PROSPECTUSOF THEScientific AmericanFOR 1888.

The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World.

Only $3.00 a Year, including Postage. Weekly. 52 Numbers a Year.

This widely circulatedand splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.

All Classes of Readersfind in theScientific Americana popularresumeof the best scientific information of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates.

Terms of Subscription.—One copy of theScientific Americanwill be sent forone year—52 numbers—postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt, ofthree dollarsby the publishers; six months, $1.50; three months, $1.00.

Clubs.—One extra copyof theScientific Americanwill be supplied gratisfor every club of five subscribersat $3.00 each; additional copies at same proportionate rate.

The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender’s risk. Address all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to

MUNN & CO.,361 Broadway, New York.

This is a separate and distinct publication fromThe Scientific American, but is uniform therewith in size, every number containing sixteen large pages.The Scientific American Supplementis published weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geography, Archæology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining, Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole profusely illustrated with engravings.

The most important Engineering Works, Mechanisms, and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in theSupplement.

Price for theSupplementfor the United States and Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of theScientific Americanand one copy of theSupplement, both mailed for one year for $7.00. Address and remit by postal order, express money order, or check,

MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y.,

PublishersScientific American.

To Foreign Subscribers.—Under the facilities of the Postal Union, theScientific Americanis now sent by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, and all States of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada and Mexico, excepted. $4, gold, forScientific American, one year; $9, gold for bothScientific AmericanandSupplementfor one year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal or express money order, or draft to order ofMUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

The TiffanyGlass Company

MEMORIAL WINDOWS

GLASS WORK DECORATIONS

Designs and Estimates submitted.

Louis C. Tiffany,Pres.Pringle Mitchell,M’ger.John Du Fais,Sec.John C. Platt,Treas.

333–335 Fourth Ave., New York City.509 Pullman Building, Chicago.

building with towers

The Old Bangor Slate Company

F. C. YARNALL, President,I. S. MOYER, Sec. & Treas.,Philadelphia.Bethlehem, Pa.

This Company is the original operator in the Bangor Valley, and continues to manufacture the Blue Roofing Slates which have become so celebrated for fineness of texture and uniformity of color.

We also beg to call the special attention of Architects and Builders to the fact that we have perfected a system by which we can furnish Slates with Sawed Edges of suitable size and curve for Towers or Domes of any size or shape.

Working Drawings should be furnished, in which case we canguaranteea perfect job.

Address Correspondence to

The Old Bangor Slate Company,At Office, BETHLEHEM, PA.

Nystrom’s Pocket‐Book of Mechanics and Engineering.

Nineteenth Edition, Revised and Greatly Enlarged with Original Matter. By Wm. Dennis Marks, Ph.B., C.E. (Yale S.S.S.) Illustrated. 16mo. $3.50.

“A library in itself, giving a little of everything that the engineer and mechanic will need to know to aid them in every‐day practice.”—Industrial World, Chicago.

Marks on the Steam Engine.

Third Edition, Revised. Enlarged, and Interleaved. The Relative Proportions of the Steam Engine. By Wm. D. Marks. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Extra Cloth. $3.00.

“A work of inestimable value to every mechanic, containing as it does, rules, tables, and directions in regard to the steam engine which come into use in every‐day practical life of the engineer.”—San Francisco Wood and Iron.

Elements of Modern Chemistry.(WURTZ.)

New Edition, Thoroughly Revised. Translated by W. H. Greene. 12mo. Cloth. $2.50. Sheep. $3.00.

“A valuable work as a class‐book, and a most interesting and instructive volume for the general reader.”—New York School Journal.

If not obtainable at your Booksellers’, send direct to the Publishers, who will forward the books,FREE OF POSTAGE, promptly on receipt of the price.

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANYPUBLISHERS,715 and 717 Market St., Philadelphia.

Red‐Letter Days Abroad.By John L. Stoddard, author of “The Stoddard Lectures,” etc. 8vo. With illustrations. In box, $5; in morocco, $10. New Library edition, $3.50, in half calf, $7.

Laurence Hutton’sLiterary Landmarks of London.12mo. $1.50.

J. R. G. Hassard’sA Pickwickian Pilgrimage.$1.

William Winter’sShakespeare’s England.50 cents.

William Winter’sEnglish Rambles.12mo. $1.50.

William Winter’sThe Trip to England.Ill’d. $2.

Robert Laird Collier’sEnglish Home Life.$1.

