X. IN DIEBUS DOMINICIS

X. IN DIEBUS DOMINICISManuscript:Lambeth, 487: seep. 312.Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 41-47, and Specimens, 17-21; Zupitza-Schipper, AE Lesebuch, ed. viii, 92-95.Literature:(1)of the Vision of S. Paul. Brandes, H., Ueber die Quellen der me. Versionen der Paulus-Vision, in ES vii. 34-65; id. Visio S. Pauli, Halle, 1885; Batiouchkoff, Th., in Romania, xx. 17; James, M. R., Visio Pauli in Texts and Studies, ii. 3, Cambridge, 1893; Meyer, P., in Romania, vi. 11-16, xxiv. 357-375, and in Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153-158; Ward, H. L. D., Catalogue of Romances in the British Museum, ii. 397-416; Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1887. Vollhardt, W. (seep. 269/19). (2)of the Vision in general. Fritzsche, C., Die lateinischen Visionen des Mittelalters, in Romanische Forschungen, ii. 247, iii. 337; Peters, E., Zur Geschichte der lateinischen Visionslegenden, in Romanische Forschungen, viii. 361-364; Becker, E. J., A Contribution to the Comparative Study of the Mediaeval Visions of Heaven and Hell, Baltimore, 1899;BedaeOpera Historica, ed. C. Plummer, ii. 294. (3)of the Sunday Letter. Priebsch, R., in Otia Merseiana, i. 129, and in Mod. Lang. Review, ii. 138-154; Napier, A., in An English Miscellany, 355-362.Phonology of x and xi:References to piece xi are marked b. Oralaisa, crabbe b 84, slakien b 67;abefore nasals,o, biwon 73, from 87, but swam b 90;abefore lengthening groups,o, ahonge 14, ontful 53, but and 8, 85, b 25.æis regularlye, cweð 45 (3 times), þet 25 &c., but abac b 86, blake b 82, b 120, blaca b 99, saterdei 71, þat 25, 68, watere b 86: with habbe b 14, b 77 comp. LWS.subj.habbe.eis regularlye, betre b 24, eten b 101, b 104 (but eoten 80), engles 5 (4), sunbendes b 67; but it isiin tilden b 110,eoin seolcuðre 17: stude 40, 41, b 26, whulche b 80, wulc b 20, swulc b 85 are due to OE. forms withy, hwilc b 21, swilc21, uwilc 83, 85 to forms withi.iisi, bidde 60, wille 60, b 62, bindeð b 110, but en 59, wule 6, nule b 28 and all other parts ofwillan.oiso, froggen b 83, longe 47, but iwrat 79, walde 46, 47, b 93, nalde 46, 51, nalden 32, 58, all Anglian forms witha; in weord 65 (5)eois written foro.uisu, bicumeð 73, sunedei 4, hundes b 38.yisu, cunnes b 80, cunde b 85;mycelis muchele 67 &c.āis regularlya, an 16, claþeð b 114, gast 87, lauerd 39 (5), na b 100 (Anglian), þas 30, swa 29, but on 43, louerd 60, þon 5, þeo b 19, þeos b 14 (4) þos b 95, b 99, se b 11, b 69; noteworthy is foage b 119: escade 44, 49 descends fromǣscian.ǣ1ise, efreni 27, ledde 50, butain þare b 98,eain eani 18, 48, sea 24 (4); ulcne b 66 descends fromylc.ǣ2ise, breðe 42 (Anglianbrēþ), neddren 26, but ariste 87.ēise, gleden 35, ferde 10, but deað b 58.īisi, is 25, swiþeliche 90, fifte 26.ōiso, bicom b 9, nom b 10, bisocnie 80, but eoðre 45.ūisu, hus b 73, lude 33.ȳisu, fur 25 (3), mus b 113, tuneð b 27 (4), uþe 24, but forþi 6.eabeforer+ cons. ise, herde b 51, midelerd b 81, both before lengthening group;abetweenwandrappears in swart b 105, warp 16, warðe 41.eabeforel+ cons. is invariablya, ald 43, alle 5. Thei-umlaut ise, aweriede b 29, erming 6 (3), but earming 22, bicherreð b 112.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðe 59 (4), ȝeorne 49, heorte 16 (3), weorkes 67, but ibureȝe 36, apparently from OE.gebeorgan(comp. ‘bureȝe,’ OEH i. 25/16, ‘bureȝest,’ id. 39/20). Thewurgroup is represented by wurþien 75, 90. Thei-umlaut is wanting in beorninde 12, afterwit isu, wurse 26, wursien b 14, unwurðe b 29: berninde 16 (3) is frombærnan, smurieð b 114 fromsmyrian.eobeforel+ cons. is seen in seolf 76, 83.ea,u-umlaut ofa, appears in eateliche 17, heauekes b 38.eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseo, heofene 5, 99, ȝeolewe b 107, b 108, weorlde b 91, b 100, oro, ȝolewe b 120, world b 36, but hefene 82, heueneriche 55, ȝeluwe b 83, without umlaut.eo,å-umlaut ofe, is seen in beode 80, beoden b 29, beoreð b 82, eoten 80, feole 19: unaneomned 28 is perhaps an analogic form.eo,å-umlaut ofi, iseoin seodðan 16, b 115, seoðþan 40, seodðe b 25, heore 6 (3); hare 31 is Anglianheara: analogous are dalneominde 99 (comp. ‘neoman,’ OEH i. 29/18), icleped 88 (4).eo,u-umlaut ofi, is seen in seofen 41, seofe 17, seofeþe 26. The palatal diphthongeaappears in sceal 62, scal b 89, ȝete 13:ieafterġin ȝeue 71, ȝefe 60, 69, geuen b 49, b 102, ȝeueð 93;gefis ȝef 1, gif 6.eoafterġisuin ȝunge b 87; afterscit is seen in sceolde b 13, scolde b 111, sculen b 21:heomis heom 9 &c., ham 70.ēaise, deðe 87, eren b 27, aȝen b 90 (ongēan), and six others, but ædie b 19 (‘eadi,’ OEH i. 39/5), dead, deade b 59: thei-umlaut givese, alesnesse b 76, chese b 111, iheren b 28 (12), remeð 33.ēois regularlyeo, beot 98, feorðe 25, iseo 58, þreo b 51, but bitwenen 83, fredome 3, þre b 69; thei-umlaut does not occur. Aftersc,ēaappears in scean 29.a+gisaȝ, daȝes 98, maȝen 40 (5); slage b 57, slaȝeð b 98 are new formations from thepp.slagen(Bülbring, Ablaut, 96); ah 51 (5) is Anglianah.æ+gis invariablyei, mei b 103, seide b 87.e+gis alsoei, eisliche 12, toȝeines 60 (3), wei b 24, but awey b 94.o+gis seen in forhoȝie b 25.ā+gisaȝ, aȝene 23 (4), faȝe b 82 (3), foaȝe b 119, expressing the [āo] sound.ǣ1+htgives ehte b 100, b 105.ē+gappear in leies 17, leit 30 (lēget), tweien 8;ō+gin wohe 47;ū+hin þruh b 60.ea+gis seen in gneȝeð 34 = *gneagað, withå-umlaut ofa, idreȝen b 70,pp.analogous todreaganinf.with the same umlaut;ea+h,ht, in iseh 48; thei-umlaut in mihte 42, mihte 92, niht 30. Thei-umlaut ofeo+hoccurs in siste 26 (siexta).ēa+giseȝ, eȝen 15, heȝe 12;ēa+h,eh, abeh 64, heh 45: þah 23, b 97 is Anglianþæh.ēo+g,htare seen in liȝere 53, lihtliche b 43, thei-umlaut in lihting 72.ā+wisawin iknawe b 24, nawiht b 22,auin saule 7 (7), snau 25.ǣ1+wgiveseuin eubruche b 34.ō+w, noht b 11 (nōht).ēa+wis seen in sceawede 12 (8), sceaude 16, scawede 11, scawere b 116;ēo+win eow 2 &c., feower b 45, heowe 17 (WS.hīw), reowliche 33, how b 118, fower b 80, bireusunke b 53.In syllables without stressais usually levelled toe, but it survives in dringan 47, ilca 31, locan 86, 91, pinan 36, 37:obecomesein heuene 55, seofeþe 26, suteliche 3, butain escade 44, 49;onuppanis anuppon 46. In alla b 76, alra b 46, blaca b 99, wiðinna 43,ais written for finale, similarly clusterlokan 41, manaðas b 34; comp. quica 41/192. The prefixge-is largely retained asi, iblissieð 5; it isuin uwilc 83 &c.eis added in amonge 30, medially in hefede 68, swiþeliche 90, lost in onswerde 57, sceaude 16.wis added in hwure 61.llis simplified in suteliche 3;mdoubled in summe 14 &c.;mmsimplified in swim b 88, swam b 90, asnnin clenesse 51, 91, ene b 45, ine b 34:nis doubled in sunne 100.pis doubled in deoppre b 41. Initialfis writtenuin ualleð b 46, b 47, uindeð b 7, uenne b 8, b 33, butfin falleð b 106:fbetween vowels or vowel and liquid is usuallyu, but ȝefe 69, leofe 72, monifolde 57, ufele 42, b 94, wifes b 37, nefre 45, 51, 52, efre 97, efreni 27:fis assimilated in wimmen b 113, but wifmen 93.ttis simplified in put b 31;tsiscin milce 63, milcien 62.ddis simplified in midelerd b 81;dis lost in onswerde 57, 70:distin ontful 53, iseit 82, b 14,tdin feðer fotetd 28,ðin forðwarð b 87, iclepeð 3, iherð 73, isceaweð b 49.þis writtenðdin strengðdeð b 85,dþin redþer 68,din dringan 47, rested 95, wurdliche 91,tin speket b 92:þþisdðin seodðan 16, b 115, seodðe b 25, but seoðþan 40.sć[š] isscingledscipe 81, iscild b 121, scal b 89, scolde b 111, and other forms ofsceolan, scrift 32 (5),s,ss,sscin fis b 84, fisses b 88, fissce b 84: the scribe writes elsewhere ‘ichefte,’ OEH i. 77/5 (gesceafta), ‘iblesced,’ id. 5/7, ‘edmodnesce,’ id. 5/19.čis expressed bych, chese b 111, chirche 79 &c., eche b 98, tech b 89, uwilche 74, whulche b 80; butcis used finally for the same sound in ic 57, hwilc b 21, swilc 21, swulc b 85, uwilc 85, wulc b 20.ččis seen in totwiccheð b 94, wrecche 7, 11. The stopciskbeforee,i, stoke b 113, swike b 111 and in clusterlokan 41, otherwisec, locan 86, but apparentlychin musestoch b 109, b 110.čǧisggin liggeð b 34, seggen 3.cwappears in cweð 45 (3), butquoccurs elsewhere in the MS., as ‘quic,’ OEH i. 81/1.ġisȝ, daȝes b 45, ȝef 1, ȝeue 71, ȝete 13, slaȝed b 98, but Gif 6, slage b 57, geuen b 49:ngisnkin bireusunke b 53, ‘of sprinke,’ OEH i. 75/31 (comp. Horn, Beiträge, 29); butngforncoccur in ‘þong’ (= þonc), OEH i. 39/33, ‘dringen’ (= drinken), id. 37/33. Initialhis lost in lauerdes 4 &c., lusten 1, lude 33, redliche 64, redþer 68, remeð, reowliche 33, bireusunke b 53, witsunne 88; it is added in heow b 21, how b 118, hiheren b 16;his also lost in iwrat 79; for itðis written in þurð b 53.hwis seen in whulche b 80, wulc b 20: siste 26 issiexta, Angl.se(i)sta.Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns. In thes. n.sune b 120 representssunu.Gen.-es, muðes b 53, cunnes b 80, but monedeis72;d.-e, deie 3 (3 times), scrifte b 69, fredome 3, ȝete 13, but domesdei 72, sunnedei 61, gast 87, 100, scrift b 67, atter b 106, non 71, smel b 112, without inflection.Plural n. a.of masculines,-es, daȝes 98, sunbendes b 67, but euencristene b 96 with adj. termination; neutersn.are deor 28, 33, weord b 14, beode 80 (gebedu), but þinges b 80, with masc. termination; beoden b 29, clusterlokan 41, deoflen 21, 43, 48, weak forms;a.hors b 37, weord 65, but huses b 36, weordes b 16 (4), wifes b 37, treon 12;d.-es, rapes b 12, weorkes 67,-weorkes94, weordes b 94, but manaðas b 34, treon 13 (?trēum). Of the feminines mihte 92, 94, 95 has added e in thenom., bisocnie 80 represents-socn. The other cases end in-e,s. g.dede b 54, but weorldes b 100, a masc. form;s. d.ireste 77, weorlde b 91, but irest 5, sea 24, 27, b 84 (sǣ);s. a.reste 7 (5), but rest 6, sea 24;pl. n.ehte b 105, saule 19, but gleden 35, saulen 6;pl. d.pine 27, 97, saule 7, 73, but honden 14, pinan 36, 37, sunnen b 32 (3);pl. a.laȝe 59, b 28, pine 57, saule b 98, but laȝen 46, pinen 39, saulen 14, 22, sunnen b 62 (3) are weak forms. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular,n.crabbe b 84;g.heorte b 53;d.chirche b 28;a.nome b 96: the plural has-en,n.crabben b 84, neddren 26, b 82, but neddre b 91;d.eȝen 15, haleȝen 68;a.eren b 27, but licome 31. Minordeclensions: fetpl. d.14, 28, 64 (possiblysing.); mons. n.42 (3),s. a.43, b 66, menpl. n.b 33, monnepl. d.32, 74, 83, men 31, wepmen 93, wifmen 93, wimmen b 113; bocs. d.b 7; muspl. a.b 113; þruhs. d.b 60; nihts. a.30; feders. n.b 120, fedres. d.99; moders. n.b 88; breðrepl. n.72; childrenpl. a.b 37.The weak declension of adjectives has-ethroughout the singular,n. m.alde 44, b 87, halie b 121,f.leofe b 88, foaȝe b 119, blake b 120,neut.faȝe b 91;d. m.ȝunge b 87, halie 87, 100, ufele 42,f.eche b 98, stronge b 106,neut.halie b 17;a. f.muchele b 36. The only exception is hehs. n. m.69. The strong forms are flectionless in the singular, excepts. d. f.halie b 7, b 27, b 75, heuie b 66, mildere 70, seolcuðre 17 (with heoweneut.), warde 41 (= wardre);s. a. m.sunfulle b 66,s. a. f.muchele b 15, b 49. The termination of all cases of the plural, strong and weak, ise;exceptions are blaca b 99, freo b 50, sari b 56.āgenis represented by aȝenes. a. f.34,pl.23, 35, b 98:ān,nānappear as ann.45, 50, b 84, on 43, nan 42, b 69, naþing 79; aned. m.b 8,a. m.40, ene b 45, an 16, anea. f.20, b 9, ana. neut.49, nan 51, na b 101. Adjectives used as nouns are deades. d.b 59, fulles. a.b 104, god 48, 52, b 101, sunfullepl. d.b 76,pl. a.11: nouns as adjectives, erming 6, 22, 31, 96, liȝere 53, wrecche 7, 11, 13: hindene b 116 haspl.adj. termination. Noteworthy among numerals are þridde 25, 95, fifte 26, siste 26, seofeþe 26 (seofoþa).The personal pronouns are ic, we, us, þu, ȝe, eow, heow b 21, how b 118. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.13, heof.50, 86, 91 (dei likeL.dies isfm.), b 88, b 104, hitneut.10,d.himm.12, 13, hiref.91,a.hinem.b 10 (4), heof.50, hitneut.2,pl. n.hi b 93, heo 8 (10), ha 21, b 15,d.heom 9, 56, b 39, ham 70, b 117,a.heon b 98 (for heom), ham 36, 39. Reflexives are ham 5, heom 94, heom seoluen b 117, b 118; definitive, seolf 76, 83; possessives, mines. a. f.63,pl. a.58, þins. n. m.60, 69, þiness. g. m.b 62, þines. d. m.66, b 63,s. d. f.67,pl. d.66, his 34, hire 20, ure 55, 83, heore 6 (5), hare 31. The definite article iss. n.þem.4,f.25, þetneut.25 &c., þat 25,g.þesm.4,f.b 100,neut.68,d.þamm.41, 87, þan 3 (6), þen 61, 69, þon 5, þe b 8 (4), þa 3, þaref.b 98, þere b 60, b 84, b 103, þer 15, b 106, þe 15, þanneut.b 17, þon 23, þa b 111, þe 15,a.