30.8Cf.p. 3, n. 4.30.9patrī . . . esse: ‘that a day had been set against his father (for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to appear for trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty to his son.patrīis a dat. of disadvantage.30.10cēpit . . . laudābile: ‘he formed a plan (which, though it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ Forquidem . . . sed, cf.p. 10, n. 10.animīis a genitive of quality or description withcōnsilium.30.11ad Pompōnium= ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’30.12= a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’30.13For the mood, cf.p. 29, n. 16.31.1quīppe quī: ‘since indeed he,’ etc.quī=cum is(cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, 3, 1)): M 840: A 320,e,N.1: G 633: B 283, 3,a.31.2dat. of advantage.31.3eō= ‘for this reason,’ explained byquod . . . āvertisset.31.4māiōrī fuit honōrī: ‘was all the more credit’; cf.p. 25, n. 6.31.5In the fifth centuryB.C.the Gauls left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands to the south.31.6Withtertiumsc.ab urbe Rōmā. On all the roads leading from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in the Servian Wall (see map,p. xxviii), by which the road issued from the capital.31.7Sc.duōrum exercituum, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’31.8quam . . . potuit: cf.p. 26, n. 10.31.9subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263, 3: B 274.31.10Iniussū tuō: ‘without your consent.’31.11subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: A 307,b: G 596: B 303.31.12In 388B.C.the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path, and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the Capitol.32.1macte virtūte . . . estō: lit., ‘be glorified in (respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success attend thee!’32.2A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and without point.32.3=cingit sē, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’32.4‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.32.5cōnsistō. What tense?32.6ūnō alterōque īctū: ‘with one stroke after the other’; i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.32.7Sc.eī, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ Seep. 17, n. 4.32.8respergō.32.9What case?32.10In its compounds,daremore often = ‘to put’ than ‘to give.’32.11pavor cum admīrātiōne=pavor et admīrātiō; cf.mentēs cum oculīs, II, 12.32.12nē quis . . . pūgnāret: ‘that no one should fight.’ For the subjunctive, seep. 9, n. 6.32.13Subject ofaccessisset. For its position, seep. 19, n. 7.32.14āgnōscō.32.15dētrēctandī . . . pudor: ‘his unwillingness to decline the fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible.Pudorimplies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be attributed to cowardice.33.1oblivīscor.33.2dependent onoblītus: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1: G 376: B 206, 1.33.3excussum trānsfīxit: cf.p. 2, n. 8.33.4oportet restituās: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’Oportetis construed either with the infinitive or with the subjunctive of result withutomitted.33.5Why abl.?33.6in posterum(cf.p. 4, n. 9) = ‘for the future.’33.7Imperative ofeō.33.8Cf.Stābant ad pālum dēligāti, IX, 21.33.9ērumpō.33.10omnī . . . vītā: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. withperis far more common.deinde, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by an adj.: cf.p. 10, n. 14.33.11in . . . abeat: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’33.12fuit . . . sed: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . but, after all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sensequidem . . . sedis commonly used: cf.p. 10, n. 10.33.13H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.33.14Cf.p. 3, n. 6.33.15Sc.mīlitī, and join withdedit.33.16Sc.commīlitōnem.33.17Sc.esse.34.1praefor.34.2H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.34.3Join withpropriam.Proprius, likesimilis, is construed with both the gen. and the dat.34.4dependent onostendit,l. 81.34.5supine ofconqueror, expressing purpose. Cf.p. 5, n. 20.34.6‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’34.7Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched themselves by extortion.34.8See Vocab.,cōnscrīptus.34.9summae . . . perītissimō: these words contain the reasons whyId . . . concessum est.34.10percellō.34.11lūcem . . . sustinuit: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How literally?34.12The context must determine whetherproximā nocte= ‘the next night’ or ‘last night.’34.13pergō.34.14‘role.’ This meaning ofpartēsis borrowed from the theater.34.15nē . . . quidemis a very strong negative, and generally emphasizes some word or phrase placed between thenēand thequidem.Text-only versionXIV.Pūblius DeciusB.C.343.P. Decius,1Valeriō2Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō cōnsulibus,tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurīmontis clausō3Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentemhostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem4occupāvit, hostēs5terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōremsee captionCORŌNA CĪVICAlocum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,5undiquearmātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocteper6mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās7incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū10dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī,quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellōB.C.340.Latīnō cum Mānliō8Torquātō. Hōcbellō cum9utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisseteōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset,15convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs10sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēsdiīs Mānibus dēvōvit.11Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōshostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.Skip tonext selection.35.1His full name was P. Decius Mus.35.2Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): M 639: A 255,a: G 409: B 227, 1. For another method of dating events, cf. XII, 1.35.3claudō.35.4Sc.collis.35.5īnsideō.35.6per . . . cūstōdiās: ‘through themidst ofthe enemy’s pickets.’ Cf.l. 17,in mediōs hostēs, ‘against the enemy’s center.’ Note the difference between the Latin and the English idioms. H 497, 4 (440,N.1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291,R.2: B 241, 1.35.7opprimō.35.8Cf. XIII, 41.35.9cum . . . obvēnisset: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ How literally? The subject ofobvēnissetiseōs . . . cecidisset. So the subject ofconvēnitisutī . . . dēvovēret.35.10See Vocab.,Mānēs.35.11Decius’ act was calleddēvōtiō, and proceeded from the idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this formula: “As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.”Text-only versionXV.Mānius CuriusMānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus1eōs ingentibus proeliīsvīcit.2In quō bellō cum permultum agrī3hominumque3māximam vim4cēpisset,5ipse inde6dītārī adeō7nōluit, ut, cuminterversae8pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō9līgneō, quō10ūtī ad5sacrificia cōnsuēverat,11in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil ampliusdē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō12ad focumsedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnumaurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,13repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitquenōn14aurum habēre15sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs quī habērent10aurum imperāre.15Quō respōnsō Curius Samnītibus ostendit sēneque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēnaiūgera populō virītim dīvīsit16; cumque ipsī senātus iūgeraquīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibuserat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,17quī eō,18quod15reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.19Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumquein Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō20bellī nōmina21nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibusprīmum22nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns nōn20respondēret, bona23ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum isquestus1dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs2plēbis appellāsset, ipsum quoquevēndidit, nihil3opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,4quī nescīretpārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī5auxiliō5fuērunt;posteāque rēs6in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō,25quī7mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc8terrōrecēterī adāctī9nōmina prōmptius dedērunt.Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit10dēque eō rēgetriumphāvit. Īnsīgnem11triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantīsee captionELEPHANTcum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae1230vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī12praesidiōin Ēpīrum revertit. Cum13autembellum renovātūrus putārētur, MāniumCurium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.14Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū35līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōsoppūgnat,15urbem iam ingressus ā iuvenequōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātusest. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula,cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium40spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulnerissuī māgnō impetū ferrī,16perīculō fīliī suī commōta prōtinus tēgulamcorripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam17in caput rēgis dēiēcit.Skip tonext selection.36.1proficīscor.36.2vincō.36.3partitive gen.: cf.p. 30, n. 2.36.4Cf.p. 4, n. 11.36.5capiō.36.6i.e. from theager, or the money derived from the sale of thehominēs.36.7Cf.p. 26, n. 8.36.8Seep. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A 220: G 378: B 208, 1.36.9catīllō . . . prōlātō(prōferō)iūrāret=catīllum prōferret et iūrāret. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.36.10H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.36.11cōnsuēscō.36.12Join withattulissent.36.13adferō.36.14nōn . . . imperāre: ‘it was not the having gold that seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ Give Curius’ exact words.36.15subjects ofvidērī: cf.p. 6, n. 16.36.16=distribuit.36.17We would say, ‘thatcitizen.’36.18H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254,b, 2: G 401,N.6: B 219.36.19Why subjunctive?36.20abl. of cause.36.21nōmina dare= to hand in one’s name to a recruiting officer, i.e. ‘to volunteer.’36.22prīmum nōmen: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.36.23bona . . . subiēcit: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.37.1queror.37.2Thetribūnī plēbishad been created for the express purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any magistrate.37.3nihil(adv. acc.). . . cīve: ‘the state had no need of that citizen.’37.4abl. withopus: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243,e: G 406: B 218, 2.37.5For the two datives seep. 25, n. 6.37.6rēs . . . ābiit: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.sevēritās . . . abeat, XIII, 63.37.7‘whoever.’37.8Hōc terrōre: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this (act).’37.9adigō.37.10At Beneventum, 275B.C.37.11Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī: ‘this triumph was made notable by the presence of four elephants.’ How literally?37.12Cf.p. 25, n. 7.37.13Cum . . . putārētur: withrenovātūrussc.esse. For the personal construction, seep. 7, n. 12.37.14Sc.populō Rōmānō. Its subject is the clauseMānium . . . fierī; hence the infin.fierī.37.15‘wasbesieging.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 14.37.16‘rushing.’ How literally?37.17lībrātam . . . dēiēcit=lībrāvit et dēiēcit.Text-only versionXVI.Gāius Duīliussee captionCOLUMNA RŌSTRĀTAOF DUĪLIUSGāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus1dēvīcit.Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīsvēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs,māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs5tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae2manūs ubihostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō pontetrānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus3et in ipsōrum4ratibuscomminus dīmicābant, unde5Rōmānīs, quī rōborepraestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt10expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiampraetōria6septirēmis7capta est, mersae8tredecim.see captionTĪBĪCENDuīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmusnāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōriaRōmānīs grātior fuit, quod9invictī terrā15iam etiam marī plūrimum10possent.9ItaqueDuīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītampraelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ācēnā redīret.11Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī20quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrummanūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē12in patriā classis13āmissaepoenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcīpūgnā priusquam1clādis nūntius domum2pervenīret1quendamex amīcīs Carthāginem2mīsit. Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit,25“Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum3dux Rōmānōrum māgnīscōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,3num cum eō cōnflīgeredēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn4cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātusest.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse30iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit:nam eō5poenae genere dux rē6male gestā apud Poenōsadficiēbātur.Skip tonext selection.38.1prīmus dēvīcit: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf.prīmus ēgit,l. 12. H 497, and 1 (443 and 1): A 191: G 325,R.6: B 239. Such a phrase asprīmus fuit dēvincereis never used by good writers.38.2‘These’; cf.p. 4, n. 3.38.3a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’38.4Sc.hostium.38.5= ‘and as a consequence.’38.6Cf.rēgius, I, 17. The Romans applied the termpraetorto the commander of any foreign force.38.7Sc.nāvis. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.38.8mergō; sc.sunt.38.9Cf.p. 14, n. 1.38.10‘were supreme’; cf.p. 23, n. 1.38.11In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta was erected in the Forum.38.12nē . . . daret: a clause of purpose, dependent onveritus: H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331,f: G 550: B 296, 2.38.13classis āmissae: ‘for losing the fleet’; seep. 5, n. 15.39.1Cf.p. 12, n. 5.39.2Why accusative?39.3causal subjunctive.39.4quīnwith a subjunctive of result is regularly used after negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2):M 913: A 332,g,R.: G 555, 2: B 298.39.5eō . . . adficiēbātur: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ How literally?39.6rē male gestā: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?Text-only versionXVII.Mārcus Atīlius RēgulusB.C.256.Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde7adfēcisset, HannōCarthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,8rēvērā ut8tempus extraheret,8dōnec9novae cōpiae ex Āfricāadvenīrent.9Is ubi ad cōnsulem accessit, exortus10est mīlitum5clāmor audītaque vōx, idem11huīc faciendum esse, quod paucīsante annīs12Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset. Cornēliusenim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīscomprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēreincipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit10“sī fēceritis,1nihilō2eritis Āfrīs3meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēreiussit eōs, quī pār4parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns5gravitātīRōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmānalīberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsulvictōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit.15Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus6Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit.Clypeam urbem et trecenta7castella expūgnāvit, neque8cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Namcum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdineexercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit;20plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit9; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentishālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārīpoterat, dūrissimā10squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile repellente.Cōnfugiendum11fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs12et catapultīs, velut13arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis fuit.25Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus14iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmencorporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castrainde submovēre coēgit.15Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs16longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus.Huīc ob rēs17bene gestās imperium in annum proximum prōrogātum30est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicumsuum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum1habēbat, mortuum esse etservum, occāsiōnem nactum,2aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō3rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi4successor in Āfricam mitterētur,nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde5uxor et līberī alerentur.635Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā pecūniāredimī iussit, agellum colendum7locāvit, alimenta8coniugī aclīberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsiumopēs contudit9eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cumRēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus10dare, ā40Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt.B.C.255Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum, Carthāginiēnsibusmīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē10:nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānōexercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carceremB.C.25145coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīscaptīvīsmissusest datō iūreiūrandō. ut,11sī nōn impetrāsset,12redīret ipseCarthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātummandāta exposuit; sententiam13nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū14iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus50tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit15esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōsreddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iamcōnfectum1senectūte. Cūius cum2valuisset auctōritās, captīvīretentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamenCarthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum55hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandumcōnservandum3putāvit. Reversum4Carthāginiēnsēs omnīcruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locōtenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repenteēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam,60undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctusperpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et dolōrecontinuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītāclārior et inlūstrior.Skip tonext selection.