Mrs. Lew Wallace’sThe Storied Sea.16mo. $1.

Henry James’sPortraits of Places.$1.50.

Henry James’sA Little Tour in France.$1.50.

Hubbard’sWoods and Lakes of Maine.$3.

Jane G. Austin’sNantucket Scraps.$1.50.

Miss E. B. Chase’sOver the Border.Ill’d. $1.50.

Clarence King’sMountaineering in the Sierra Nevada.With maps. 12mo. $2.

L. H. Weeks’sAmong the Azores.Ill’d. $1.50.

Waring’sThe Bride of the Rhine.Ill’d. $1.50.

Mrs. Dahlgren’sSouth‐Sea Sketches.$1.50.

D. J. Snider’sWalk in Hellas(Modern Greece). $2.50.

Geraldine.A sumptuous illustrated edition.

Scott’s Poems.New holiday edition. 350 illustrations.

Swanee River.A beautiful illustrated book.

My Old Kentucky Home.Richly illustrated.

Juan and Juanita.By Frances C. Baylor.

Fools of Nature.An Anti‐Spiritualist novel.

Under Pine and Palm.By Frances L. Mace.

Sobriquets and Nicknames.A reference book.

A Flock of Girls.By Nora Perry.

The New Astronomy.By Prof. S. P. Langley.

Carlyle‐Emerson Correspondence.

Hawthorne and His Wife.New editions. Each in two volumes. With illustrations. Per set, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

Japanese Homes.By Prof. E. S. Morse.

Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm (Korea).By Percival Lowell. New editions. Each in one volume. 12mo. Illustrated. Per volume, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

THE TICKNOR SERIES OF OCTAVO POETS.

LIBRARY EDITION.

The Lady of the Lake.The Lay of the Last Minstrel.Marmion.The Princess.Childe Harold.Lucile.

Six volumes, elegantly and uniformly bound, with all the original illustrations, beveled boards, and full gilt. In cloth. Each, $3.50. In tree calf or antique morocco, $7.50.

These are the most famous and popular editions in existence of great poems. In their original shape they have had enormous sales, and in their cheaper form, with all their original illustrations, complete and unworn, they will have renewed popularity.

Also uniform with the above in style and price, cheaper editions of the beautifully illustrated

Tuscan Cities.By W. D. Howells.

Red‐Letter Days Abroad.By J. L. Stoddard.

⁂For sale by all booksellers. Sent, post‐paid, on receipt of the price by the publishers,

TICKNOR & CO., BOSTON.

J. Rayner.IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURERMAHOGANYCABINET Woods and Veneers.FOOT. EAST HOUSTON SᵀNEW YORK.275–289 EAST 20ᵀᴴ STCHICAGO, ILL.

J. Rayner.IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURERMAHOGANYCABINET Woods and Veneers.

FOOT. EAST HOUSTON SᵀNEW YORK.

275–289 EAST 20ᵀᴴ STCHICAGO, ILL.

HOT‐WATER HEATING,

water heater

For Greenhouses and Dwellings

HITCHINGS & CO.,

233 Mercer Street, N. Y.

SEND 3 CENTS POSTAGE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

VIOLIN OUTFITS.

Consisting of Violin Box, Bow, and Teacher, sent to any part of the United States on 1 to 3 days’ trial before buying.

violin

Violin Outfits at $4, $8, $15 and $25 each. Send Stamp forBeautiful Illustrated 96‐page Catalogue of Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Cornets, Flutes, Strings, etc. Lowest prices. Mail orders a specialty.C. W. STORY,26 Central Street, Boston, Mass.

PRICE $193.

WE SELL DIRECT TO FAMILIES— (avoid Agents and Dealers whose profits and expenses double the cost on every Piano they sell) and send this First‐ClassUPRIGHT Cabinet GEM7½ Octave Rosewood Piano, Warranted 6 years, for$193!We send it—with Beautiful Cover and Stool—for Trial in your own Home before you buy. Send for circulars to

Marchal & Smith, 235 East 21st St., N. Y.

ICE & REFRIGERATINGMachines. York Patent.YORK MFG. CO., York, Pa.

Trade Mark.

Warren’s Natural Asphalt Roofing.

FINALLY PERFECTED AND TESTED BY TENYEARS OF PRACTICAL USE.

Over 15,000,000 square feet, or 350 acres, of this roofing have been laid within the past ten years.Superiorto all other for flat roofs.

Much more durable than coal tar materials, because it remains practically unchanged when exposed to the weather.