þennem.75, þene 90, 97, b 59, þon 88, þe b 24, þaf.20, b 32, þe 24, þetneut.b 70 (with scriftm.),pl. n.þa, 5, 6, b 79,d.þam 7 (4), þan 13, 32, þa 14 (4), þe 15,a.þa 11 &c.: þet 8, b 35, b 47, b 51, b 114, b 115, b 116, is demonstrative. The article is also used as antecedent to relatives, þeo þe b 19, þa þe b 39, they who. The compound demonstrative iss. n.þism.b 84, þes b 31, þisneut.b 91, þas b 73 (comp. 13/43),d.þissem.b 10 (3), þis b 77, þissef.54, b 91,neut.31,a.þeosm.b 81, þasf.b 36, þisneut.b 39,pl. n.þas 30, b 90, þosb 95, b 99, þeos b 14, b 33, b 105,d.þas b 113,a.57, 65, þes b 100. The relative is mostly þe, but ꝥ 43 (6), þet b 106: interrogatives are hwas. n.7, 73, hwet 44, hwat, ꝥ b 78, hwilcs. n.b 21, wulc b 20, whulchepl. n.b 80, correlative swilc 21, b 40, swulc b 85:ilcais ilkes. d.27,pl. n.30, ilcapl. d.31. Indefinites are hwa 6, hwa efre 97; me 36, b 9, mon 98, b 24; sumes. d.9, sums. a.95, summepl. n.14, 28; oðers. d. neut.50, eoðre 45, oðrepl. d.27, b 35, oðerpl. a.97; ulcnes. a.b 66; uwilcs. n.85, uwilchepl. d.74, uwilc 83, uwilcans. n.17 (gehwilc ān); eani 18, 48, efreni 27; moniepl.b 113; alles. d. f.5 (4), als. a. m.b 81,s. a. neut.90, b 39, allepl. n.17 (4), alrapl. g.b 46, alremest b 35, allepl. d.27, alla b 76, allepl. a.b 121.The infinitive ends regularly in en; locan 86, 91, iþolie b 11 are the only exceptions; verbs of the second weak conjugation have-ien, iðolien 40, lokien 46, and six others; exceptions are enden 32, iloken 85, sceawen b 21. Dative infinitives with inflection are to bihaldene 18, to brekene 30, to demene 89, to swimminde b 86, uninflected are to haliȝen 74, to wurðien 75 (virtual nominatives), for to lokien 9, for to arisen b 40 and ten others in piece xi with for to, to draȝen b 117 and fifteen others with to. Presents ares.1. bidde 60, iseo 58; 2. bringest b 63, leist b 60; 3. bicherreð b 112, wuneð b 91, exceptional are bitacnet b 74, speked 37, speket b 92, contracted forms as beot 98, bret b 111 amount to one-third of the total number;pl.1. cumeð b 58, slage we b 57, tuneð b 44; 2. habbeð 73, b 20; 3. beoreð b 82, wepeð 34, and of the second weak conjugation, iblissieð 5, lokieð b 115, smurieð b 114, wunieð b 80;subjunctive s.2. ȝefe 60, 69, milcie 68; 3. ibureȝe 36, iknawe b 24, icnawe b 25, cume 61, 69, forhoȝie b 25, ilokie 97, trukie b 105;pl.1. tunen b 44:imperative s.2. aris 70, haue 39, iscild b 121, swim b 88, tech b 89;pl.2. ihereð b 79. Past of Strong Verbs: Ia.s.3. cweð 45 (3), iseh 48: Ib.s.3. com 10 (3), bicom b 9, nom b 10: Ic.s.3. biwon 7, 73, gon 65, bigon 54, b 89, swam b 90, warp 16;pl.3. urnen 20: II.s.3. scean 29;pl.3. swiken 30: III.s.3. abeh 64: IV.s.3. stod b 7: V.s.3. het 9, weop 55. Participles present: Ib. dalneominde 99: Ic. beorninde 12, berninde 16 (3): II. glidende 35; past: Ia. ibeden 71, geuen b 49, b 102, ispeken b 77: Ic. biwunden b 79, idoluen b 46: III. icorenepl.68: IV. idreȝen b 70, istonde b 9: V. ahonge 14, 19, ihaten 4, b 52. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. ferde 10, ledde 50, sende 88, escade 44, 49, onswerede 70, onswerde 57, sceawede 12 (7), sceaude 16, hefde b 69, b 70, hefede b 8, seide 59, b 87;pl.3. ledden 44, 49. Participles present: graninde 33, liuiende 42, wuniende 12, 53; past: afered b 104, ibet b 62, forgult 22, iherd b 20, iherð 73, b 77, isceaweð b 49, iseit b 14, ise[i]t 82, isend b 39, iwrat 79; fotetd 28 is participial in form; inflected are aweriedeb 29, blessede b 19, iclepede b 110, forgulte 73, isende b 73. Minor Groups: witeninf.7, 58, watpr. s.62, witeð 2pr. pl. imp.b 118, b 119, wistept. s.51, biwistenpt. pl.21; aȝen 1pr. pl.90, b 65; sceal 1pr. s.62, scal b 89, sculen 1pr. pl.b 21, sceoldept. s.b 13, scolde b 111; meipr. s.b 103, b 107, maȝen 1pr. pl.40, b 50, 2pr. pl.65, 92,pr. pl.b 101, mihtept. s.42, b 11; to beondat. inf.b 49, ispr. s.60, nis b 69, bið 53, b 59, beoð 1pr. pl.b 56,pr. pl.34 (5), beon b 19, beopr. s. subj.79, 84, beo 2pr. pl. subj.b 119,pr. pl. subj.99, wespt. s.8, nes 52, werenpt. pl.17 (4), were 11, nere 23, werept. s. subj.44, nere b 70; wulle 1pr. s.62, wulepr. s.6, nulle 85, nule b 28, b 67, wulleð 1pr. pl.2, wuleð 2pr. pl.1, waldept. s.46, nalde 46, naldenpt. pl.32; doninf.48,dat. inf.b 101, deðpr. s.29, deað b 58, do we 1pr. pl.b 44, doðpr. pl.b 34, fordoð b 81, idonpp.b 69; ganinf.42, 43, eodept. s.10, eodenpt. pl.9.With ȝetteadv.19, comp. ‘ȝiete,’ OEH i. 139/13, ȝetten 64/54; midprep.65 with accusative is Anglian (Napier, Anglia, x. 138): lesteconj.b 104 (þȳ lǣs þe) is an early instance of the compound.Dialect:These pieces were copied by the scribe of the PM in the same MS. As was said atp. 327, he belonged to the Southern border of the Midland area. On the evidence of the spoilt rhymes in the Pater Noster, inne : sunne, OEH i. 55/23, 24 (4 times), linnen : sunnen, id. 67/230, 231, he must be located to the West of that area, where u was the representative of OE.y,ȳ.In the present articles his exemplars were in the South-Western dialect. That of piece x was considerably the older, probably of the early transition period about the beginning of the twelfth century, as is evident from the archaic forms which have survived in the copy. There is no trace of these in piece xi, the original of which was probably little older than the copy. As in the copy of the Poema Morale, the scribe’s alterations affect mainly the sounds; the grammar remains Southern; a Midland form like beon b 19 is isolated.Vocabulary:The foreign element is small; most of the Romance words are in piece xi. French are archangel 8, blanchet b 114, castles b 38, feble b 9, glutenerie b 34 (first appearance), grace b 49, lechurs b 117, manere b 84, prophete b 7, b 43, sacreð b 76, sacramens b 75, salmes 47, seint b 22, merci 39, meister 21, meistres 23, ureisuns b 75: Latin, apostles 88, sancte 8; mihhal 8 is probably a direct borrowing from the Vulgate Michahel. Scandinavian are caste b 10, icast b 68, griðe 80.Introduction:The ultimate sources of this discourse are (i) the Legend of S. Paul’s visit to the other world, and (ii) the Sunday Letter as extended by the addition of the Dignatio diei Dominicae.(1) S. Paul in his second epistle to the Corinthians, xii. 2-4, said that he had been caught up to the third heaven and heard words unspeakable. But a detailed account of what he saw, partly drawn from the Revelation of Peter (ed. M. R. James, p. 65) and coloured by Egyptian ideas of the other world, was extensively circulated in the early Church, and existed in two Greek versions as early as the fourth century. One of these, theἈναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lost, but it is probably represented in a Latinversiondiscovered by Dr. M. R. James and published in Texts and Studies, ii. no. 3. The other younger Greek version, denounced by S. Augustine as ‘nescio quibus fabulis plenam’ (iii. 541 e), was printed by Tischendorf in Apocalypses Apocryphae, 34-69: he dates it about 380A.D.There is an early Syriac version, an English translation of which is reprinted by Tischendorf under the Greek Text.The Latin version already mentioned is the most ancient and the fullest form of the legend, and it is the main source of the Latin mediaeval versions, which have been classed by Brandes in six redactions. Of these the first alone contains an account of S. Paul’s visit to heaven, the others describe only the abode of the lost. The fourth redaction (B iv) printed in Brandes, Visio Pauli, 75, in the Cologne edition of Beda, vii. 362, as one of his sermons, and by P. Meyer from a Toulouse MS. of the fourteenth century in Romania, xxiv. 365, appears to be the main source of most of the versions in the modern languages, as of our text. Meyer enumerates twenty-three MSS. of it; he thinks that it is not anterior to the twelfth century and that it was widely circulated in England. In Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153, he gives a list of six versions in French: (1) by Henri d’Arci, there printed; (2) by Adam de Ros, trouvère anglais, printed by Ozanam in Dante et la philosophie catholique, 1845, p. 425; (3) Anonymous, MS. Bibl. Nat. 2094, of which Brandes cites the beginning and end, p. 51; (4) Anonymous,B.M.Add. 15606, printed in part in Romania, vi. 11-16; (5) by Geoffroi de Paris, an adaptation of the preceding; (6) by an anonymous English trouvère, printed in Romania, xxiv. 357. The English versions in verse are (1) MS. Laud 108, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lii. 35; (2a) MS. Jesus Coll. Oxford E 29, printed in OEM 147-155; (2b) MS. Digby 86, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lxii. 403; (3) Vernon MS. Bodleian, in OEM 223-232 and ES i. 293-299; (4) MS. Douce 302, Bodleian, in OEM 210-222. There is, besides the present article, a fourteenth-century prose version printed in ES xxii. 134. The relations of the English and French versions are determined by Brandes in ES vii. 34.Some references in the older literature should be noticed. Ælfric (Hom. Cath. ii. 332) calls the legend a lying composition, and proceeds to tell thatof Fursey as true. The writer of the Blickling Homilies (43, 45) relates the episode of the wicked bishop, following a text closely resembling the oldest Latin version, which differs little from the Greek at this point. In a second passage, 209/29-211/7, he has combined vague recollections of the legend with scenery drawn from Beowulf (see the Preface to BH, pp. vi, vii).The first part of the present article differs from B iv and agrees with F iii in substituting smoke (‘smorðer,’ l. 26) for fulgur; with F iii it omits the Fiery Wheel and the Bridge of Dread, and the punishment of usurers by name. It is therefore possible that it and F iii had a common source. But our author has exercised a free choice in details; he says nothing of the punishment of the unchaste child murderers, of the oppressors of widows and orphans, of those who broke their fast before due time, and of those in the pit; nothing of the vision of sinful and righteous souls borne through the air; all of which are in B iv. His own fantasy is probably responsible for the division of the torments of the furnace, l. 24, between the furnace, the fount of fire and the sea of hell, and for the pleading of S. Paul in ll. 56-72, which are without parallel in any of the other versions.(2) The Sunday Letter was a fiction which originated in the south of France or northern Spain towards the end of the sixth century. It purported to be a letter, which had fallen from heaven, written in Latin by Christ’s own hand, denouncing judgement on those who did not observe Sunday rightly. It had great vogue in England before the Conquest, and furnished material for the homilies printed in Wulfstan, ed. Napier, nos. 43, 44, 45, 47, in Otia Merseiana i. 129, and in An Eng. Miscellany, 357. Latin versions are printed in the two last-named. Our author makes only general reference to it in 78/75-85, but ll. 85-91 are taken directly from a Dignatio diei Dominicae which is sometimes associated with it, and is found separately in the Pseudo-Augustine Sermons clxvii, cclxxx, and Alcuin, ed. Froben, ii. 487. It is also added to one MS. of the Visio Pauli (Brandes, 102), and it precedes the German version which he prints at p. 83. It also forms the subject of the fourteenth homily in OEH i. 139.1.Leofemen: like ‘Men þa leofestan’ of the Blickling Homilies: the writer also uses, ‘Gode men.’ But ‘Lordinges and leuedis,’ 215/31 is French = Seingnurs & dames.ȝe willeliche: Zupitza prints ȝewilleliche (adv., meaning gladly), and the separation of the words in the manuscript is of no weight against it. But the prefixgeis in this text commonly reduced toi, and ȝewilleliche occurs nowhere else and has nothing to correspond in OE., the forms in which arewillīce,willendlīce, while willeliche is in AR 396/20.ȝeis probably a repetition of the preceding bymistake for ec, which very frequently goes with and in these homilies (comp. 76/4, 78/68).2.hitbelongs to lusten as well as to understonden; comp. ‘þe luste nulleð þesne red,’ OEH i. 63/161, and for the postponement ofhit, ‘Al hit us mei rede ⁊ to lare ȝif we wulleð,’ id. i. 15/5, where to goes with rede.3.fredome: the Latin version in Harley 2851 has for title Priuilegia diei dominice.4.blisse&c.: see 78/77.6.erming, only here and at 76/22, 31 as adjective, for the usual armliche. OE.earming, a miserable person.rest of: comp. 78/96; ‘þæt is sio an ræst eallra urra geswinca,’ Boethius, 144/27; ‘hwonne him lifes weard, | frea ælmihtig frecenra siða | reste aȝeafe,’ Genesis, 1426; ‘lagosiða rest,’ id. 1486. Rare in ME., but for the verb comp. ‘thei rest of her traueilis,’ Apoc. xiv. 13 (Purvey).7.to soþe&c.: see90/73 note.8.