. 24).

[2099]Tac.Ann.ii. 47.

[2100]Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cic.pro Flacco29, 71.

[2101]Tac.Ann.xii. 63.

[2102]MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 684.

[2103]Mommsen points out (ib. p. 685) that, if it did, Spain after the time of Vespasian would have paid no taxes.

[2104]C.I.L.iii. n. 781.

[2105]Dig.27, 1, 17; cf. Suet.Claud.25.

[2106]Dig.50, 15, 8, 5 “Divus Antoninus Antiochenses colonos fecit salvis tributis.”

[2107]ib. 7 “Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis; sed divus Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est.”

[2108]Dig.l.c.

[2109]“Rationes imperii” (Suet.Cal.16), λογισμοὺς τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων (Dio Cass. lix. 9). Cf. Tac.Ann.i. 11.

[2110]MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. pp. 207-211.

[2111]Dio Cass. liii. 17.

[2112]Liv.Ep.134; cf. Dio Cass, liii. 22.

[2113]Tac.Ann.i 31 and 33; ii. 6; xiv. 46.

[2114]Dio Cassius (liii. 22), after saying that Augustus made ἀπογραφαί in the Gallic provinces, adds κᾀντεῦθεν ἔς τε τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἀφίκετο, καὶ κατεστήσατο καὶ ἐκείνην.

[2115]St. Luke ii. 2; Joseph.Antiq.xvii. 355.

[2116]See the inscriptions collected by Kubitschek in Pauly-WissowaReal-Encyclopädie, s.v.census.

[2117]Thetres Galliaehonour a procurator as “primus umquam eq(ues) R(omanus) a censibus accipiendis” (Wilmanns 1269). The inscription is attributed to the joint rule of Severus and Caracalla.

[2118]Kubitschek l.c.

[2119]The chief evidence that there was comes from the province of Dacia. In a document of sale from Alburnum Majus, dated May 6, 159A.D.the purchaser of a house binds himself “[uti] ... pro ea domo tributa usque ad recensum dep[e]n[dat]” (BrunsFontes).

[2120]Dig.50, 15,3 “in Syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim feminae usaue ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur.”

[2121]Grenfell and HuntOxyrhynchus Papyriii. pp. 207 ff.

[2122]Dig.50, 15, 4 “Forma censuali cavetur, ut agri sic in censum referantur. Nomen fundi cujusque: et in qua civitate et in quo pago sit: et quos duos vicinos proximos habeat. Et arvum ... vinea ... olivae ... pratum ... pascua ... silvae caeduae.”

[2123]Plin.H.N.xix. 40; xxi. 77; Tac.Ann.iv. 72.

[2124]JosephusBell. Jud.ii. 16, 4; cf. Grenfell and Hunt l.c.

[2125]JosephusBell. Jud.vii. 6, 6. The Jews seem, however, to have paid other personal taxes as well. See App.Syr.50; MarquardtStaatsverw.ii. p. 202.

[2126]Boadicea is made to say that, besides the land-tax, τῶν σωμάτων αὐτῶν δασμὸν ἐτήσιον φέρομεν (Dio Cass. lxii. 3).

[2127]C. I. Gr.2336.

[2128]p. 321.

[2129]Gaius ii. 21 “(provincialiapraedia) quorum alia stipendiaria, alia tributaria vocamus. Stipendiaria sunt ea, quae in iis provinciis sunt quae propriae populi Romani esse intelliguntur. Tributaria sunt ea, quae in his provinciis sunt quae propriaeCaesaris essecreduntur.”

[2130]Tac.Ann.iv. 6 “frumento et pecuniae vectigales, cetera publicorum fructuum, societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.” Cf. “societates vectigalium” (xiii. 50).

[2131]ib. xiii. 50, 51.

[2132]Dig.39, 4.

[2133]Plin.Paneg.37.

[2134]Procuratoresandpublicaniare found concerned with the same taxes in the same province, e.g.procuratorIIII.publicorum Africae(C.I.L.iii. 3925; Wilmanns 1242),conductorIIII.p. Afr.(C.I.L.vi. 8588).

[2135]p. 417.

[2136]Tabularium censuale(C.I.L.ii. 4248). For the officials connected with it, calledtabularii, see WilmannsIndexp. 572.

[2137]p. 323.

[2138]Dio Cass. xlii. 20.

[2139]ib. liii. 14.

[2140]Tac.Ann.iii. 32. InA.D.22 it was determined afresh that the Flamen Dialis might not leave Italy, “ita sors Asiae in eum qui consularium ... proximus erat conlata” (ib. iii. 71).

[2141]Dio Cass. liii. 13.

[2142]ib.

[2143]“Salarium proconsulare” (Tac.Agric.42).

[2144]Dio Cass. l.c.

[2145]Tac.Hist.iv. 48.

[2146]Tac.Ann.iii. 35 (on the outbreak of the war with Tacfarinas inA.D.21) “Tiberius ... M’. Lepidum et Junium Blaesum nominavit, ex quis pro consule Africae legeretur.”

[2147]πάρεδροι (Dio Cass. liii. 14).

[2148]WilmannsIndexp. 553.

[2149]Gaius i. 6. On the changed position of these assistants of the proconsuls, see Bethmann-HollwegCivilprozessii. p. 102; Greenidge inClass. Rev.ix. p. 258.

[2150]pp. 417, 385.

[2151]Except when a colleague was occasionally appointed. See p. 360.

[2152]Dig.1, 21, 5.

[2153]Dio Cassius (lii. 22) attributes this power ἐς μόνον τὸν ὑπατευκότα ἄρχοντα, i.e. to alegatus consularis.

[2154]Dio Cass. liii. 13.

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