30.8Cf.p. 3, n. 4.30.9patrī . . . esse: ‘that a day had been set against his father (for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to appear for trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty to his son.patrīis a dat. of disadvantage.30.10cēpit . . . laudābile: ‘he formed a plan (which, though it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ Forquidem . . . sed, cf.p. 10, n. 10.animīis a genitive of quality or description withcōnsilium.30.11ad Pompōnium= ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’30.12= a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’30.13For the mood, cf.p. 29, n. 16.31.1quīppe quī: ‘since indeed he,’ etc.quī=cum is(cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, 3, 1)): M 840: A 320,e,N.1: G 633: B 283, 3,a.31.2dat. of advantage.31.3eō= ‘for this reason,’ explained byquod . . . āvertisset.31.4māiōrī fuit honōrī: ‘was all the more credit’; cf.p. 25, n. 6.31.5In the fifth centuryB.C.the Gauls left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands to the south.31.6Withtertiumsc.ab urbe Rōmā. On all the roads leading from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in the Servian Wall (see map,p. xxviii), by which the road issued from the capital.31.7Sc.duōrum exercituum, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’31.8quam . . . potuit: cf.p. 26, n. 10.31.9subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263, 3: B 274.31.10Iniussū tuō: ‘without your consent.’31.11subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: A 307,b: G 596: B 303.31.12In 388B.C.the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path, and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the Capitol.32.1macte virtūte . . . estō: lit., ‘be glorified in (respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success attend thee!’32.2A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and without point.32.3=cingit sē, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’32.4‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.32.5cōnsistō. What tense?32.6ūnō alterōque īctū: ‘with one stroke after the other’; i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.32.7Sc.eī, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ Seep. 17, n. 4.32.8respergō.32.9What case?32.10In its compounds,daremore often = ‘to put’ than ‘to give.’32.11pavor cum admīrātiōne=pavor et admīrātiō; cf.mentēs cum oculīs, II, 12.32.12nē quis . . . pūgnāret: ‘that no one should fight.’ For the subjunctive, seep. 9, n. 6.32.13Subject ofaccessisset. For its position, seep. 19, n. 7.32.14āgnōscō.32.15dētrēctandī . . . pudor: ‘his unwillingness to decline the fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible.Pudorimplies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be attributed to cowardice.33.1oblivīscor.33.2dependent onoblītus: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1: G 376: B 206, 1.33.3excussum trānsfīxit: cf.p. 2, n. 8.33.4oportet restituās: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’Oportetis construed either with the infinitive or with the subjunctive of result withutomitted.33.5Why abl.?33.6in posterum(cf.p. 4, n. 9) = ‘for the future.’33.7Imperative ofeō.33.8Cf.Stābant ad pālum dēligāti, IX, 21.33.9ērumpō.33.10omnī . . . vītā: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. withperis far more common.deinde, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by an adj.: cf.p. 10, n. 14.33.11in . . . abeat: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’33.12fuit . . . sed: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . but, after all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sensequidem . . . sedis commonly used: cf.p. 10, n. 10.33.13H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.33.14Cf.p. 3, n. 6.33.15Sc.mīlitī, and join withdedit.33.16Sc.commīlitōnem.33.17Sc.esse.34.1praefor.34.2H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.34.3Join withpropriam.Proprius, likesimilis, is construed with both the gen. and the dat.34.4dependent onostendit,l. 81.34.5supine ofconqueror, expressing purpose. Cf.p. 5, n. 20.34.6‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’34.7Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched themselves by extortion.34.8See Vocab.,cōnscrīptus.34.9summae . . . perītissimō: these words contain the reasons whyId . . . concessum est.34.10percellō.34.11lūcem . . . sustinuit: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How literally?34.12The context must determine whetherproximā nocte= ‘the next night’ or ‘last night.’34.13pergō.34.14‘role.’ This meaning ofpartēsis borrowed from the theater.34.15nē . . . quidemis a very strong negative, and generally emphasizes some word or phrase placed between thenēand thequidem.
30.8Cf.p. 3, n. 4.