þet wes: comp. 1/10, where the verb is plural.10.hu—ferde, how things went on there: ‘quia deus voluit ut Paulus videret penas inferni,’ B iv. 75/5.Mihhal—wuniende, there is nothing corresponding in B iv, but James has, ‘dixit [angelus] mihi: Veni et sequere me, et ostendam tibi animas impiorum et peccatorum ut cognoscas qualis sit locus,’ 28/17, and Adam de Ros, ‘Seint michiel en ueit auant | Sein pol ses hores disant,’ Ward, ii. 410.15, 16.eȝen: probably a mistake for eren (= ‘auribus’ B iv), as Kölbing pointed out in ES xxii. 137.hefede, by the hair, ‘capillis.’heorte: a strange substitution for ‘brachiis’ of B iv.16.ouen—leies: ‘fornacem ignis ardentem per septem flammas in diversis coloribus,’ B iv.he, i.e. ouen; if not a mistake for þe, a striking example of parataxis.17.eateliche to bi haldene: comp. ‘eatolice on to seonne,’ Beda, 240/21; thedat. inf.answers to the L. supine as in terribilis aspectu. Insead . . . to iseonne, 133/30, it corresponds to the genitive of the L. gerund, aspiciendi.18.strengre: see21/94 note, and comp. ‘ne geþæncaþ hio na, hu strang hit biþ an helle to bionne,’ Wulfstan, 225/12.21.meister deoflen, principal devils: for this use of meister comp. KH 642 note. They are not in B iv, but F iv has ‘Soignours, an l’apre fornoise habitent · vij · delo[u]rs | · vij · diable l’atisent: cest lor maistre labours | Et · vij · flames an issent de diverses colours.’swilc, as if; OE.swilce,conj.; comp. ‘He . . . geseah | modiglice menn on merebate | sittan siðfrome swylce hie ofer sæ comon,’ Andreas, 247; ‘mon geseah swelce hitwære an gylden hring on heofonum,’ Orosius, 234/8; ‘þe king Leir iwerðe swa blac;swlch hit a blac cloð weoren,’ L 3069.Swylc swais also found with the same conjunctive sense, ‘þyslic me is gesewen . . . þis andwearde lif . . . swylc swa þu æt swæsendum sitte,’ Beda, 134/24. Forswilc swa, such as, 76/29, see34/80 note.24.þe sea of helle: B iv has ‘Et septem plage erant in circuitu eius (i.e. fornacis): prima nix, secunda glacies’ &c. The writer or his original has changed these plagues of the furnace into waves ‘uþe’ of the ‘flumen orribile in quo multe bestie dyabolice erant quasi pisces in medio maris,’ which is mentioned at a later point in the Latin, while he alters the river into a lake, perhaps due to a recollection of the ‘stagnum ignis et sulphuris’ of the Apocalypse, xx. 9.25.snau: comp. 120/100.26.smorðer, thick smoke: B iv has ‘sexta fulgur’; F iv ‘Et la siste de foudres et d’avenimemant.’ F iii agrees with the English text.ful stunch: comp. 46/277; 133/44.28.unaneomned, without a name, because they were like nothing in this world; not ‘unmentionable, on account of their number,’ Morris. There is no description of the beasts in the Latin, but such details are to be found elsewhere in the Visions literature, e.g. Visio Tnugdali, 16/7, 17, 19/26.31.to brekene: dative infinitive: OE.swīcan,geswīcan, to cease from, are often constructed with dative of nouns, as, ‘gif he ðonne ðære hnappunge ne swicð,’ Cura Past., 195/11, but apparently not with the dat. inf. This construction is common with analogous verbs such asonginnan,forlǣtan,ieldan. In ME. the dative of the noun occurs, as ‘þa aswac worden;Merlin þe wise,’ L 16112; and the gen., ‘iswikeð unrihtwisra dedan,’ OEH i. 117/32 as in OE., ‘ðæs noldan geswican,’ BH 211/6. Comp. 81/85, 6.þe—nalden: ‘qui non egerunt penitenciam post peccata commissa in hoc mundo,’ B iv. 75/14.32.enden: see 80/54.33.lude remeð: ‘ululant’; comp. 120/99, 192/528.34.his, each of them his; distributive in meaning.37.Miserere&c.: possibly from some unprinted version of the Visio, or from some version of the Evangelium Nichodemi; comp. The Harrowing of Hell, ed. Hulme, 18/203.39.ham: the writer frequently doubles the subject or object by a pronoun; comp. ‘ꝥ ic hit efre dude mid mine wrechede licome þas sunnen,’ OEH i. 29/9; ‘þe mon þe leie · xii · moneð in ane prisune nalde he ȝefen,’ id. 33/9; ‘Gif þu hine iseȝe þet he wulle,’ id. 17/13. See also 78/97 note; 136/144; 138/12.41.midde warðe: OE.middeweardis usually an adjective, occasionally a noun: it is probably adj. here, and miswritten for middewarðre. Comp. ‘In mideward þe felde,’ KH, O 574.clusterlokanis explained as ‘enclosures,’ Morris; ‘cloisters,’ Strat.-Bradley. The corresponding passage in B iv appears to be, ‘Et ostendit illi puteum signatum ·vij· sigillis et ait illi: Sta longe ut possis sustinere fetorem hunc,’ and the meaning, fastening, lock, seems most appropriate here. The word is OE.clūstorloc: comp. Pogatscher, §§ 179, 182; L. L. claustella,pl.of claustellum, is glossed clusterlocæ, Sweet, Oldest E. Texts, 50/220; hæpsan, loca, Napier, OE. Glosses, 106/4003; clustello, loce, fæstene, id. 136/5936. The metrical versions have ‘seals,’ except the Jesus MS., ‘Seoue duren þer beoþ on’; OEM 153/235 and the second prose version renders, ‘a put ylokke wiþ seuen lockes,’ ES xxii. 136/53. Comp. also, ‘Til he vnclustri al þe lokes | þat liif ligges vnder,’ ES ix. 441/59, 60.42.þar neh, near that place; an expression of rare occurrence; comp. ‘magas þa þe þær neah wæron,’ BH 139/16.44.escade . . . to: see 77/49; a rare construction, not in OE., and probably influenced by F. demander à; comp. ‘Huet may þe zone betere acsy to his uader þanne bread,’ Ayenbite, 110/14: analogous is, ‘fulluht we to þe ȝeorneð,’ L 29473. But at is older, ‘hwæt axast ðu æt us,’ Ælf. Lives, ii. 74/112, and of is in Layamon, ‘he axede gauel of þan londe,’ 6122. Comp. ‘þretest to,’ 155/83.45. In the Latin and the other versions the bad bishop is not in the ‘puteus,’ but in another place of less torment; there he is ‘avarus et dolosus et superbus,’ here he is specialized into one who iniquitously vexed his tenants and dependants by legal proceedings and steady oppression. So the Monk of Eynsham saw a bishop grievously tormented ‘quod placitoris loco inter saeculares iudices consedere plurimum delectari soleret, multis etiam bona conscientia nitentibus in litigantibus violentus contra iustitiam oppressor exstiterit,’ 698/5. Some contemporary is here meant, such as Gilbert Glanville, Roffensis (Godwin, De Presulibus, i. 572), or perhaps the earlier Gerard of York (id. ii. 27; Mapes, De Nugis Curialium, 224). The haughty maiden of ll. 50-54 is not in the Latin; in all probability she is drawn from the life.46.lokien: ‘non custodivit legem dei,’ B iv. 77/21; see 4/20 and comp. ‘witen,’ 77/58.49.swiðe unbisorȝeliche, with great want of care, consideration, like ‘mid mycelre reþnesse,’ said of the bishop’s treatment by the devils in BH 43/29.52.Elmesȝeorn, fond of giving alms, benevolent; OE.ælmes-georn:it occurs here only in ME.prud . . . ⁊ modi: comp. 3/4; ‘So modi and so prute,’ OEM 82/300.53.wreðful ⁊ ontful: comp. 56/31.55.forð mid, together with: see1/19 note.of, from: a common use with dative in OE.; comp. ‘Peahte ðeod com of Scyþþia lande on scipum,’ Bede, 28/7.56.on þunres liche, in the likeness of thunder: the alteration of the MS. reading wunres is due to Morris, but the resultant meaning is unsatisfactory. He suggested, on þunres sleȝe, comparing ‘þær com swylce þunres slege,’ Ev. Nichod. ed. Thwaites, 13/3, and the expression occurs in ME. ‘ofdradd of ðese muchele ðþunresleiȝ ðe cumþ ut of godes auȝene muðe,’ VV 11/18. The writer has elsewhere, ‘Vre drihten wile cumen dredliche in fures liche,’ OEH i. 143/15, which may suggest the true reading here. The Latin has ‘deus descendit de celo et dyadema in capite eius’; possibly crunes lurks under wunres.60.toȝeines,adv., in reply:himdepends directly onseide, as in ‘ic eou habbe þet godspel iseid,’ OEH i. 5/13; ‘heom seggen godes lore,’ id. 7/33, though the construction with to is also found in these homilies. Comp. ‘Cuðberhtus him togeanes cwæð,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 138/34. But the word is generally a preposition, as at 64/56, 86/142.ȝef—is: see 134/84.61.la hwure, ah! at any rate. This writer usesLamostly with interrogatives, ‘La hu ne beað,’ 89/34; ‘Lahwet scal þis beon,’ 89/36.a þet: see72/179 note.63.efterward, in quest of, seeking; = ‘efter’ 7/53; comp. ‘þat ha beon þe lasse afterward swuch þing,’ HM 37/7; ‘Iohannes . . . wearð him æfterweard,’ Ælf. de Novo Testamento, 18/21. Similar uses of the compound in the sense of the simple preposition are, ‘al urommard þisse,’ AR 178/18; 58/66 note; 70/165: ‘They met Beues inwarde the paleys,’ Beues of Hamtoun, 69/1208; ‘alysde of þam witum ða þe towearde wæron,’ Wulfstan, 228/11. Similarly ‘þu most beon on ward þine sunnen,’ OEH i. 37/20 appears to mean, thou must give attention to thy sins.64.swiðe wa: see40/181 noteand comp. ‘Ofte hadde horn beo wo | At neure wurs þan him was þo,’ KH 115, where him shows that horn is dative.abeh&c.: ‘Post hoc prostravit se Michahel et Paulus et angelorum milia milium ante filium dei,’ B iv.66.for, by: comp. 94/26.68.þes þe redþer, the sooner on that account, the sooner. The more regular comparison is seen in, ‘ah þes þe we heoueden mare wele on þisse liue, þes we ahte to beon þe edmoddre,’ OEH i. 5/27, 21/12.69.a þet: see72/179 note.71.non, three o’clock, when the Sunday festival began; ‘ab hora nona sabbati usque in prima hora secunde ferie,’ B iv. 79/21; ‘fram nóntide þæs sæternesdæges oð monandæges lihtincge,’ Wulfstan, 207/11.a þa: see72/179 note.72.þet efre forð, for all future time: forþet, until, see72/179 note; it is so used especially when aþet, or aþa precedes it; comp. ‘a þet ic beo ealdre oðer þet ic beo sec,’ OEH i. 23/3.forð, right onwards, develops the meaning, continuously, ever; comp. ‘ðat we moten forð mid ȝew on blisse wuniȝen,’ VV 21/24, 25/12, 113/16.74.mucheles, by much; an adverbial genitive, mostly used in comparative phrases, as, ‘mucheles þe swuðere,’ AR 368/6; ‘mucheles þe more,’ OEM 86/74; ‘se læce bið micles to bald,’ Cura Past., 60/2.75.for—seið: ‘Hanc epistolam scripsit dominus Iesus Xristus manibus suis,’ Sunday Letter in An Eng. Misc., p. 400. The Latin quotations which follow are probably from some redaction or expansion of the same fiction.79.Ne beo&c.: ‘nec aliud faciatis in die dominico nisi sacerdotibus meis seruiatis,’ An Eng. Misc., 403.80.bisocnie, visit, frequenting; elsewhere, petition, request: Mätzner compares ON. kirkju-sókn: see chirchsocne 82/4; hamsocne 12/9.82.iset, miswritten for iseit, translating ‘dicitur.’85.iloken, observe, from the idea of keeping guard over something; comp. 116/156.86.ester dei: ‘Dominicum ergo diem Apostoli . . . religiosa sollemnitate habendum sanxerunt, quia in eodem Redemptor noster a mortuis resurrexit,’ Pseudo-August. Sermo cclxxx; ‘dies clarus in quo resurrexit Dominus a morte . . . in quo Spiritus sanctus descendit in Apostolos et in quo speramus Dominum nostrum . . . ad judicium venturum,’ id. Sermo clxvii. Comp. Wulfstan 219/27-29, 230/26-28; 294/5-12; Alcuin, ii. 488; OEH i. 143/7.91.hafð mid hire, there is inherent in it.92.mihte, virtues, the power to accomplish certain purposes.93.eorðe þrelles: a combination after the pattern ofeorðwaru, as in ‘Sunne dei blisseð togederes houeneware ⁊ horðeware,’ OEH i. 139/22: not ‘slaves,’ Morris, but said of men generally as enslaved by earthly pursuits; comp. 14/54-56.94.heom: the corrupt reading of the MS. perhaps points to he heom as the original; see77/39 note. Comp. ‘þe sonenday is best of alle | þanne aungles habbuz heore pley,’ Archiv lii. 35, the Latin has only ‘in quo [die] gaudent angeli et archangeli maior diebus ceteris.’96.ireste . . . of: comp. 76/6.97. Whosoever then observes Sunday . . . let them be participators &c., is a sentence of much the same type as, ‘Se þe Drihten ondræde herie hine, eall Iacobes cynn,’ Psalter, ed. Thorpe, xxi. 21; 77/39. Morris suggests the change of heo to he, but singular and plural in these texts often alternate: forbeo,pl. subj., see 82/119.þa oðer halie daȝes: the feast-days of obligation.100.abuten ende: see34/85 note.Literature:... Bedae Opera Historicatext unchanged, but work cited spells it “Baedae”wis added ...ġisȝ“ȝ” misprinted as bold instead of italicAccidence:... monedeis 72;72:The weak declension ... strong and weak, is e;e,The personal pronouns ... (dei like L. dies isfm.)L dies(1) S. Paul in ... One of these, the Ἀναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lostΠαύλου isrepresented in a Latin versionVersionThe Latin version ... (4) Anonymous, B.M. Add. 15606B M