An Asphalt roof emits no odor, and does not injure rain water.

References to many of the best buildings throughout the country given on application.

“Composite” FeltFOR ROOF FOUNDATIONS.

A two‐ply composed of one layer of saturated felt and one of Manila rope paper. Combines durability and strength with lightness and pliability.

Send for Circulars and Samples.

Warren Chemical and Manufacturing Co.,114 JOHN ST., N. Y.101 MILK ST., BOSTON.

BEATTYORGANSFor $37.50 worth $75$400.00 Organs only $80.00$1200.00 Pianos for $250.00Other BARGAINS, write for catalogue. Address,DANIEL F. BEATTY, Washington, New Jersey

A POINTER

WecanoffertoyouradvantageGLUE.

⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩SHELLAC,⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭ORANGEWHITEGUMGUMSHELLACVARNISH.SHELLAC

WOOD ALCOHOL,

WOOD STAIN.

F. W. THURSTON & CO.IMPORTERS,CHICAGO.

F. W. DEVOE & CO.(Established 1852)

PUREMIXEDPAINTS

We desire to call attention of consumers to the fact that we guarantee our ready mixed paints to be made only of pure linseed oil and the most permanent pigments. They are not “Chemical,” “Rubber,” “Patent,” or “Fireproof.” We use no secret or patent method in manufacturing them by which benzine and water are made to serve the purpose of pure linseed oil. Sample cards, containing 50 desirable shades, sent on application.

FINE VARNISHES,WOOD FILLERS,WOOD STAINS.

ARTISTS’ MATERIALS, MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Catalogues of our different departments to responsible parties.

Cor. Fulton andCoffin, Devoe & Co.,William Sts.,176 Randolph St.,NEW YORK.CHICAGO.

——THE——“Timby Burglar Proof Sash‐Lock & Ventilator.”PATENTED MARCH 29th, 1887.MEETS A LONG FELT WANT.

It is manufactured from the bestMalleable IronandBronze Metal.

FIG. 1.Section of Frame with Lock applied.Thumb piece moved upward releasing upper sash.

FIG. 2.Back view of Lock and operating device.Thumb piece moved upward and bolt thrown back, same as in Fig. 1.

Is very simple in construction, strong and durable, absolutely Burglar Proof, and a perfect ventilator; Automatic in action, easily applied to any window, as it adjusts itself to varying thicknesses of Sash, or inside stops.

Only One Lock is Required forA WINDOW.

As it controls both Sash perfectly, bolting either or both securely in any position desired, thereby affording means for perfect ventilation, and at the same time absolute security against BurglarsandSneak Thieves.

It iseasily operated, ornamental in appearance, and does not interfere with applying weather strips or inside blinds, and isthe only Side Sash Mortise Lock thatcan be usedin connection with inside screens, it having been constructed with special reference to the same. As a rule,Burglars and Sneak Thieveshave little difficulty in entering dwellings through windows because of their insecure fastenings. Hence it is just as important thateach and every windowshould be provided with agood substantial lockas that the front door should be.

Buy the Timby Burglar Proof, and take no other.The Convenience and Absolute Security afforded will be ample reward.

Full Directions and Pattern for setting accompany each Lock Sold.For further information apply toI. G. JENKINS, Oswego, N. Y.

E. J. JOHNSON,

ROOFING SLATE

MARBLEIZED SLATE MANTELS, SLATE HEARTHS, SILLS, LINTELS, ETC.

SLATE NAILS, ROOFING FELT, SLATERS’ CEMENT, ETC.

Estimates Furnished on all Slate Work.

QUARRY,OFFICE,BANGOR, PA.18 BURLINGTON SLIP, N. Y.

ADAMANTWALL PLASTER.MANUFACTURED BY

AdamantManufacturingCompany.

OFFICE32 EAST GENESEE STREET,SYRACUSE, N. Y.

The New, Cheap, and Only Superior Substitute for Common Plaster.

It is hard as marble, and will last as long as the building.

It does away with the warping and shrinking of doors and casings, it not being necessary, as with common plaster, to saturate the building with water.

It costs but little more than lime plaster, and its superior qualities make it immeasurably cheaper.

It saves waiting several weeks or months for the building to dry out. A room finished one day can be occupied the next.

It does not crack or fall off, even in case of leakages.

It is applied easily by any good mason.

It is the only material with which repairing can be done neatly and “to stay.”

☞For Prices and Estimates, or Further Information, Apply to or Address the Company.