30.9patrī . . . esse: ‘that a day had been set against his father (for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to appear for trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty to his son.patrīis a dat. of disadvantage.
30.10cēpit . . . laudābile: ‘he formed a plan (which, though it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ Forquidem . . . sed, cf.p. 10, n. 10.animīis a genitive of quality or description withcōnsilium.
30.11ad Pompōnium= ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’
30.12= a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’
30.13For the mood, cf.p. 29, n. 16.
31.1quīppe quī: ‘since indeed he,’ etc.quī=cum is(cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in the subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, 3, 1)): M 840: A 320,e,N.1: G 633: B 283, 3,a.
31.2dat. of advantage.
31.3eō= ‘for this reason,’ explained byquod . . . āvertisset.
31.4māiōrī fuit honōrī: ‘was all the more credit’; cf.p. 25, n. 6.
31.5In the fifth centuryB.C.the Gauls left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands to the south.
31.6Withtertiumsc.ab urbe Rōmā. On all the roads leading from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in the Servian Wall (see map,p. xxviii), by which the road issued from the capital.
31.7Sc.duōrum exercituum, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’
31.8quam . . . potuit: cf.p. 26, n. 10.
31.9subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263, 3: B 274.
31.10Iniussū tuō: ‘without your consent.’
31.11subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: A 307,b: G 596: B 303.
31.12In 388B.C.the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M. Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path, and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the Capitol.
32.1macte virtūte . . . estō: lit., ‘be glorified in (respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success attend thee!’
32.2A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and without point.
32.3=cingit sē, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’
32.4‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.
32.5cōnsistō. What tense?
32.6ūnō alterōque īctū: ‘with one stroke after the other’; i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.
32.7Sc.eī, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ Seep. 17, n. 4.
32.8respergō.
32.9What case?
32.10In its compounds,daremore often = ‘to put’ than ‘to give.’
32.11pavor cum admīrātiōne=pavor et admīrātiō; cf.mentēs cum oculīs, II, 12.
32.12nē quis . . . pūgnāret: ‘that no one should fight.’ For the subjunctive, seep. 9, n. 6.
32.13Subject ofaccessisset. For its position, seep. 19, n. 7.
32.14āgnōscō.
32.15dētrēctandī . . . pudor: ‘his unwillingness to decline the fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible.Pudorimplies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be attributed to cowardice.
33.1oblivīscor.
33.2dependent onoblītus: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1: G 376: B 206, 1.
33.3excussum trānsfīxit: cf.p. 2, n. 8.
33.4oportet restituās: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’Oportetis construed either with the infinitive or with the subjunctive of result withutomitted.
33.5Why abl.?
33.6in posterum(cf.p. 4, n. 9) = ‘for the future.’
33.7Imperative ofeō.
33.8Cf.Stābant ad pālum dēligāti, IX, 21.
33.9ērumpō.
33.10omnī . . . vītā: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. withperis far more common.deinde, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by an adj.: cf.p. 10, n. 14.
33.11in . . . abeat: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’
33.12fuit . . . sed: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . but, after all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sensequidem . . . sedis commonly used: cf.p. 10, n. 10.
33.13H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
33.14Cf.p. 3, n. 6.
33.15Sc.mīlitī, and join withdedit.
33.16Sc.commīlitōnem.
33.17Sc.esse.
34.1praefor.
34.2H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
34.3Join withpropriam.Proprius, likesimilis, is construed with both the gen. and the dat.
34.4dependent onostendit,l. 81.
34.5supine ofconqueror, expressing purpose. Cf.p. 5, n. 20.
34.6‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’
34.7Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched themselves by extortion.
34.8See Vocab.,cōnscrīptus.
34.9summae . . . perītissimō: these words contain the reasons whyId . . . concessum est.
34.10percellō.
34.11lūcem . . . sustinuit: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How literally?
34.12The context must determine whetherproximā nocte= ‘the next night’ or ‘last night.’
34.13pergō.
34.14‘role.’ This meaning ofpartēsis borrowed from the theater.
34.15nē . . . quidemis a very strong negative, and generally emphasizes some word or phrase placed between thenēand thequidem.
P. Decius,1Valeriō2Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō cōnsulibus,tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurīmontis clausō3Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentemhostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem4occupāvit, hostēs5terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōremsee captionCORŌNA CĪVICAlocum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,5undiquearmātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocteper6mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās7incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū10dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī,quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellōB.C.340.Latīnō cum Mānliō8Torquātō. Hōcbellō cum9utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisseteōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset,15convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs10sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēsdiīs Mānibus dēvōvit.11Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōshostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.