Manuscript:Lambeth, 487: seep. 312.Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 41-47, and Specimens, 17-21; Zupitza-Schipper, AE Lesebuch, ed. viii, 92-95.Literature:(1)of the Vision of S. Paul. Brandes, H., Ueber die Quellen der me. Versionen der Paulus-Vision, in ES vii. 34-65; id. Visio S. Pauli, Halle, 1885; Batiouchkoff, Th., in Romania, xx. 17; James, M. R., Visio Pauli in Texts and Studies, ii. 3, Cambridge, 1893; Meyer, P., in Romania, vi. 11-16, xxiv. 357-375, and in Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153-158; Ward, H. L. D., Catalogue of Romances in the British Museum, ii. 397-416; Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1887. Vollhardt, W. (seep. 269/19). (2)of the Vision in general. Fritzsche, C., Die lateinischen Visionen des Mittelalters, in Romanische Forschungen, ii. 247, iii. 337; Peters, E., Zur Geschichte der lateinischen Visionslegenden, in Romanische Forschungen, viii. 361-364; Becker, E. J., A Contribution to the Comparative Study of the Mediaeval Visions of Heaven and Hell, Baltimore, 1899;BedaeOpera Historica, ed. C. Plummer, ii. 294. (3)of the Sunday Letter. Priebsch, R., in Otia Merseiana, i. 129, and in Mod. Lang. Review, ii. 138-154; Napier, A., in An English Miscellany, 355-362.Phonology of x and xi:References to piece xi are marked b. Oralaisa, crabbe b 84, slakien b 67;abefore nasals,o, biwon 73, from 87, but swam b 90;abefore lengthening groups,o, ahonge 14, ontful 53, but and 8, 85, b 25.æis regularlye, cweð 45 (3 times), þet 25 &c., but abac b 86, blake b 82, b 120, blaca b 99, saterdei 71, þat 25, 68, watere b 86: with habbe b 14, b 77 comp. LWS.subj.habbe.eis regularlye, betre b 24, eten b 101, b 104 (but eoten 80), engles 5 (4), sunbendes b 67; but it isiin tilden b 110,eoin seolcuðre 17: stude 40, 41, b 26, whulche b 80, wulc b 20, swulc b 85 are due to OE. forms withy, hwilc b 21, swilc21, uwilc 83, 85 to forms withi.iisi, bidde 60, wille 60, b 62, bindeð b 110, but en 59, wule 6, nule b 28 and all other parts ofwillan.oiso, froggen b 83, longe 47, but iwrat 79, walde 46, 47, b 93, nalde 46, 51, nalden 32, 58, all Anglian forms witha; in weord 65 (5)eois written foro.uisu, bicumeð 73, sunedei 4, hundes b 38.yisu, cunnes b 80, cunde b 85;mycelis muchele 67 &c.āis regularlya, an 16, claþeð b 114, gast 87, lauerd 39 (5), na b 100 (Anglian), þas 30, swa 29, but on 43, louerd 60, þon 5, þeo b 19, þeos b 14 (4) þos b 95, b 99, se b 11, b 69; noteworthy is foage b 119: escade 44, 49 descends fromǣscian.ǣ1ise, efreni 27, ledde 50, butain þare b 98,eain eani 18, 48, sea 24 (4); ulcne b 66 descends fromylc.ǣ2ise, breðe 42 (Anglianbrēþ), neddren 26, but ariste 87.ēise, gleden 35, ferde 10, but deað b 58.īisi, is 25, swiþeliche 90, fifte 26.ōiso, bicom b 9, nom b 10, bisocnie 80, but eoðre 45.ūisu, hus b 73, lude 33.ȳisu, fur 25 (3), mus b 113, tuneð b 27 (4), uþe 24, but forþi 6.eabeforer+ cons. ise, herde b 51, midelerd b 81, both before lengthening group;abetweenwandrappears in swart b 105, warp 16, warðe 41.eabeforel+ cons. is invariablya, ald 43, alle 5. Thei-umlaut ise, aweriede b 29, erming 6 (3), but earming 22, bicherreð b 112.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðe 59 (4), ȝeorne 49, heorte 16 (3), weorkes 67, but ibureȝe 36, apparently from OE.gebeorgan(comp. ‘bureȝe,’ OEH i. 25/16, ‘bureȝest,’ id. 39/20). Thewurgroup is represented by wurþien 75, 90. Thei-umlaut is wanting in beorninde 12, afterwit isu, wurse 26, wursien b 14, unwurðe b 29: berninde 16 (3) is frombærnan, smurieð b 114 fromsmyrian.eobeforel+ cons. is seen in seolf 76, 83.ea,u-umlaut ofa, appears in eateliche 17, heauekes b 38.eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseo, heofene 5, 99, ȝeolewe b 107, b 108, weorlde b 91, b 100, oro, ȝolewe b 120, world b 36, but hefene 82, heueneriche 55, ȝeluwe b 83, without umlaut.eo,å-umlaut ofe, is seen in beode 80, beoden b 29, beoreð b 82, eoten 80, feole 19: unaneomned 28 is perhaps an analogic form.eo,å-umlaut ofi, iseoin seodðan 16, b 115, seoðþan 40, seodðe b 25, heore 6 (3); hare 31 is Anglianheara: analogous are dalneominde 99 (comp. ‘neoman,’ OEH i. 29/18), icleped 88 (4).eo,u-umlaut ofi, is seen in seofen 41, seofe 17, seofeþe 26. The palatal diphthongeaappears in sceal 62, scal b 89, ȝete 13:ieafterġin ȝeue 71, ȝefe 60, 69, geuen b 49, b 102, ȝeueð 93;gefis ȝef 1, gif 6.eoafterġisuin ȝunge b 87; afterscit is seen in sceolde b 13, scolde b 111, sculen b 21:heomis heom 9 &c., ham 70.ēaise, deðe 87, eren b 27, aȝen b 90 (ongēan), and six others, but ædie b 19 (‘eadi,’ OEH i. 39/5), dead, deade b 59: thei-umlaut givese, alesnesse b 76, chese b 111, iheren b 28 (12), remeð 33.ēois regularlyeo, beot 98, feorðe 25, iseo 58, þreo b 51, but bitwenen 83, fredome 3, þre b 69; thei-umlaut does not occur. Aftersc,ēaappears in scean 29.a+gisaȝ, daȝes 98, maȝen 40 (5); slage b 57, slaȝeð b 98 are new formations from thepp.slagen(Bülbring, Ablaut, 96); ah 51 (5) is Anglianah.æ+gis invariablyei, mei b 103, seide b 87.e+gis alsoei, eisliche 12, toȝeines 60 (3), wei b 24, but awey b 94.o+gis seen in forhoȝie b 25.ā+gisaȝ, aȝene 23 (4), faȝe b 82 (3), foaȝe b 119, expressing the [āo] sound.ǣ1+htgives ehte b 100, b 105.ē+gappear in leies 17, leit 30 (lēget), tweien 8;ō+gin wohe 47;ū+hin þruh b 60.ea+gis seen in gneȝeð 34 = *gneagað, withå-umlaut ofa, idreȝen b 70,pp.analogous todreaganinf.with the same umlaut;ea+h,ht, in iseh 48; thei-umlaut in mihte 42, mihte 92, niht 30. Thei-umlaut ofeo+hoccurs in siste 26 (siexta).ēa+giseȝ, eȝen 15, heȝe 12;ēa+h,eh, abeh 64, heh 45: þah 23, b 97 is Anglianþæh.ēo+g,htare seen in liȝere 53, lihtliche b 43, thei-umlaut in lihting 72.ā+wisawin iknawe b 24, nawiht b 22,auin saule 7 (7), snau 25.ǣ1+wgiveseuin eubruche b 34.ō+w, noht b 11 (nōht).ēa+wis seen in sceawede 12 (8), sceaude 16, scawede 11, scawere b 116;ēo+win eow 2 &c., feower b 45, heowe 17 (WS.hīw), reowliche 33, how b 118, fower b 80, bireusunke b 53.In syllables without stressais usually levelled toe, but it survives in dringan 47, ilca 31, locan 86, 91, pinan 36, 37:obecomesein heuene 55, seofeþe 26, suteliche 3, butain escade 44, 49;onuppanis anuppon 46. In alla b 76, alra b 46, blaca b 99, wiðinna 43,ais written for finale, similarly clusterlokan 41, manaðas b 34; comp. quica 41/192. The prefixge-is largely retained asi, iblissieð 5; it isuin uwilc 83 &c.eis added in amonge 30, medially in hefede 68, swiþeliche 90, lost in onswerde 57, sceaude 16.wis added in hwure 61.llis simplified in suteliche 3;mdoubled in summe 14 &c.;mmsimplified in swim b 88, swam b 90, asnnin clenesse 51, 91, ene b 45, ine b 34:nis doubled in sunne 100.pis doubled in deoppre b 41. Initialfis writtenuin ualleð b 46, b 47, uindeð b 7, uenne b 8, b 33, butfin falleð b 106:fbetween vowels or vowel and liquid is usuallyu, but ȝefe 69, leofe 72, monifolde 57, ufele 42, b 94, wifes b 37, nefre 45, 51, 52, efre 97, efreni 27:fis assimilated in wimmen b 113, but wifmen 93.ttis simplified in put b 31;tsiscin milce 63, milcien 62.ddis simplified in midelerd b 81;dis lost in onswerde 57, 70:distin ontful 53, iseit 82, b 14,tdin feðer fotetd 28,ðin forðwarð b 87, iclepeð 3, iherð 73, isceaweð b 49.þis writtenðdin strengðdeð b 85,dþin redþer 68,din dringan 47, rested 95, wurdliche 91,tin speket b 92:þþisdðin seodðan 16, b 115, seodðe b 25, but seoðþan 40.sć[š] isscingledscipe 81, iscild b 121, scal b 89, scolde b 111, and other forms ofsceolan, scrift 32 (5),s,ss,sscin fis b 84, fisses b 88, fissce b 84: the scribe writes elsewhere ‘ichefte,’ OEH i. 77/5 (gesceafta), ‘iblesced,’ id. 5/7, ‘edmodnesce,’ id. 5/19.čis expressed bych, chese b 111, chirche 79 &c., eche b 98, tech b 89, uwilche 74, whulche b 80; butcis used finally for the same sound in ic 57, hwilc b 21, swilc 21, swulc b 85, uwilc 85, wulc b 20.ččis seen in totwiccheð b 94, wrecche 7, 11. The stopciskbeforee,i, stoke b 113, swike b 111 and in clusterlokan 41, otherwisec, locan 86, but apparentlychin musestoch b 109, b 110.čǧisggin liggeð b 34, seggen 3.cwappears in cweð 45 (3), butquoccurs elsewhere in the MS., as ‘quic,’ OEH i. 81/1.ġisȝ, daȝes b 45, ȝef 1, ȝeue 71, ȝete 13, slaȝed b 98, but Gif 6, slage b 57, geuen b 49:ngisnkin bireusunke b 53, ‘of sprinke,’ OEH i. 75/31 (comp. Horn, Beiträge, 29); butngforncoccur in ‘þong’ (= þonc), OEH i. 39/33, ‘dringen’ (= drinken), id. 37/33. Initialhis lost in lauerdes 4 &c., lusten 1, lude 33, redliche 64, redþer 68, remeð, reowliche 33, bireusunke b 53, witsunne 88; it is added in heow b 21, how b 118, hiheren b 16;his also lost in iwrat 79; for itðis written in þurð b 53.hwis seen in whulche b 80, wulc b 20: siste 26 issiexta, Angl.se(i)sta.Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns. In thes. n.sune b 120 representssunu.Gen.-es, muðes b 53, cunnes b 80, but monedeis72;d.-e, deie 3 (3 times), scrifte b 69, fredome 3, ȝete 13, but domesdei 72, sunnedei 61, gast 87, 100, scrift b 67, atter b 106, non 71, smel b 112, without inflection.Plural n. a.of masculines,-es, daȝes 98, sunbendes b 67, but euencristene b 96 with adj. termination; neutersn.are deor 28, 33, weord b 14, beode 80 (gebedu), but þinges b 80, with masc. termination; beoden b 29, clusterlokan 41, deoflen 21, 43, 48, weak forms;a.hors b 37, weord 65, but huses b 36, weordes b 16 (4), wifes b 37, treon 12;d.-es, rapes b 12, weorkes 67,-weorkes94, weordes b 94, but manaðas b 34, treon 13 (?trēum). Of the feminines mihte 92, 94, 95 has added e in thenom., bisocnie 80 represents-socn. The other cases end in-e,s. g.dede b 54, but weorldes b 100, a masc. form;s. d.ireste 77, weorlde b 91, but irest 5, sea 24, 27, b 84 (sǣ);s. a.reste 7 (5), but rest 6, sea 24;pl. n.ehte b 105, saule 19, but gleden 35, saulen 6;pl. d.pine 27, 97, saule 7, 73, but honden 14, pinan 36, 37, sunnen b 32 (3);pl. a.laȝe 59, b 28, pine 57, saule b 98, but laȝen 46, pinen 39, saulen 14, 22, sunnen b 62 (3) are weak forms. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular,n.crabbe b 84;g.heorte b 53;d.chirche b 28;a.nome b 96: the plural has-en,n.crabben b 84, neddren 26, b 82, but neddre b 91;d.eȝen 15, haleȝen 68;a.eren b 27, but licome 31. Minordeclensions: fetpl. d.14, 28, 64 (possiblysing.); mons. n.42 (3),s. a.43, b 66, menpl. n.b 33, monnepl. d.32, 74, 83, men 31, wepmen 93, wifmen 93, wimmen b 113; bocs. d.b 7; muspl. a.b 113; þruhs. d.b 60; nihts. a.30; feders. n.b 120, fedres. d.99; moders. n.b 88; breðrepl. n.72; childrenpl. a.b 37.The weak declension of adjectives has-ethroughout the singular,n. m.alde 44, b 87, halie b 121,f.leofe b 88, foaȝe b 119, blake b 120,neut.faȝe b 91;d. m.ȝunge b 87, halie 87, 100, ufele 42,f.eche b 98, stronge b 106,neut.halie b 17;a. f.muchele b 36. The only exception is hehs. n. m.69. The strong forms are flectionless in the singular, excepts. d. f.halie b 7, b 27, b 75, heuie b 66, mildere 70, seolcuðre 17 (with heoweneut.), warde 41 (= wardre);s. a. m.sunfulle b 66,s. a. f.muchele b 15, b 49. The termination of all cases of the plural, strong and weak, ise;exceptions are blaca b 99, freo b 50, sari b 56.āgenis represented by aȝenes. a. f.34,pl.23, 35, b 98:ān,nānappear as ann.45, 50, b 84, on 43, nan 42, b 69, naþing 79; aned. m.b 8,a. m.40, ene b 45, an 16, anea. f.20, b 9, ana. neut.49, nan 51, na b 101. Adjectives used as nouns are deades. d.b 59, fulles. a.b 104, god 48, 52, b 101, sunfullepl. d.b 76,pl. a.11: nouns as adjectives, erming 6, 22, 31, 96, liȝere 53, wrecche 7, 11, 13: hindene b 116 haspl.adj. termination. Noteworthy among numerals are þridde 25, 95, fifte 26, siste 26, seofeþe 26 (seofoþa).The personal pronouns are ic, we, us, þu, ȝe, eow, heow b 21, how b 118. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.13, heof.50, 86, 91 (dei likeL.dies isfm.), b 88, b 104, hitneut.10,d.himm.12, 13, hiref.91,a.hinem.b 10 (4), heof.50, hitneut.2,pl. n.hi b 93, heo 8 (10), ha 21, b 15,d.heom 9, 56, b 39, ham 70, b 117,a.heon b 98 (for heom), ham 36, 39. Reflexives are ham 5, heom 94, heom seoluen b 117, b 118; definitive, seolf 76, 83; possessives, mines. a. f.63,pl. a.58, þins. n. m.60, 69, þiness. g. m.b 62, þines. d. m.66, b 63,s. d. f.67,pl. d.66, his 34, hire 20, ure 55, 83, heore 6 (5), hare 31. The definite article iss. n.þem.4,f.25, þetneut.25 &c., þat 25,g.þesm.4,f.b 100,neut.68,d.þamm.41, 87, þan 3 (6), þen 61, 69, þon 5, þe b 8 (4), þa 3, þaref.b 98, þere b 60, b 84, b 103, þer 15, b 106, þe 15, þanneut.b 17, þon 23, þa b 111, þe 15,a.þennem.75, þene 90, 97, b 59, þon 88, þe b 24, þaf.20, b 32, þe 24, þetneut.b 70 (with scriftm.),pl. n.þa, 5, 6, b 79,d.þam 7 (4), þan 13, 32, þa 14 (4), þe 15,a.þa 11 &c.: þet 8, b 35, b 47, b 51, b 114, b 115, b 116, is demonstrative. The article is also used as antecedent to relatives, þeo þe b 19, þa þe b 39, they who. The compound demonstrative iss. n.þism.b 84, þes b 31, þisneut.b 91, þas b 73 (comp. 13/43),d.þissem.b 10 (3), þis b 77, þissef.54, b 91,neut.31,a.þeosm.b 81, þasf.b 36, þisneut.b 39,pl. n.þas 30, b 90, þosb 95, b 99, þeos b 14, b 33, b 105,d.þas b 113,a.57, 65, þes b 100. The relative is mostly þe, but ꝥ 43 (6), þet b 106: interrogatives are hwas. n.7, 73, hwet 44, hwat, ꝥ b 78, hwilcs. n.b 21, wulc b 20, whulchepl. n.b 80, correlative swilc 21, b 40, swulc b 85:ilcais ilkes. d.27,pl. n.30, ilcapl. d.31. Indefinites are hwa 6, hwa efre 97; me 36, b 9, mon 98, b 24; sumes. d.9, sums. a.95, summepl. n.14, 28; oðers. d. neut.50, eoðre 45, oðrepl. d.27, b 35, oðerpl. a.97; ulcnes. a.b 66; uwilcs. n.85, uwilchepl. d.74, uwilc 83, uwilcans. n.17 (gehwilc ān); eani 18, 48, efreni 27; moniepl.b 113; alles. d. f.5 (4), als. a. m.b 81,s. a. neut.90, b 39, allepl. n.17 (4), alrapl. g.b 46, alremest b 35, allepl. d.27, alla b 76, allepl. a.b 121.The infinitive ends regularly in en; locan 86, 91, iþolie b 11 are the only exceptions; verbs of the second weak conjugation have-ien, iðolien 40, lokien 46, and six others; exceptions are enden 32, iloken 85, sceawen b 21. Dative infinitives with inflection are to bihaldene 18, to brekene 30, to demene 89, to swimminde b 86, uninflected are to haliȝen 74, to wurðien 75 (virtual nominatives), for to lokien 9, for to arisen b 40 and ten others in piece xi with for to, to draȝen b 117 and fifteen others with to. Presents ares.1. bidde 60, iseo 58; 2. bringest b 63, leist b 60; 3. bicherreð b 112, wuneð b 91, exceptional are bitacnet b 74, speked 37, speket b 92, contracted forms as beot 98, bret b 111 amount to one-third of the total number;pl.1. cumeð b 58, slage we b 57, tuneð b 44; 2. habbeð 73, b 20; 3. beoreð b 82, wepeð 34, and of the second weak conjugation, iblissieð 5, lokieð b 115, smurieð b 114, wunieð b 80;subjunctive s.2. ȝefe 60, 69, milcie 68; 3. ibureȝe 36, iknawe b 24, icnawe b 25, cume 61, 69, forhoȝie b 25, ilokie 97, trukie b 105;pl.1. tunen b 44:imperative s.2. aris 70, haue 39, iscild b 121, swim b 88, tech b 89;pl.2. ihereð b 79. Past of Strong Verbs: Ia.s.3. cweð 45 (3), iseh 48: Ib.s.3. com 10 (3), bicom b 9, nom b 10: Ic.s.3. biwon 7, 73, gon 65, bigon 54, b 89, swam b 90, warp 16;pl.3. urnen 20: II.s.3. scean 29;pl.3. swiken 30: III.s.3. abeh 64: IV.s.3. stod b 7: V.s.3. het 9, weop 55. Participles present: Ib. dalneominde 99: Ic. beorninde 12, berninde 16 (3): II. glidende 35; past: Ia. ibeden 71, geuen b 49, b 102, ispeken b 77: Ic. biwunden b 79, idoluen b 46: III. icorenepl.68: IV. idreȝen b 70, istonde b 9: V. ahonge 14, 19, ihaten 4, b 52. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. ferde 10, ledde 50, sende 88, escade 44, 49, onswerede 70, onswerde 57, sceawede 12 (7), sceaude 16, hefde b 69, b 70, hefede b 8, seide 59, b 87;pl.3. ledden 44, 49. Participles present: graninde 33, liuiende 42, wuniende 12, 53; past: afered b 104, ibet b 62, forgult 22, iherd b 20, iherð 73, b 77, isceaweð b 49, iseit b 14, ise[i]t 82, isend b 39, iwrat 79; fotetd 28 is participial in form; inflected are aweriedeb 29, blessede b 19, iclepede b 110, forgulte 73, isende b 73. Minor Groups: witeninf.7, 58, watpr. s.62, witeð 2pr. pl. imp.b 118, b 119, wistept. s.51, biwistenpt. pl.21; aȝen 1pr. pl.90, b 65; sceal 1pr. s.62, scal b 89, sculen 1pr. pl.b 21, sceoldept. s.b 13, scolde b 111; meipr. s.b 103, b 107, maȝen 1pr. pl.40, b 50, 2pr. pl.65, 92,pr. pl.b 101, mihtept. s.42, b 11; to beondat. inf.b 49, ispr. s.60, nis b 69, bið 53, b 59, beoð 1pr. pl.b 56,pr. pl.34 (5), beon b 19, beopr. s. subj.79, 84, beo 2pr. pl. subj.b 119,pr. pl. subj.99, wespt. s.8, nes 52, werenpt. pl.17 (4), were 11, nere 23, werept. s. subj.44, nere b 70; wulle 1pr. s.62, wulepr. s.6, nulle 85, nule b 28, b 67, wulleð 1pr. pl.2, wuleð 2pr. pl.1, waldept. s.46, nalde 46, naldenpt. pl.32; doninf.48,dat. inf.b 101, deðpr. s.29, deað b 58, do we 1pr. pl.b 44, doðpr. pl.b 34, fordoð b 81, idonpp.b 69; ganinf.42, 43, eodept. s.10, eodenpt. pl.9.With ȝetteadv.19, comp. ‘ȝiete,’ OEH i. 139/13, ȝetten 64/54; midprep.65 with accusative is Anglian (Napier, Anglia, x. 138): lesteconj.b 104 (þȳ lǣs þe) is an early instance of the compound.Dialect:These pieces were copied by the scribe of the PM in the same MS. As was said atp. 327, he belonged to the Southern border of the Midland area. On the evidence of the spoilt rhymes in the Pater Noster, inne : sunne, OEH i. 55/23, 24 (4 times), linnen : sunnen, id. 67/230, 231, he must be located to the West of that area, where u was the representative of OE.y,ȳ.In the present articles his exemplars were in the South-Western dialect. That of piece x was considerably the older, probably of the early transition period about the beginning of the twelfth century, as is evident from the archaic forms which have survived in the copy. There is no trace of these in piece xi, the original of which was probably little older than the copy. As in the copy of the Poema Morale, the scribe’s alterations affect mainly the sounds; the grammar remains Southern; a Midland form like beon b 19 is isolated.Vocabulary:The foreign element is small; most of the Romance words are in piece xi. French are archangel 8, blanchet b 114, castles b 38, feble b 9, glutenerie b 34 (first appearance), grace b 49, lechurs b 117, manere b 84, prophete b 7, b 43, sacreð b 76, sacramens b 75, salmes 47, seint b 22, merci 39, meister 21, meistres 23, ureisuns b 75: Latin, apostles 88, sancte 8; mihhal 8 is probably a direct borrowing from the Vulgate Michahel. Scandinavian are caste b 10, icast b 68, griðe 80.Introduction:The ultimate sources of this discourse are (i) the Legend of S. Paul’s visit to the other world, and (ii) the Sunday Letter as extended by the addition of the Dignatio diei Dominicae.(1) S. Paul in his second epistle to the Corinthians, xii. 2-4, said that he had been caught up to the third heaven and heard words unspeakable. But a detailed account of what he saw, partly drawn from the Revelation of Peter (ed. M. R. James, p. 65) and coloured by Egyptian ideas of the other world, was extensively circulated in the early Church, and existed in two Greek versions as early as the fourth century. One of these, theἈναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lost, but it is probably represented in a Latinversiondiscovered by Dr. M. R. James and published in Texts and Studies, ii. no. 3. The other younger Greek version, denounced by S. Augustine as ‘nescio quibus fabulis plenam’ (iii. 541 e), was printed by Tischendorf in Apocalypses Apocryphae, 34-69: he dates it about 380A.D.There is an early Syriac version, an English translation of which is reprinted by Tischendorf under the Greek Text.The Latin version already mentioned is the most ancient and the fullest form of the legend, and it is the main source of the Latin mediaeval versions, which have been classed by Brandes in six redactions. Of these the first alone contains an account of S. Paul’s visit to heaven, the others describe only the abode of the lost. The fourth redaction (B iv) printed in Brandes, Visio Pauli, 75, in the Cologne edition of Beda, vii. 362, as one of his sermons, and by P. Meyer from a Toulouse MS. of the fourteenth century in Romania, xxiv. 365, appears to be the main source of most of the versions in the modern languages, as of our text. Meyer enumerates twenty-three MSS. of it; he thinks that it is not anterior to the twelfth century and that it was widely circulated in England. In Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153, he gives a list of six versions in French: (1) by Henri d’Arci, there printed; (2) by Adam de Ros, trouvère anglais, printed by Ozanam in Dante et la philosophie catholique, 1845, p. 425; (3) Anonymous, MS. Bibl. Nat. 2094, of which Brandes cites the beginning and end, p. 51; (4) Anonymous,B.M.Add. 15606, printed in part in Romania, vi. 11-16; (5) by Geoffroi de Paris, an adaptation of the preceding; (6) by an anonymous English trouvère, printed in Romania, xxiv. 357. The English versions in verse are (1) MS. Laud 108, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lii. 35; (2a) MS. Jesus Coll. Oxford E 29, printed in OEM 147-155; (2b) MS. Digby 86, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lxii. 403; (3) Vernon MS. Bodleian, in OEM 223-232 and ES i. 293-299; (4) MS. Douce 302, Bodleian, in OEM 210-222. There is, besides the present article, a fourteenth-century prose version printed in ES xxii. 134. The relations of the English and French versions are determined by Brandes in ES vii. 34.Some references in the older literature should be noticed. Ælfric (Hom. Cath. ii. 332) calls the legend a lying composition, and proceeds to tell thatof Fursey as true. The writer of the Blickling Homilies (43, 45) relates the episode of the wicked bishop, following a text closely resembling the oldest Latin version, which differs little from the Greek at this point. In a second passage, 209/29-211/7, he has combined vague recollections of the legend with scenery drawn from Beowulf (see the Preface to BH, pp. vi, vii).The first part of the present article differs from B iv and agrees with F iii in substituting smoke (‘smorðer,’ l. 26) for fulgur; with F iii it omits the Fiery Wheel and the Bridge of Dread, and the punishment of usurers by name. It is therefore possible that it and F iii had a common source. But our author has exercised a free choice in details; he says nothing of the punishment of the unchaste child murderers, of the oppressors of widows and orphans, of those who broke their fast before due time, and of those in the pit; nothing of the vision of sinful and righteous souls borne through the air; all of which are in B iv. His own fantasy is probably responsible for the division of the torments of the furnace, l. 24, between the furnace, the fount of fire and the sea of hell, and for the pleading of S. Paul in ll. 56-72, which are without parallel in any of the other versions.(2) The Sunday Letter was a fiction which originated in the south of France or northern Spain towards the end of the sixth century. It purported to be a letter, which had fallen from heaven, written in Latin by Christ’s own hand, denouncing judgement on those who did not observe Sunday rightly. It had great vogue in England before the Conquest, and furnished material for the homilies printed in Wulfstan, ed. Napier, nos. 43, 44, 45, 47, in Otia Merseiana i. 129, and in An Eng. Miscellany, 357. Latin versions are printed in the two last-named. Our author makes only general reference to it in 78/75-85, but ll. 85-91 are taken directly from a Dignatio diei Dominicae which is sometimes associated with it, and is found separately in the Pseudo-Augustine Sermons clxvii, cclxxx, and Alcuin, ed. Froben, ii. 487. It is also added to one MS. of the Visio Pauli (Brandes, 102), and it precedes the German version which he prints at p. 83. It also forms the subject of the fourteenth homily in OEH i. 139.