IMPORTANTTo Architects, Builders, House‐Painters, Decorators, Boat‐Builders and Yachtsmen desiring anextremely durableFinish for Wood.

ROSENBERG’SELASTICATRADE MARKREGISTEREDFINISHESNO.1 & NO.2.

ROSENBERG’SELASTICA

TRADE MARKREGISTEREDFINISHES

NO.1 & NO.2.

Are superior to any Varnishes or Wood‐Finishes in the market, for the following reasons, viz.:

They possess more body, higher luster, greater resisting properties to atmospheric influences, action of water and alkali, are more elastic, will not scratch or mar white, and are more durable.

For all classes

Inside Work,

Requiring great durability, use No. 2 ELASTICA FINISH.

For

Outside Work,

Requiring extreme durability, use No. 1 ELASTICA FINISH.

WORKS:Manufactured by734–740 East 14th Street,⎫⎬⎭STANDARD VARNISH WORKS,733–739 East 13th Street,199–207 Avenue D.D. ROSENBERG & SONS,Office, 207 Avenue D,NEW YORK.Send for Samples and Full Particulars.

door hanger

The “Barry” Hanger.

Each wheel on the“Barry Hanger”is on an independent axle. All other hangers have the two wheels onone axle. Consequently, when one track settles more than the other (as they frequently do), theaxle “tips,”and carries the doorside‐wisetoward the lowest track, causing an unpleasant rubbing against the track or casings below. The“Barry Hanger”overcomes this trouble, and a door will run aseasyandtruein thecenter, when there is a variation of one half inch or more in the height of the tracks, as it would when they are perfectly level.

—MANUFACTURED BY—SYRACUSE BOLT CO.,SYRACUSE, N. Y.

BUFF AND BLUEAMHERST AND BEREA

SANDSTONE

Sawed stone of all kinds. Sawed and split flagging, curbing and gutter stone and bridge stone.

THE CLEVELAND STONE CO., CLEVELAND, O.Send for illustrated catalogue.

EXCELLENTBlack Copiesof Architectural Drawings, Sketches, etc., by the Patent

AUTOCOPYIST

Only equalled by Lithography.

Specimen Free.

AUTOCOPYIST CO., 166 William St., New York.

⁂ PECORA ⁂ MORTAR ⁂ COLORS ⁂

Telephone 3454OfficeJohn M. Sharp,Builder,1936 SOUTH COLLEGE AVENUE,Philadelphia.Philadelphia, Jan. 27, 1887Mess. S. Bowens SonsDr SirsAfter using a large quantity of your Red & Black I have found them entirely satisfactory and in all respects the best colors I have handled.Yrs respectfullyJohn M Sharp

Telephone 3454

OfficeJohn M. Sharp,Builder,1936 SOUTH COLLEGE AVENUE,Philadelphia.

Philadelphia, Jan. 27, 1887

Mess. S. Bowens Sons

Dr Sirs

After using a large quantity of your Red & Black I have found them entirely satisfactory and in all respects the best colors I have handled.

Yrs respectfully

John M Sharp

S. BOWEN’S SONS, 150 North 4th St., Philadelphia.

THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO.G. M. BREINIG, AGENT,Principal Office At manufactoryNew Milford, Conn.New York Business Office, 96–98 Maiden Lane. Manufacturers ofWheelers Patent Wood FillerBreinig’s Lithogen Silicate Paint.LITHOGEN PRIMER, WOOD STAINSSILEX FLINT AND FELDSPAR.PAMPHLET GIVING DIRECTIONS FOR FINISHING HARD WOOD FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO.

G. M. BREINIG, AGENT,Principal Office At manufactoryNew Milford, Conn.New York Business Office, 96–98 Maiden Lane. Manufacturers of

Wheelers Patent Wood Filler

Breinig’s Lithogen Silicate Paint.

LITHOGEN PRIMER, WOOD STAINSSILEX FLINT AND FELDSPAR.

PAMPHLET GIVING DIRECTIONS FOR FINISHING HARD WOOD FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

DRAW KNIFE CHAMFERER,with adjusting screw to set it to the width ofChamferwanted.

PAT. JULY 19, 87.

For sale by theJobbing and Retail Hardware Dealers.

Sent to any address on receipt of 60c.J. H. HOAGUE, TOOL MFR., CHICOPEE, MASS.

Two‐Horse Power Engine.$75.

engine

WITH STEEL BOILER, $150.

Cheap, Reliable, Safe.