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35.1His full name was P. Decius Mus.35.2Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): M 639: A 255,a: G 409: B 227, 1. For another method of dating events, cf. XII, 1.35.3claudō.35.4Sc.collis.35.5īnsideō.35.6per . . . cūstōdiās: ‘through themidst ofthe enemy’s pickets.’ Cf.l. 17,in mediōs hostēs, ‘against the enemy’s center.’ Note the difference between the Latin and the English idioms. H 497, 4 (440,N.1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291,R.2: B 241, 1.35.7opprimō.35.8Cf. XIII, 41.35.9cum . . . obvēnisset: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ How literally? The subject ofobvēnissetiseōs . . . cecidisset. So the subject ofconvēnitisutī . . . dēvovēret.35.10See Vocab.,Mānēs.35.11Decius’ act was calleddēvōtiō, and proceeded from the idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this formula: “As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.”
35.1His full name was P. Decius Mus.
35.2Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): M 639: A 255,a: G 409: B 227, 1. For another method of dating events, cf. XII, 1.
35.3claudō.
35.4Sc.collis.
35.5īnsideō.
35.6per . . . cūstōdiās: ‘through themidst ofthe enemy’s pickets.’ Cf.l. 17,in mediōs hostēs, ‘against the enemy’s center.’ Note the difference between the Latin and the English idioms. H 497, 4 (440,N.1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291,R.2: B 241, 1.
35.7opprimō.
35.8Cf. XIII, 41.
35.9cum . . . obvēnisset: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ How literally? The subject ofobvēnissetiseōs . . . cecidisset. So the subject ofconvēnitisutī . . . dēvovēret.
35.10See Vocab.,Mānēs.
35.11Decius’ act was calleddēvōtiō, and proceeded from the idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this formula: “As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and allies of the enemy.”
Mānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus1eōs ingentibus proeliīsvīcit.2In quō bellō cum permultum agrī3hominumque3māximam vim4cēpisset,5ipse inde6dītārī adeō7nōluit, ut, cuminterversae8pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō9līgneō, quō10ūtī ad5sacrificia cōnsuēverat,11in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil ampliusdē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō12ad focumsedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnumaurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,13repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitquenōn14aurum habēre15sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs quī habērent10aurum imperāre.15Quō respōnsō Curius Samnītibus ostendit sēneque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēnaiūgera populō virītim dīvīsit16; cumque ipsī senātus iūgeraquīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibuserat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,17quī eō,18quod15reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.19
Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumquein Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō20bellī nōmina21nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibusprīmum22nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns nōn20respondēret, bona23ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum isquestus1dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs2plēbis appellāsset, ipsum quoquevēndidit, nihil3opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,4quī nescīretpārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī5auxiliō5fuērunt;posteāque rēs6in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō,25quī7mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc8terrōrecēterī adāctī9nōmina prōmptius dedērunt.
Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit10dēque eō rēgetriumphāvit. Īnsīgnem11triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantīsee captionELEPHANTcum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae1230vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī12praesidiōin Ēpīrum revertit. Cum13autembellum renovātūrus putārētur, MāniumCurium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.14Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū35līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōsoppūgnat,15urbem iam ingressus ā iuvenequōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātusest. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula,cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium40spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulnerissuī māgnō impetū ferrī,16perīculō fīliī suī commōta prōtinus tēgulamcorripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam17in caput rēgis dēiēcit.