Manuscript:Lambeth, 487: seep. 312.

Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 41-47, and Specimens, 17-21; Zupitza-Schipper, AE Lesebuch, ed. viii, 92-95.

Literature:(1)of the Vision of S. Paul. Brandes, H., Ueber die Quellen der me. Versionen der Paulus-Vision, in ES vii. 34-65; id. Visio S. Pauli, Halle, 1885; Batiouchkoff, Th., in Romania, xx. 17; James, M. R., Visio Pauli in Texts and Studies, ii. 3, Cambridge, 1893; Meyer, P., in Romania, vi. 11-16, xxiv. 357-375, and in Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153-158; Ward, H. L. D., Catalogue of Romances in the British Museum, ii. 397-416; Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1887. Vollhardt, W. (seep. 269/19). (2)of the Vision in general. Fritzsche, C., Die lateinischen Visionen des Mittelalters, in Romanische Forschungen, ii. 247, iii. 337; Peters, E., Zur Geschichte der lateinischen Visionslegenden, in Romanische Forschungen, viii. 361-364; Becker, E. J., A Contribution to the Comparative Study of the Mediaeval Visions of Heaven and Hell, Baltimore, 1899;BedaeOpera Historica, ed. C. Plummer, ii. 294. (3)of the Sunday Letter. Priebsch, R., in Otia Merseiana, i. 129, and in Mod. Lang. Review, ii. 138-154; Napier, A., in An English Miscellany, 355-362.