Automatic Boiler Feed. Automatic Pop Safety Valve, Steel Boiler. Cost of running guaranteed not to exceed three cents per hour. Nothing equal to it ever before offered for the price. Larger sizes equally low. Send for free descriptive circular.

CHAS. P. WILLARD & CO.,236 Randolph Street, Chicago, Ill.

SHIELDS & BROWN CO.Manufacturers ofSectional

INSULATED AIR COVERS

—FOR—Steam, Gas and Water Pipes, Drums, Heaters, etc.The Best Non‐Conductor of Heat & Cold in the World.

Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper.

143 Worth Street,78 and 80 Lake St.,NEW YORK.CHICAGO.

Screw Plates.THE NEW LITTLE GIANT

Send for CATALOGUEF. F. F.

Adjustable Die

WELLS BROS. & CO.,GREENFIELD, MASS.

MANUFACTURERS OFScrew Cutting Machinery and Tools for Machinists’, Carriage Makers’, and Blacksmiths’ Use.

portrait

COLEMANNAT’L BUSINESSCOLLEGE.Newark, N. J.

National Patronage, Best Facilities, Best course of Business Training, Shortest Time, Lowest Rates, No Vacation. Address, H. COLEMAN, Pres.

ESTABLISHED 1843.

Manufacturers of

Stable Fittings and Fixtures,

IMPROVED and PATENTED

IRON, BRASS, BRONZED and NICKEL‐PLATED

POULTRY YARD APPLIANCES, ETC.

Low estimates furnished to Architects, Builders, Carpenters, Masons, etc.

Catalogue Mailed on Application.

SAMUEL S. BENT & SON,

No. 111 Chambers St., New York, N. Y.

EVERY VARIETY OFPLAIN and FIRE PROOFBUILDING PAPER,ASBESTOS PAPERS,

Waterproof and Inodorous Papers, Plain and Corrugated Carpet Linings,Deadening Felts, Roofing Materials, Tarred Board, &c., &c.

Two and Three PlyKeystone Prepared Roofing

Send for Samples and Delivered Price List “B.”H. F. WATSON, Manufactu’r, ERIE, PA.Daily Capacity of Mills, 60 Tons.

man operating scroll saw

CHANDLER & FARQUHAR177 Washington St.BOSTON.

New England Agents for

BARNES’ FOOT POWER MACHINERYAND DEALERS INMachinists’ Supplies of Every Kind

Send two stamps for illus. catalogue

WELL

Encyclopedia of 700 Engravings of WELL TOOLS,

Diamond Drills and Lightning Hydraulic WELL Machines.

Book free, 25c. for mailing it.

American Well Works, Aurora, Ill.

Architectural Sheet‐Metal Works.

Metal Building Trimmings, Ventilating Skylights, Metallic Roofing Tiles, Building Specialties, Builders’ Light Iron Work.

J. S. THORN,No. 1201 Callowhill St., Philadelphia, Pa.

N. CHENEY. C. HEWLETT.CHENEY & HEWLETTArchitectural Iron Works.EVERY VARIETY OF WROUGHT AND CAST IRON WORK FOR BUILDINGS.OFFICE 201 BROADWAY.NEW YORK.BOOK GIVING STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON GIRDERS, BEAMS AND CAST IRON COLUMNS, MAILED ON APPLICATION.

N. CHENEY. C. HEWLETT.CHENEY & HEWLETTArchitectural Iron Works.

EVERY VARIETY OF WROUGHT AND CAST IRON WORK FOR BUILDINGS.

OFFICE 201 BROADWAY.NEW YORK.

BOOK GIVING STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON GIRDERS, BEAMS AND CAST IRON COLUMNS, MAILED ON APPLICATION.

ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL

IRON STAIRS, GRILLES,GUARDS, GATES, RAILING.

Special attention to Ornamental Work.Vault, Area, and Skylight (Cement and Iron).Designs, Estimates, and Catalogues on application.

MANLY & COOPER MFG. CO.4150 Elm Ave., Philadelphia. 271 Broadway, N. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1844.

SAMUEL H. FRENCH & CO.,

York Avenue, Fourth and Callowhill Sts.,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

PAINT MANUFACTURERS.

Strictly Pure Lead, Zinc and Colors, Dry, in Oil, Japan,and Ready Mixed for Use.

PEERLESS MORTAR COLORS

BLACK, BROWN, BUFF, AND RED.

Masons’ and Builders’ Supplies.SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND CIRCULARS.

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