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36.1proficīscor.36.2vincō.36.3partitive gen.: cf.p. 30, n. 2.36.4Cf.p. 4, n. 11.36.5capiō.36.6i.e. from theager, or the money derived from the sale of thehominēs.36.7Cf.p. 26, n. 8.36.8Seep. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A 220: G 378: B 208, 1.36.9catīllō . . . prōlātō(prōferō)iūrāret=catīllum prōferret et iūrāret. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.36.10H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.36.11cōnsuēscō.36.12Join withattulissent.36.13adferō.36.14nōn . . . imperāre: ‘it was not the having gold that seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ Give Curius’ exact words.36.15subjects ofvidērī: cf.p. 6, n. 16.36.16=distribuit.36.17We would say, ‘thatcitizen.’36.18H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254,b, 2: G 401,N.6: B 219.36.19Why subjunctive?36.20abl. of cause.36.21nōmina dare= to hand in one’s name to a recruiting officer, i.e. ‘to volunteer.’36.22prīmum nōmen: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.36.23bona . . . subiēcit: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.37.1queror.37.2Thetribūnī plēbishad been created for the express purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any magistrate.37.3nihil(adv. acc.). . . cīve: ‘the state had no need of that citizen.’37.4abl. withopus: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243,e: G 406: B 218, 2.37.5For the two datives seep. 25, n. 6.37.6rēs . . . ābiit: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.sevēritās . . . abeat, XIII, 63.37.7‘whoever.’37.8Hōc terrōre: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this (act).’37.9adigō.37.10At Beneventum, 275B.C.37.11Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī: ‘this triumph was made notable by the presence of four elephants.’ How literally?37.12Cf.p. 25, n. 7.37.13Cum . . . putārētur: withrenovātūrussc.esse. For the personal construction, seep. 7, n. 12.37.14Sc.populō Rōmānō. Its subject is the clauseMānium . . . fierī; hence the infin.fierī.37.15‘wasbesieging.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 14.37.16‘rushing.’ How literally?37.17lībrātam . . . dēiēcit=lībrāvit et dēiēcit.
36.1proficīscor.
36.2vincō.
36.3partitive gen.: cf.p. 30, n. 2.
36.4Cf.p. 4, n. 11.
36.5capiō.
36.6i.e. from theager, or the money derived from the sale of thehominēs.
36.7Cf.p. 26, n. 8.
36.8Seep. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A 220: G 378: B 208, 1.
36.9catīllō . . . prōlātō(prōferō)iūrāret=catīllum prōferret et iūrāret. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.
36.10H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.
36.11cōnsuēscō.
36.12Join withattulissent.
36.13adferō.
36.14nōn . . . imperāre: ‘it was not the having gold that seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ Give Curius’ exact words.
36.15subjects ofvidērī: cf.p. 6, n. 16.
36.16=distribuit.
36.17We would say, ‘thatcitizen.’
36.18H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254,b, 2: G 401,N.6: B 219.
36.19Why subjunctive?
36.20abl. of cause.
36.21nōmina dare= to hand in one’s name to a recruiting officer, i.e. ‘to volunteer.’
36.22prīmum nōmen: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.
36.23bona . . . subiēcit: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.
37.1queror.
37.2Thetribūnī plēbishad been created for the express purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any magistrate.
37.3nihil(adv. acc.). . . cīve: ‘the state had no need of that citizen.’
37.4abl. withopus: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243,e: G 406: B 218, 2.
37.5For the two datives seep. 25, n. 6.
37.6rēs . . . ābiit: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.sevēritās . . . abeat, XIII, 63.
37.7‘whoever.’
37.8Hōc terrōre: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this (act).’
37.9adigō.
37.10At Beneventum, 275B.C.
37.11Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī: ‘this triumph was made notable by the presence of four elephants.’ How literally?
37.12Cf.p. 25, n. 7.
37.13Cum . . . putārētur: withrenovātūrussc.esse. For the personal construction, seep. 7, n. 12.
37.14Sc.populō Rōmānō. Its subject is the clauseMānium . . . fierī; hence the infin.fierī.
37.15‘wasbesieging.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 14.
37.16‘rushing.’ How literally?
37.17lībrātam . . . dēiēcit=lībrāvit et dēiēcit.
Gāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus1dēvīcit.Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīsvēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs,māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs5tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae2manūs ubihostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō pontetrānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus3et in ipsōrum4ratibuscomminus dīmicābant, unde5Rōmānīs, quī rōborepraestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt10expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiampraetōria6septirēmis7capta est, mersae8tredecim.
Duīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmusnāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōriaRōmānīs grātior fuit, quod9invictī terrā15iam etiam marī plūrimum10possent.9ItaqueDuīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītampraelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ācēnā redīret.11
Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī20quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrummanūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē12in patriā classis13āmissaepoenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcīpūgnā priusquam1clādis nūntius domum2pervenīret1quendamex amīcīs Carthāginem2mīsit. Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit,25“Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum3dux Rōmānōrum māgnīscōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,3num cum eō cōnflīgeredēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn4cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātusest.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse30iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit:nam eō5poenae genere dux rē6male gestā apud Poenōsadficiēbātur.