Phonology of x and xi:References to piece xi are marked b. Oralaisa, crabbe b 84, slakien b 67;abefore nasals,o, biwon 73, from 87, but swam b 90;abefore lengthening groups,o, ahonge 14, ontful 53, but and 8, 85, b 25.æis regularlye, cweð 45 (3 times), þet 25 &c., but abac b 86, blake b 82, b 120, blaca b 99, saterdei 71, þat 25, 68, watere b 86: with habbe b 14, b 77 comp. LWS.subj.habbe.eis regularlye, betre b 24, eten b 101, b 104 (but eoten 80), engles 5 (4), sunbendes b 67; but it isiin tilden b 110,eoin seolcuðre 17: stude 40, 41, b 26, whulche b 80, wulc b 20, swulc b 85 are due to OE. forms withy, hwilc b 21, swilc21, uwilc 83, 85 to forms withi.iisi, bidde 60, wille 60, b 62, bindeð b 110, but en 59, wule 6, nule b 28 and all other parts ofwillan.oiso, froggen b 83, longe 47, but iwrat 79, walde 46, 47, b 93, nalde 46, 51, nalden 32, 58, all Anglian forms witha; in weord 65 (5)eois written foro.uisu, bicumeð 73, sunedei 4, hundes b 38.yisu, cunnes b 80, cunde b 85;mycelis muchele 67 &c.

āis regularlya, an 16, claþeð b 114, gast 87, lauerd 39 (5), na b 100 (Anglian), þas 30, swa 29, but on 43, louerd 60, þon 5, þeo b 19, þeos b 14 (4) þos b 95, b 99, se b 11, b 69; noteworthy is foage b 119: escade 44, 49 descends fromǣscian.ǣ1ise, efreni 27, ledde 50, butain þare b 98,eain eani 18, 48, sea 24 (4); ulcne b 66 descends fromylc.ǣ2ise, breðe 42 (Anglianbrēþ), neddren 26, but ariste 87.ēise, gleden 35, ferde 10, but deað b 58.īisi, is 25, swiþeliche 90, fifte 26.ōiso, bicom b 9, nom b 10, bisocnie 80, but eoðre 45.ūisu, hus b 73, lude 33.ȳisu, fur 25 (3), mus b 113, tuneð b 27 (4), uþe 24, but forþi 6.

eabeforer+ cons. ise, herde b 51, midelerd b 81, both before lengthening group;abetweenwandrappears in swart b 105, warp 16, warðe 41.eabeforel+ cons. is invariablya, ald 43, alle 5. Thei-umlaut ise, aweriede b 29, erming 6 (3), but earming 22, bicherreð b 112.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðe 59 (4), ȝeorne 49, heorte 16 (3), weorkes 67, but ibureȝe 36, apparently from OE.gebeorgan(comp. ‘bureȝe,’ OEH i. 25/16, ‘bureȝest,’ id. 39/20). Thewurgroup is represented by wurþien 75, 90. Thei-umlaut is wanting in beorninde 12, afterwit isu, wurse 26, wursien b 14, unwurðe b 29: berninde 16 (3) is frombærnan, smurieð b 114 fromsmyrian.eobeforel+ cons. is seen in seolf 76, 83.ea,u-umlaut ofa, appears in eateliche 17, heauekes b 38.eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseo, heofene 5, 99, ȝeolewe b 107, b 108, weorlde b 91, b 100, oro, ȝolewe b 120, world b 36, but hefene 82, heueneriche 55, ȝeluwe b 83, without umlaut.eo,å-umlaut ofe, is seen in beode 80, beoden b 29, beoreð b 82, eoten 80, feole 19: unaneomned 28 is perhaps an analogic form.eo,å-umlaut ofi, iseoin seodðan 16, b 115, seoðþan 40, seodðe b 25, heore 6 (3); hare 31 is Anglianheara: analogous are dalneominde 99 (comp. ‘neoman,’ OEH i. 29/18), icleped 88 (4).eo,u-umlaut ofi, is seen in seofen 41, seofe 17, seofeþe 26. The palatal diphthongeaappears in sceal 62, scal b 89, ȝete 13:ieafterġin ȝeue 71, ȝefe 60, 69, geuen b 49, b 102, ȝeueð 93;gefis ȝef 1, gif 6.eoafterġisuin ȝunge b 87; afterscit is seen in sceolde b 13, scolde b 111, sculen b 21:heomis heom 9 &c., ham 70.

ēaise, deðe 87, eren b 27, aȝen b 90 (ongēan), and six others, but ædie b 19 (‘eadi,’ OEH i. 39/5), dead, deade b 59: thei-umlaut givese, alesnesse b 76, chese b 111, iheren b 28 (12), remeð 33.ēois regularlyeo, beot 98, feorðe 25, iseo 58, þreo b 51, but bitwenen 83, fredome 3, þre b 69; thei-umlaut does not occur. Aftersc,ēaappears in scean 29.

a+gisaȝ, daȝes 98, maȝen 40 (5); slage b 57, slaȝeð b 98 are new formations from thepp.slagen(Bülbring, Ablaut, 96); ah 51 (5) is Anglianah.æ+gis invariablyei, mei b 103, seide b 87.e+gis alsoei, eisliche 12, toȝeines 60 (3), wei b 24, but awey b 94.o+gis seen in forhoȝie b 25.ā+gisaȝ, aȝene 23 (4), faȝe b 82 (3), foaȝe b 119, expressing the [āo] sound.ǣ1+htgives ehte b 100, b 105.ē+gappear in leies 17, leit 30 (lēget), tweien 8;ō+gin wohe 47;ū+hin þruh b 60.ea+gis seen in gneȝeð 34 = *gneagað, withå-umlaut ofa, idreȝen b 70,pp.analogous todreaganinf.with the same umlaut;ea+h,ht, in iseh 48; thei-umlaut in mihte 42, mihte 92, niht 30. Thei-umlaut ofeo+hoccurs in siste 26 (siexta).ēa+giseȝ, eȝen 15, heȝe 12;ēa+h,eh, abeh 64, heh 45: þah 23, b 97 is Anglianþæh.ēo+g,htare seen in liȝere 53, lihtliche b 43, thei-umlaut in lihting 72.ā+wisawin iknawe b 24, nawiht b 22,auin saule 7 (7), snau 25.ǣ1+wgiveseuin eubruche b 34.ō+w, noht b 11 (nōht).ēa+wis seen in sceawede 12 (8), sceaude 16, scawede 11, scawere b 116;ēo+win eow 2 &c., feower b 45, heowe 17 (WS.hīw), reowliche 33, how b 118, fower b 80, bireusunke b 53.

In syllables without stressais usually levelled toe, but it survives in dringan 47, ilca 31, locan 86, 91, pinan 36, 37:obecomesein heuene 55, seofeþe 26, suteliche 3, butain escade 44, 49;onuppanis anuppon 46. In alla b 76, alra b 46, blaca b 99, wiðinna 43,ais written for finale, similarly clusterlokan 41, manaðas b 34; comp. quica 41/192. The prefixge-is largely retained asi, iblissieð 5; it isuin uwilc 83 &c.eis added in amonge 30, medially in hefede 68, swiþeliche 90, lost in onswerde 57, sceaude 16.

wis added in hwure 61.llis simplified in suteliche 3;mdoubled in summe 14 &c.;mmsimplified in swim b 88, swam b 90, asnnin clenesse 51, 91, ene b 45, ine b 34:nis doubled in sunne 100.pis doubled in deoppre b 41. Initialfis writtenuin ualleð b 46, b 47, uindeð b 7, uenne b 8, b 33, butfin falleð b 106:fbetween vowels or vowel and liquid is usuallyu, but ȝefe 69, leofe 72, monifolde 57, ufele 42, b 94, wifes b 37, nefre 45, 51, 52, efre 97, efreni 27:fis assimilated in wimmen b 113, but wifmen 93.ttis simplified in put b 31;tsiscin milce 63, milcien 62.ddis simplified in midelerd b 81;dis lost in onswerde 57, 70:distin ontful 53, iseit 82, b 14,tdin feðer fotetd 28,ðin forðwarð b 87, iclepeð 3, iherð 73, isceaweð b 49.þis writtenðdin strengðdeð b 85,dþin redþer 68,din dringan 47, rested 95, wurdliche 91,tin speket b 92:þþisdðin seodðan 16, b 115, seodðe b 25, but seoðþan 40.sć[š] isscingledscipe 81, iscild b 121, scal b 89, scolde b 111, and other forms ofsceolan, scrift 32 (5),s,ss,sscin fis b 84, fisses b 88, fissce b 84: the scribe writes elsewhere ‘ichefte,’ OEH i. 77/5 (gesceafta), ‘iblesced,’ id. 5/7, ‘edmodnesce,’ id. 5/19.čis expressed bych, chese b 111, chirche 79 &c., eche b 98, tech b 89, uwilche 74, whulche b 80; butcis used finally for the same sound in ic 57, hwilc b 21, swilc 21, swulc b 85, uwilc 85, wulc b 20.ččis seen in totwiccheð b 94, wrecche 7, 11. The stopciskbeforee,i, stoke b 113, swike b 111 and in clusterlokan 41, otherwisec, locan 86, but apparentlychin musestoch b 109, b 110.čǧisggin liggeð b 34, seggen 3.cwappears in cweð 45 (3), butquoccurs elsewhere in the MS., as ‘quic,’ OEH i. 81/1.ġisȝ, daȝes b 45, ȝef 1, ȝeue 71, ȝete 13, slaȝed b 98, but Gif 6, slage b 57, geuen b 49:ngisnkin bireusunke b 53, ‘of sprinke,’ OEH i. 75/31 (comp. Horn, Beiträge, 29); butngforncoccur in ‘þong’ (= þonc), OEH i. 39/33, ‘dringen’ (= drinken), id. 37/33. Initialhis lost in lauerdes 4 &c., lusten 1, lude 33, redliche 64, redþer 68, remeð, reowliche 33, bireusunke b 53, witsunne 88; it is added in heow b 21, how b 118, hiheren b 16;his also lost in iwrat 79; for itðis written in þurð b 53.hwis seen in whulche b 80, wulc b 20: siste 26 issiexta, Angl.se(i)sta.

Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns. In thes. n.sune b 120 representssunu.Gen.-es, muðes b 53, cunnes b 80, but monedeis72;d.-e, deie 3 (3 times), scrifte b 69, fredome 3, ȝete 13, but domesdei 72, sunnedei 61, gast 87, 100, scrift b 67, atter b 106, non 71, smel b 112, without inflection.Plural n. a.of masculines,-es, daȝes 98, sunbendes b 67, but euencristene b 96 with adj. termination; neutersn.are deor 28, 33, weord b 14, beode 80 (gebedu), but þinges b 80, with masc. termination; beoden b 29, clusterlokan 41, deoflen 21, 43, 48, weak forms;a.hors b 37, weord 65, but huses b 36, weordes b 16 (4), wifes b 37, treon 12;d.-es, rapes b 12, weorkes 67,-weorkes94, weordes b 94, but manaðas b 34, treon 13 (?trēum). Of the feminines mihte 92, 94, 95 has added e in thenom., bisocnie 80 represents-socn. The other cases end in-e,s. g.dede b 54, but weorldes b 100, a masc. form;s. d.ireste 77, weorlde b 91, but irest 5, sea 24, 27, b 84 (sǣ);s. a.reste 7 (5), but rest 6, sea 24;pl. n.ehte b 105, saule 19, but gleden 35, saulen 6;pl. d.pine 27, 97, saule 7, 73, but honden 14, pinan 36, 37, sunnen b 32 (3);pl. a.laȝe 59, b 28, pine 57, saule b 98, but laȝen 46, pinen 39, saulen 14, 22, sunnen b 62 (3) are weak forms. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular,n.crabbe b 84;g.heorte b 53;d.chirche b 28;a.nome b 96: the plural has-en,n.crabben b 84, neddren 26, b 82, but neddre b 91;d.eȝen 15, haleȝen 68;a.eren b 27, but licome 31. Minordeclensions: fetpl. d.14, 28, 64 (possiblysing.); mons. n.42 (3),s. a.43, b 66, menpl. n.b 33, monnepl. d.32, 74, 83, men 31, wepmen 93, wifmen 93, wimmen b 113; bocs. d.b 7; muspl. a.b 113; þruhs. d.b 60; nihts. a.30; feders. n.b 120, fedres. d.99; moders. n.b 88; breðrepl. n.72; childrenpl. a.b 37.

The weak declension of adjectives has-ethroughout the singular,n. m.alde 44, b 87, halie b 121,f.leofe b 88, foaȝe b 119, blake b 120,neut.faȝe b 91;d. m.ȝunge b 87, halie 87, 100, ufele 42,f.eche b 98, stronge b 106,neut.halie b 17;a. f.muchele b 36. The only exception is hehs. n. m.69. The strong forms are flectionless in the singular, excepts. d. f.halie b 7, b 27, b 75, heuie b 66, mildere 70, seolcuðre 17 (with heoweneut.), warde 41 (= wardre);s. a. m.sunfulle b 66,s. a. f.muchele b 15, b 49. The termination of all cases of the plural, strong and weak, ise;exceptions are blaca b 99, freo b 50, sari b 56.āgenis represented by aȝenes. a. f.34,pl.23, 35, b 98:ān,nānappear as ann.45, 50, b 84, on 43, nan 42, b 69, naþing 79; aned. m.b 8,a. m.40, ene b 45, an 16, anea. f.20, b 9, ana. neut.49, nan 51, na b 101. Adjectives used as nouns are deades. d.b 59, fulles. a.b 104, god 48, 52, b 101, sunfullepl. d.b 76,pl. a.11: nouns as adjectives, erming 6, 22, 31, 96, liȝere 53, wrecche 7, 11, 13: hindene b 116 haspl.adj. termination. Noteworthy among numerals are þridde 25, 95, fifte 26, siste 26, seofeþe 26 (seofoþa).

The personal pronouns are ic, we, us, þu, ȝe, eow, heow b 21, how b 118. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.13, heof.50, 86, 91 (dei likeL.dies isfm.), b 88, b 104, hitneut.10,d.himm.12, 13, hiref.91,a.hinem.b 10 (4), heof.50, hitneut.2,pl. n.hi b 93, heo 8 (10), ha 21, b 15,d.heom 9, 56, b 39, ham 70, b 117,a.heon b 98 (for heom), ham 36, 39. Reflexives are ham 5, heom 94, heom seoluen b 117, b 118; definitive, seolf 76, 83; possessives, mines. a. f.63,pl. a.58, þins. n. m.60, 69, þiness. g. m.b 62, þines. d. m.66, b 63,s. d. f.67,pl. d.66, his 34, hire 20, ure 55, 83, heore 6 (5), hare 31. The definite article iss. n.þem.4,f.25, þetneut.25 &c., þat 25,g.þesm.4,f.b 100,neut.68,d.þamm.41, 87, þan 3 (6), þen 61, 69, þon 5, þe b 8 (4), þa 3, þaref.b 98, þere b 60, b 84, b 103, þer 15, b 106, þe 15, þanneut.b 17, þon 23, þa b 111, þe 15,a.þennem.75, þene 90, 97, b 59, þon 88, þe b 24, þaf.20, b 32, þe 24, þetneut.b 70 (with scriftm.),pl. n.þa, 5, 6, b 79,d.þam 7 (4), þan 13, 32, þa 14 (4), þe 15,a.þa 11 &c.: þet 8, b 35, b 47, b 51, b 114, b 115, b 116, is demonstrative. The article is also used as antecedent to relatives, þeo þe b 19, þa þe b 39, they who. The compound demonstrative iss. n.þism.b 84, þes b 31, þisneut.b 91, þas b 73 (comp. 13/43),d.þissem.b 10 (3), þis b 77, þissef.54, b 91,neut.31,a.þeosm.b 81, þasf.b 36, þisneut.b 39,pl. n.þas 30, b 90, þosb 95, b 99, þeos b 14, b 33, b 105,d.þas b 113,a.57, 65, þes b 100. The relative is mostly þe, but ꝥ 43 (6), þet b 106: interrogatives are hwas. n.7, 73, hwet 44, hwat, ꝥ b 78, hwilcs. n.b 21, wulc b 20, whulchepl. n.b 80, correlative swilc 21, b 40, swulc b 85:ilcais ilkes. d.27,pl. n.30, ilcapl. d.31. Indefinites are hwa 6, hwa efre 97; me 36, b 9, mon 98, b 24; sumes. d.9, sums. a.95, summepl. n.14, 28; oðers. d. neut.50, eoðre 45, oðrepl. d.27, b 35, oðerpl. a.97; ulcnes. a.b 66; uwilcs. n.85, uwilchepl. d.74, uwilc 83, uwilcans. n.17 (gehwilc ān); eani 18, 48, efreni 27; moniepl.b 113; alles. d. f.5 (4), als. a. m.b 81,s. a. neut.90, b 39, allepl. n.17 (4), alrapl. g.b 46, alremest b 35, allepl. d.27, alla b 76, allepl. a.b 121.

The infinitive ends regularly in en; locan 86, 91, iþolie b 11 are the only exceptions; verbs of the second weak conjugation have-ien, iðolien 40, lokien 46, and six others; exceptions are enden 32, iloken 85, sceawen b 21. Dative infinitives with inflection are to bihaldene 18, to brekene 30, to demene 89, to swimminde b 86, uninflected are to haliȝen 74, to wurðien 75 (virtual nominatives), for to lokien 9, for to arisen b 40 and ten others in piece xi with for to, to draȝen b 117 and fifteen others with to. Presents ares.1. bidde 60, iseo 58; 2. bringest b 63, leist b 60; 3. bicherreð b 112, wuneð b 91, exceptional are bitacnet b 74, speked 37, speket b 92, contracted forms as beot 98, bret b 111 amount to one-third of the total number;pl.1. cumeð b 58, slage we b 57, tuneð b 44; 2. habbeð 73, b 20; 3. beoreð b 82, wepeð 34, and of the second weak conjugation, iblissieð 5, lokieð b 115, smurieð b 114, wunieð b 80;subjunctive s.2. ȝefe 60, 69, milcie 68; 3. ibureȝe 36, iknawe b 24, icnawe b 25, cume 61, 69, forhoȝie b 25, ilokie 97, trukie b 105;pl.1. tunen b 44:imperative s.2. aris 70, haue 39, iscild b 121, swim b 88, tech b 89;pl.2. ihereð b 79. Past of Strong Verbs: Ia.s.3. cweð 45 (3), iseh 48: Ib.s.3. com 10 (3), bicom b 9, nom b 10: Ic.s.3. biwon 7, 73, gon 65, bigon 54, b 89, swam b 90, warp 16;pl.3. urnen 20: II.s.3. scean 29;pl.3. swiken 30: III.s.3. abeh 64: IV.s.3. stod b 7: V.s.3. het 9, weop 55. Participles present: Ib. dalneominde 99: Ic. beorninde 12, berninde 16 (3): II. glidende 35; past: Ia. ibeden 71, geuen b 49, b 102, ispeken b 77: Ic. biwunden b 79, idoluen b 46: III. icorenepl.68: IV. idreȝen b 70, istonde b 9: V. ahonge 14, 19, ihaten 4, b 52. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. ferde 10, ledde 50, sende 88, escade 44, 49, onswerede 70, onswerde 57, sceawede 12 (7), sceaude 16, hefde b 69, b 70, hefede b 8, seide 59, b 87;pl.3. ledden 44, 49. Participles present: graninde 33, liuiende 42, wuniende 12, 53; past: afered b 104, ibet b 62, forgult 22, iherd b 20, iherð 73, b 77, isceaweð b 49, iseit b 14, ise[i]t 82, isend b 39, iwrat 79; fotetd 28 is participial in form; inflected are aweriedeb 29, blessede b 19, iclepede b 110, forgulte 73, isende b 73. Minor Groups: witeninf.7, 58, watpr. s.62, witeð 2pr. pl. imp.b 118, b 119, wistept. s.51, biwistenpt. pl.21; aȝen 1pr. pl.90, b 65; sceal 1pr. s.62, scal b 89, sculen 1pr. pl.b 21, sceoldept. s.b 13, scolde b 111; meipr. s.b 103, b 107, maȝen 1pr. pl.40, b 50, 2pr. pl.65, 92,pr. pl.b 101, mihtept. s.42, b 11; to beondat. inf.b 49, ispr. s.60, nis b 69, bið 53, b 59, beoð 1pr. pl.b 56,pr. pl.34 (5), beon b 19, beopr. s. subj.79, 84, beo 2pr. pl. subj.b 119,pr. pl. subj.99, wespt. s.8, nes 52, werenpt. pl.17 (4), were 11, nere 23, werept. s. subj.44, nere b 70; wulle 1pr. s.62, wulepr. s.6, nulle 85, nule b 28, b 67, wulleð 1pr. pl.2, wuleð 2pr. pl.1, waldept. s.46, nalde 46, naldenpt. pl.32; doninf.48,dat. inf.b 101, deðpr. s.29, deað b 58, do we 1pr. pl.b 44, doðpr. pl.b 34, fordoð b 81, idonpp.b 69; ganinf.42, 43, eodept. s.10, eodenpt. pl.9.

With ȝetteadv.19, comp. ‘ȝiete,’ OEH i. 139/13, ȝetten 64/54; midprep.65 with accusative is Anglian (Napier, Anglia, x. 138): lesteconj.b 104 (þȳ lǣs þe) is an early instance of the compound.

Dialect:These pieces were copied by the scribe of the PM in the same MS. As was said atp. 327, he belonged to the Southern border of the Midland area. On the evidence of the spoilt rhymes in the Pater Noster, inne : sunne, OEH i. 55/23, 24 (4 times), linnen : sunnen, id. 67/230, 231, he must be located to the West of that area, where u was the representative of OE.y,ȳ.

In the present articles his exemplars were in the South-Western dialect. That of piece x was considerably the older, probably of the early transition period about the beginning of the twelfth century, as is evident from the archaic forms which have survived in the copy. There is no trace of these in piece xi, the original of which was probably little older than the copy. As in the copy of the Poema Morale, the scribe’s alterations affect mainly the sounds; the grammar remains Southern; a Midland form like beon b 19 is isolated.

Vocabulary:The foreign element is small; most of the Romance words are in piece xi. French are archangel 8, blanchet b 114, castles b 38, feble b 9, glutenerie b 34 (first appearance), grace b 49, lechurs b 117, manere b 84, prophete b 7, b 43, sacreð b 76, sacramens b 75, salmes 47, seint b 22, merci 39, meister 21, meistres 23, ureisuns b 75: Latin, apostles 88, sancte 8; mihhal 8 is probably a direct borrowing from the Vulgate Michahel. Scandinavian are caste b 10, icast b 68, griðe 80.

Introduction:The ultimate sources of this discourse are (i) the Legend of S. Paul’s visit to the other world, and (ii) the Sunday Letter as extended by the addition of the Dignatio diei Dominicae.

(1) S. Paul in his second epistle to the Corinthians, xii. 2-4, said that he had been caught up to the third heaven and heard words unspeakable. But a detailed account of what he saw, partly drawn from the Revelation of Peter (ed. M. R. James, p. 65) and coloured by Egyptian ideas of the other world, was extensively circulated in the early Church, and existed in two Greek versions as early as the fourth century. One of these, theἈναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lost, but it is probably represented in a Latinversiondiscovered by Dr. M. R. James and published in Texts and Studies, ii. no. 3. The other younger Greek version, denounced by S. Augustine as ‘nescio quibus fabulis plenam’ (iii. 541 e), was printed by Tischendorf in Apocalypses Apocryphae, 34-69: he dates it about 380A.D.There is an early Syriac version, an English translation of which is reprinted by Tischendorf under the Greek Text.

The Latin version already mentioned is the most ancient and the fullest form of the legend, and it is the main source of the Latin mediaeval versions, which have been classed by Brandes in six redactions. Of these the first alone contains an account of S. Paul’s visit to heaven, the others describe only the abode of the lost. The fourth redaction (B iv) printed in Brandes, Visio Pauli, 75, in the Cologne edition of Beda, vii. 362, as one of his sermons, and by P. Meyer from a Toulouse MS. of the fourteenth century in Romania, xxiv. 365, appears to be the main source of most of the versions in the modern languages, as of our text. Meyer enumerates twenty-three MSS. of it; he thinks that it is not anterior to the twelfth century and that it was widely circulated in England. In Notices et Extraits, xxxv. 153, he gives a list of six versions in French: (1) by Henri d’Arci, there printed; (2) by Adam de Ros, trouvère anglais, printed by Ozanam in Dante et la philosophie catholique, 1845, p. 425; (3) Anonymous, MS. Bibl. Nat. 2094, of which Brandes cites the beginning and end, p. 51; (4) Anonymous,B.M.Add. 15606, printed in part in Romania, vi. 11-16; (5) by Geoffroi de Paris, an adaptation of the preceding; (6) by an anonymous English trouvère, printed in Romania, xxiv. 357. The English versions in verse are (1) MS. Laud 108, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lii. 35; (2a) MS. Jesus Coll. Oxford E 29, printed in OEM 147-155; (2b) MS. Digby 86, Bodleian, printed by Horstman in Archiv lxii. 403; (3) Vernon MS. Bodleian, in OEM 223-232 and ES i. 293-299; (4) MS. Douce 302, Bodleian, in OEM 210-222. There is, besides the present article, a fourteenth-century prose version printed in ES xxii. 134. The relations of the English and French versions are determined by Brandes in ES vii. 34.

Some references in the older literature should be noticed. Ælfric (Hom. Cath. ii. 332) calls the legend a lying composition, and proceeds to tell thatof Fursey as true. The writer of the Blickling Homilies (43, 45) relates the episode of the wicked bishop, following a text closely resembling the oldest Latin version, which differs little from the Greek at this point. In a second passage, 209/29-211/7, he has combined vague recollections of the legend with scenery drawn from Beowulf (see the Preface to BH, pp. vi, vii).

The first part of the present article differs from B iv and agrees with F iii in substituting smoke (‘smorðer,’ l. 26) for fulgur; with F iii it omits the Fiery Wheel and the Bridge of Dread, and the punishment of usurers by name. It is therefore possible that it and F iii had a common source. But our author has exercised a free choice in details; he says nothing of the punishment of the unchaste child murderers, of the oppressors of widows and orphans, of those who broke their fast before due time, and of those in the pit; nothing of the vision of sinful and righteous souls borne through the air; all of which are in B iv. His own fantasy is probably responsible for the division of the torments of the furnace, l. 24, between the furnace, the fount of fire and the sea of hell, and for the pleading of S. Paul in ll. 56-72, which are without parallel in any of the other versions.

(2) The Sunday Letter was a fiction which originated in the south of France or northern Spain towards the end of the sixth century. It purported to be a letter, which had fallen from heaven, written in Latin by Christ’s own hand, denouncing judgement on those who did not observe Sunday rightly. It had great vogue in England before the Conquest, and furnished material for the homilies printed in Wulfstan, ed. Napier, nos. 43, 44, 45, 47, in Otia Merseiana i. 129, and in An Eng. Miscellany, 357. Latin versions are printed in the two last-named. Our author makes only general reference to it in 78/75-85, but ll. 85-91 are taken directly from a Dignatio diei Dominicae which is sometimes associated with it, and is found separately in the Pseudo-Augustine Sermons clxvii, cclxxx, and Alcuin, ed. Froben, ii. 487. It is also added to one MS. of the Visio Pauli (Brandes, 102), and it precedes the German version which he prints at p. 83. It also forms the subject of the fourteenth homily in OEH i. 139.

1.Leofemen: like ‘Men þa leofestan’ of the Blickling Homilies: the writer also uses, ‘Gode men.’ But ‘Lordinges and leuedis,’ 215/31 is French = Seingnurs & dames.ȝe willeliche: Zupitza prints ȝewilleliche (adv., meaning gladly), and the separation of the words in the manuscript is of no weight against it. But the prefixgeis in this text commonly reduced toi, and ȝewilleliche occurs nowhere else and has nothing to correspond in OE., the forms in which arewillīce,willendlīce, while willeliche is in AR 396/20.ȝeis probably a repetition of the preceding bymistake for ec, which very frequently goes with and in these homilies (comp. 76/4, 78/68).

2.hitbelongs to lusten as well as to understonden; comp. ‘þe luste nulleð þesne red,’ OEH i. 63/161, and for the postponement ofhit, ‘Al hit us mei rede ⁊ to lare ȝif we wulleð,’ id. i. 15/5, where to goes with rede.

3.fredome: the Latin version in Harley 2851 has for title Priuilegia diei dominice.

4.blisse&c.: see 78/77.

6.erming, only here and at 76/22, 31 as adjective, for the usual armliche. OE.earming, a miserable person.rest of: comp. 78/96; ‘þæt is sio an ræst eallra urra geswinca,’ Boethius, 144/27; ‘hwonne him lifes weard, | frea ælmihtig frecenra siða | reste aȝeafe,’ Genesis, 1426; ‘lagosiða rest,’ id. 1486. Rare in ME., but for the verb comp. ‘thei rest of her traueilis,’ Apoc. xiv. 13 (Purvey).

7.to soþe&c.: see90/73 note.

8.þet wes: comp. 1/10, where the verb is plural.