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38.1prīmus dēvīcit: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf.prīmus ēgit,l. 12. H 497, and 1 (443 and 1): A 191: G 325,R.6: B 239. Such a phrase asprīmus fuit dēvincereis never used by good writers.38.2‘These’; cf.p. 4, n. 3.38.3a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’38.4Sc.hostium.38.5= ‘and as a consequence.’38.6Cf.rēgius, I, 17. The Romans applied the termpraetorto the commander of any foreign force.38.7Sc.nāvis. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.38.8mergō; sc.sunt.38.9Cf.p. 14, n. 1.38.10‘were supreme’; cf.p. 23, n. 1.38.11In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta was erected in the Forum.38.12nē . . . daret: a clause of purpose, dependent onveritus: H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331,f: G 550: B 296, 2.38.13classis āmissae: ‘for losing the fleet’; seep. 5, n. 15.39.1Cf.p. 12, n. 5.39.2Why accusative?39.3causal subjunctive.39.4quīnwith a subjunctive of result is regularly used after negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2):M 913: A 332,g,R.: G 555, 2: B 298.39.5eō . . . adficiēbātur: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ How literally?39.6rē male gestā: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?
38.1prīmus dēvīcit: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf.prīmus ēgit,l. 12. H 497, and 1 (443 and 1): A 191: G 325,R.6: B 239. Such a phrase asprīmus fuit dēvincereis never used by good writers.
38.2‘These’; cf.p. 4, n. 3.
38.3a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’
38.4Sc.hostium.
38.5= ‘and as a consequence.’
38.6Cf.rēgius, I, 17. The Romans applied the termpraetorto the commander of any foreign force.
38.7Sc.nāvis. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.
38.8mergō; sc.sunt.
38.9Cf.p. 14, n. 1.
38.10‘were supreme’; cf.p. 23, n. 1.
38.11In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta was erected in the Forum.
38.12nē . . . daret: a clause of purpose, dependent onveritus: H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331,f: G 550: B 296, 2.
38.13classis āmissae: ‘for losing the fleet’; seep. 5, n. 15.
39.1Cf.p. 12, n. 5.
39.2Why accusative?
39.3causal subjunctive.
39.4quīnwith a subjunctive of result is regularly used after negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2):M 913: A 332,g,R.: G 555, 2: B 298.
39.5eō . . . adficiēbātur: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ How literally?
39.6rē male gestā: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?
Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde7adfēcisset, HannōCarthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,8rēvērā ut8tempus extraheret,8dōnec9novae cōpiae ex Āfricāadvenīrent.9Is ubi ad cōnsulem accessit, exortus10est mīlitum5clāmor audītaque vōx, idem11huīc faciendum esse, quod paucīsante annīs12Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset. Cornēliusenim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīscomprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēreincipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit10“sī fēceritis,1nihilō2eritis Āfrīs3meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēreiussit eōs, quī pār4parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns5gravitātīRōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmānalīberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsulvictōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit.
15Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus6Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit.Clypeam urbem et trecenta7castella expūgnāvit, neque8cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Namcum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdineexercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit;20plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit9; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentishālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārīpoterat, dūrissimā10squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile repellente.Cōnfugiendum11fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs12et catapultīs, velut13arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis fuit.25Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus14iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmencorporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castrainde submovēre coēgit.15Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs16longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus.
Huīc ob rēs17bene gestās imperium in annum proximum prōrogātum30est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicumsuum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum1habēbat, mortuum esse etservum, occāsiōnem nactum,2aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō3rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi4successor in Āfricam mitterētur,nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde5uxor et līberī alerentur.635Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā pecūniāredimī iussit, agellum colendum7locāvit, alimenta8coniugī aclīberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsiumopēs contudit9eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cumRēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus10dare, ā40Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt.
Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum, Carthāginiēnsibusmīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē10:nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānōexercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carceremB.C.25145coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīscaptīvīsmissusest datō iūreiūrandō. ut,11sī nōn impetrāsset,12redīret ipseCarthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātummandāta exposuit; sententiam13nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū14iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus50tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit15esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōsreddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iamcōnfectum1senectūte. Cūius cum2valuisset auctōritās, captīvīretentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamenCarthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum55hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandumcōnservandum3putāvit. Reversum4Carthāginiēnsēs omnīcruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locōtenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repenteēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam,60undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctusperpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et dolōrecontinuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītāclārior et inlūstrior.
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