10.hu—ferde, how things went on there: ‘quia deus voluit ut Paulus videret penas inferni,’ B iv. 75/5.Mihhal—wuniende, there is nothing corresponding in B iv, but James has, ‘dixit [angelus] mihi: Veni et sequere me, et ostendam tibi animas impiorum et peccatorum ut cognoscas qualis sit locus,’ 28/17, and Adam de Ros, ‘Seint michiel en ueit auant | Sein pol ses hores disant,’ Ward, ii. 410.

15, 16.eȝen: probably a mistake for eren (= ‘auribus’ B iv), as Kölbing pointed out in ES xxii. 137.hefede, by the hair, ‘capillis.’heorte: a strange substitution for ‘brachiis’ of B iv.

16.ouen—leies: ‘fornacem ignis ardentem per septem flammas in diversis coloribus,’ B iv.he, i.e. ouen; if not a mistake for þe, a striking example of parataxis.

17.eateliche to bi haldene: comp. ‘eatolice on to seonne,’ Beda, 240/21; thedat. inf.answers to the L. supine as in terribilis aspectu. Insead . . . to iseonne, 133/30, it corresponds to the genitive of the L. gerund, aspiciendi.

18.strengre: see21/94 note, and comp. ‘ne geþæncaþ hio na, hu strang hit biþ an helle to bionne,’ Wulfstan, 225/12.

21.meister deoflen, principal devils: for this use of meister comp. KH 642 note. They are not in B iv, but F iv has ‘Soignours, an l’apre fornoise habitent · vij · delo[u]rs | · vij · diable l’atisent: cest lor maistre labours | Et · vij · flames an issent de diverses colours.’swilc, as if; OE.swilce,conj.; comp. ‘He . . . geseah | modiglice menn on merebate | sittan siðfrome swylce hie ofer sæ comon,’ Andreas, 247; ‘mon geseah swelce hitwære an gylden hring on heofonum,’ Orosius, 234/8; ‘þe king Leir iwerðe swa blac;swlch hit a blac cloð weoren,’ L 3069.Swylc swais also found with the same conjunctive sense, ‘þyslic me is gesewen . . . þis andwearde lif . . . swylc swa þu æt swæsendum sitte,’ Beda, 134/24. Forswilc swa, such as, 76/29, see34/80 note.

24.þe sea of helle: B iv has ‘Et septem plage erant in circuitu eius (i.e. fornacis): prima nix, secunda glacies’ &c. The writer or his original has changed these plagues of the furnace into waves ‘uþe’ of the ‘flumen orribile in quo multe bestie dyabolice erant quasi pisces in medio maris,’ which is mentioned at a later point in the Latin, while he alters the river into a lake, perhaps due to a recollection of the ‘stagnum ignis et sulphuris’ of the Apocalypse, xx. 9.

25.snau: comp. 120/100.

26.smorðer, thick smoke: B iv has ‘sexta fulgur’; F iv ‘Et la siste de foudres et d’avenimemant.’ F iii agrees with the English text.ful stunch: comp. 46/277; 133/44.

28.unaneomned, without a name, because they were like nothing in this world; not ‘unmentionable, on account of their number,’ Morris. There is no description of the beasts in the Latin, but such details are to be found elsewhere in the Visions literature, e.g. Visio Tnugdali, 16/7, 17, 19/26.

31.to brekene: dative infinitive: OE.swīcan,geswīcan, to cease from, are often constructed with dative of nouns, as, ‘gif he ðonne ðære hnappunge ne swicð,’ Cura Past., 195/11, but apparently not with the dat. inf. This construction is common with analogous verbs such asonginnan,forlǣtan,ieldan. In ME. the dative of the noun occurs, as ‘þa aswac worden;Merlin þe wise,’ L 16112; and the gen., ‘iswikeð unrihtwisra dedan,’ OEH i. 117/32 as in OE., ‘ðæs noldan geswican,’ BH 211/6. Comp. 81/85, 6.þe—nalden: ‘qui non egerunt penitenciam post peccata commissa in hoc mundo,’ B iv. 75/14.

32.enden: see 80/54.

33.lude remeð: ‘ululant’; comp. 120/99, 192/528.

34.his, each of them his; distributive in meaning.

37.Miserere&c.: possibly from some unprinted version of the Visio, or from some version of the Evangelium Nichodemi; comp. The Harrowing of Hell, ed. Hulme, 18/203.

39.ham: the writer frequently doubles the subject or object by a pronoun; comp. ‘ꝥ ic hit efre dude mid mine wrechede licome þas sunnen,’ OEH i. 29/9; ‘þe mon þe leie · xii · moneð in ane prisune nalde he ȝefen,’ id. 33/9; ‘Gif þu hine iseȝe þet he wulle,’ id. 17/13. See also 78/97 note; 136/144; 138/12.

41.midde warðe: OE.middeweardis usually an adjective, occasionally a noun: it is probably adj. here, and miswritten for middewarðre. Comp. ‘In mideward þe felde,’ KH, O 574.clusterlokanis explained as ‘enclosures,’ Morris; ‘cloisters,’ Strat.-Bradley. The corresponding passage in B iv appears to be, ‘Et ostendit illi puteum signatum ·vij· sigillis et ait illi: Sta longe ut possis sustinere fetorem hunc,’ and the meaning, fastening, lock, seems most appropriate here. The word is OE.clūstorloc: comp. Pogatscher, §§ 179, 182; L. L. claustella,pl.of claustellum, is glossed clusterlocæ, Sweet, Oldest E. Texts, 50/220; hæpsan, loca, Napier, OE. Glosses, 106/4003; clustello, loce, fæstene, id. 136/5936. The metrical versions have ‘seals,’ except the Jesus MS., ‘Seoue duren þer beoþ on’; OEM 153/235 and the second prose version renders, ‘a put ylokke wiþ seuen lockes,’ ES xxii. 136/53. Comp. also, ‘Til he vnclustri al þe lokes | þat liif ligges vnder,’ ES ix. 441/59, 60.

42.þar neh, near that place; an expression of rare occurrence; comp. ‘magas þa þe þær neah wæron,’ BH 139/16.

44.escade . . . to: see 77/49; a rare construction, not in OE., and probably influenced by F. demander à; comp. ‘Huet may þe zone betere acsy to his uader þanne bread,’ Ayenbite, 110/14: analogous is, ‘fulluht we to þe ȝeorneð,’ L 29473. But at is older, ‘hwæt axast ðu æt us,’ Ælf. Lives, ii. 74/112, and of is in Layamon, ‘he axede gauel of þan londe,’ 6122. Comp. ‘þretest to,’ 155/83.

45. In the Latin and the other versions the bad bishop is not in the ‘puteus,’ but in another place of less torment; there he is ‘avarus et dolosus et superbus,’ here he is specialized into one who iniquitously vexed his tenants and dependants by legal proceedings and steady oppression. So the Monk of Eynsham saw a bishop grievously tormented ‘quod placitoris loco inter saeculares iudices consedere plurimum delectari soleret, multis etiam bona conscientia nitentibus in litigantibus violentus contra iustitiam oppressor exstiterit,’ 698/5. Some contemporary is here meant, such as Gilbert Glanville, Roffensis (Godwin, De Presulibus, i. 572), or perhaps the earlier Gerard of York (id. ii. 27; Mapes, De Nugis Curialium, 224). The haughty maiden of ll. 50-54 is not in the Latin; in all probability she is drawn from the life.

46.lokien: ‘non custodivit legem dei,’ B iv. 77/21; see 4/20 and comp. ‘witen,’ 77/58.

49.swiðe unbisorȝeliche, with great want of care, consideration, like ‘mid mycelre reþnesse,’ said of the bishop’s treatment by the devils in BH 43/29.

52.Elmesȝeorn, fond of giving alms, benevolent; OE.ælmes-georn:it occurs here only in ME.prud . . . ⁊ modi: comp. 3/4; ‘So modi and so prute,’ OEM 82/300.

53.wreðful ⁊ ontful: comp. 56/31.

55.forð mid, together with: see1/19 note.of, from: a common use with dative in OE.; comp. ‘Peahte ðeod com of Scyþþia lande on scipum,’ Bede, 28/7.

56.on þunres liche, in the likeness of thunder: the alteration of the MS. reading wunres is due to Morris, but the resultant meaning is unsatisfactory. He suggested, on þunres sleȝe, comparing ‘þær com swylce þunres slege,’ Ev. Nichod. ed. Thwaites, 13/3, and the expression occurs in ME. ‘ofdradd of ðese muchele ðþunresleiȝ ðe cumþ ut of godes auȝene muðe,’ VV 11/18. The writer has elsewhere, ‘Vre drihten wile cumen dredliche in fures liche,’ OEH i. 143/15, which may suggest the true reading here. The Latin has ‘deus descendit de celo et dyadema in capite eius’; possibly crunes lurks under wunres.

60.toȝeines,adv., in reply:himdepends directly onseide, as in ‘ic eou habbe þet godspel iseid,’ OEH i. 5/13; ‘heom seggen godes lore,’ id. 7/33, though the construction with to is also found in these homilies. Comp. ‘Cuðberhtus him togeanes cwæð,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 138/34. But the word is generally a preposition, as at 64/56, 86/142.ȝef—is: see 134/84.

61.la hwure, ah! at any rate. This writer usesLamostly with interrogatives, ‘La hu ne beað,’ 89/34; ‘Lahwet scal þis beon,’ 89/36.a þet: see72/179 note.

63.efterward, in quest of, seeking; = ‘efter’ 7/53; comp. ‘þat ha beon þe lasse afterward swuch þing,’ HM 37/7; ‘Iohannes . . . wearð him æfterweard,’ Ælf. de Novo Testamento, 18/21. Similar uses of the compound in the sense of the simple preposition are, ‘al urommard þisse,’ AR 178/18; 58/66 note; 70/165: ‘They met Beues inwarde the paleys,’ Beues of Hamtoun, 69/1208; ‘alysde of þam witum ða þe towearde wæron,’ Wulfstan, 228/11. Similarly ‘þu most beon on ward þine sunnen,’ OEH i. 37/20 appears to mean, thou must give attention to thy sins.

64.swiðe wa: see40/181 noteand comp. ‘Ofte hadde horn beo wo | At neure wurs þan him was þo,’ KH 115, where him shows that horn is dative.abeh&c.: ‘Post hoc prostravit se Michahel et Paulus et angelorum milia milium ante filium dei,’ B iv.

66.for, by: comp. 94/26.

68.þes þe redþer, the sooner on that account, the sooner. The more regular comparison is seen in, ‘ah þes þe we heoueden mare wele on þisse liue, þes we ahte to beon þe edmoddre,’ OEH i. 5/27, 21/12.

69.a þet: see72/179 note.

71.non, three o’clock, when the Sunday festival began; ‘ab hora nona sabbati usque in prima hora secunde ferie,’ B iv. 79/21; ‘fram nóntide þæs sæternesdæges oð monandæges lihtincge,’ Wulfstan, 207/11.a þa: see72/179 note.

72.þet efre forð, for all future time: forþet, until, see72/179 note; it is so used especially when aþet, or aþa precedes it; comp. ‘a þet ic beo ealdre oðer þet ic beo sec,’ OEH i. 23/3.forð, right onwards, develops the meaning, continuously, ever; comp. ‘ðat we moten forð mid ȝew on blisse wuniȝen,’ VV 21/24, 25/12, 113/16.

74.mucheles, by much; an adverbial genitive, mostly used in comparative phrases, as, ‘mucheles þe swuðere,’ AR 368/6; ‘mucheles þe more,’ OEM 86/74; ‘se læce bið micles to bald,’ Cura Past., 60/2.

75.for—seið: ‘Hanc epistolam scripsit dominus Iesus Xristus manibus suis,’ Sunday Letter in An Eng. Misc., p. 400. The Latin quotations which follow are probably from some redaction or expansion of the same fiction.

79.Ne beo&c.: ‘nec aliud faciatis in die dominico nisi sacerdotibus meis seruiatis,’ An Eng. Misc., 403.

80.bisocnie, visit, frequenting; elsewhere, petition, request: Mätzner compares ON. kirkju-sókn: see chirchsocne 82/4; hamsocne 12/9.

82.iset, miswritten for iseit, translating ‘dicitur.’

85.iloken, observe, from the idea of keeping guard over something; comp. 116/156.

86.ester dei: ‘Dominicum ergo diem Apostoli . . . religiosa sollemnitate habendum sanxerunt, quia in eodem Redemptor noster a mortuis resurrexit,’ Pseudo-August. Sermo cclxxx; ‘dies clarus in quo resurrexit Dominus a morte . . . in quo Spiritus sanctus descendit in Apostolos et in quo speramus Dominum nostrum . . . ad judicium venturum,’ id. Sermo clxvii. Comp. Wulfstan 219/27-29, 230/26-28; 294/5-12; Alcuin, ii. 488; OEH i. 143/7.

91.hafð mid hire, there is inherent in it.

92.mihte, virtues, the power to accomplish certain purposes.

93.eorðe þrelles: a combination after the pattern ofeorðwaru, as in ‘Sunne dei blisseð togederes houeneware ⁊ horðeware,’ OEH i. 139/22: not ‘slaves,’ Morris, but said of men generally as enslaved by earthly pursuits; comp. 14/54-56.

94.heom: the corrupt reading of the MS. perhaps points to he heom as the original; see77/39 note. Comp. ‘þe sonenday is best of alle | þanne aungles habbuz heore pley,’ Archiv lii. 35, the Latin has only ‘in quo [die] gaudent angeli et archangeli maior diebus ceteris.’

96.ireste . . . of: comp. 76/6.

97. Whosoever then observes Sunday . . . let them be participators &c., is a sentence of much the same type as, ‘Se þe Drihten ondræde herie hine, eall Iacobes cynn,’ Psalter, ed. Thorpe, xxi. 21; 77/39. Morris suggests the change of heo to he, but singular and plural in these texts often alternate: forbeo,pl. subj., see 82/119.þa oðer halie daȝes: the feast-days of obligation.

100.abuten ende: see34/85 note.

Literature:... Bedae Opera Historicatext unchanged, but work cited spells it “Baedae”wis added ...ġisȝ“ȝ” misprinted as bold instead of italicAccidence:... monedeis 72;72:The weak declension ... strong and weak, is e;e,The personal pronouns ... (dei like L. dies isfm.)L dies(1) S. Paul in ... One of these, the Ἀναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lostΠαύλου isrepresented in a Latin versionVersionThe Latin version ... (4) Anonymous, B.M. Add. 15606B M

Literature:... Bedae Opera Historicatext unchanged, but work cited spells it “Baedae”

wis added ...ġisȝ“ȝ” misprinted as bold instead of italic

Accidence:... monedeis 72;72:

The weak declension ... strong and weak, is e;e,

The personal pronouns ... (dei like L. dies isfm.)L dies

(1) S. Paul in ... One of these, the Ἀναβατικὸν Παύλου, is lostΠαύλου is

represented in a Latin versionVersion

The Latin version ... (4) Anonymous, B.M. Add. 15606B M

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