52.2See Vocab.,ĀfricānusandScīpiō.52.3quī cum: ‘for when he.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 3.52.4‘in (the course of) the battle.’pūgna, likebellumandproelium, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.52.5Cf. XIX, 16.52.6iam iam . . . esset: ‘was on the very point of falling.’52.7interiectō corpore: ‘by interposing his body.’ Seep. xxiii, K 8.52.8Quae pietās: ‘this act of devotion.’52.9negantēs . . . habendam: ‘by saying that no account should be taken of him.’ Fornegantēs, seep. 41, n. 15.ratiōnem habēreis a phrase of mercantile life.52.10Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth year.52.11impersonal pass. fromeō: ‘they proceeded.’52.12admodum adulēscentem: ‘though but,’ etc.53.1adlātum erat: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been brought.’53.2patior.53.3quī . . . iūrāverit(fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional clause,sī quis nōn iūrāverit. Cf.quī . . . crēderent,l. 35, below.53.4Cf.p. 31, n. 9.53.5Haud . . . sī: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’53.6Cf.p. 47, n. 12.53.7P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively father and uncle of Africanus.53.8Sc.senātuīorpopulō.53.9Cf.p. 3, n. 2.53.10Subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.53.11inops cōnsiliī: ‘at its wit’s end.’53.12The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fullness or the opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a: G 374: B 204, 1.53.13= ‘to be a candidate.’53.14unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset; cf.p. 5, n. 3.53.15animōrum impetus: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’53.16populum . . . paenitēre: cf.Vēientēs . . . paenituisset, XI, 13, and note.54.1Cf.p. 42, n. 5.54.2=in eum locum.54.3congerō.54.4satisoften = our ‘tolerably.’54.5A brother of Hannibal.54.6victum . . . expulit=vīcit et expulit.54.7= ‘butthe captives,’ etc. Cf.p. 2, n. 24, andp. 5, n. 13.54.8We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For the difference between them, see H 473, 2,N.1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215,N.: G 400,R.1.54.9id aetātis: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. The accus.idis variously explained: see H 416, 2 (378, 2): M 507: A 240,b: G 336,N.2; B 185.aetātisis partitive gen. (p. 30, n. 2) withid.55.1Why isvelletsubjunctive?55.2effūsīs(effundō) . . .lacrimīs: ‘with tears of joy.’ How literally?55.3quī . . . dēdūcerent: ‘to escort him.’55.4quō . . . appellārunt: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on beginning the campaign.55.5‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.55.6rēgium nōmen=rēgis nōmen, ‘the title of king.’ Cf.nōmen imperātōris,l. 80, andrēgis appellātiōne,l. 84.55.7Sc.esse.55.8quem . . . spērāret: causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1).55.9For the two datives, seep. 25, n. 6.55.10future infinitive ofsum.56.1Son of Gisco (so also inl. 148); to be carefully distinguished from the Hasdrubal ofl. 61.56.2Sc.nāvem; ‘was sailing.’56.3= ut peteret. Cf.p. xviii, E 5.56.4Cēnātum . . . est(ab iīs): impers. pass.; ‘they dined.’56.5lectō . . . accubuērunt(accumbō): the writer has in mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same couch.56.6iam dūdum cupiēbat: ‘had long desired.’Iam diū,iam dūdum, andiam prīdemgive to thepresentthe force of the Englishperfect, to theimperfectthe force of the Englishpluperfect.56.7Sc.ēius: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to face.’56.8cultus(colō)munditiīs: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’ How literally?56.9dē . . . remissō: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the construction, seep. 5, n. 15.56.10quaerō.56.11oblātam(offerō): ‘now that it was at last offered.’56.12‘the legal time’;lēgitima aetās,l. 11. In later days forty-three was the legal age.57.1Seep. 5, n. 3.57.2Sc.diē, for the gender of which, as indiēs, quae dicta erat,l. 127, see Vocab.,diēs.57.3For mood and tense, seep. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?57.4‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.57.5The participles = rel. clauses: seep. xxiv, L 1.57.6interrogātōs(sc.eōs). . . dīmīsit=interrogāvit (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit, orcum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset, . . . dīmīsit.58.1= Syphax. Foripsereferring to the principal personage, see also I, 5, and II, 4.58.2‘misfortune.’ Sofāma= both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’valētūdō= both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’58.3dat. of indir. object withtemperāns.58.4quod . . . dūxisset.What does the subjunctive show?58.5ab . . . dūxisset: cf.p. 50, n. 4.58.6acc. of extent of space: cf.p. xvii, D 2.58.7‘motionless.’58.8armīs . . . esse: ‘that the issue must be decided by arms.’ Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it topūgnārī,l. 173.58.9Cēterum cōnstat: ‘it is, however, well known.’59.1percellō.59.2Cf.negantēs,l. 10, andp. 6, n. 20.59.3pacta(pacīscor)essent: subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.59.4pariō.59.5i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.59.6haud piget: sc.mē; ‘I am not ashamed.’pigetis construed exactly likepaenitet: seep. 28, n. 7.59.7Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.59.8id temporis=eō tempore. Cf. note onid aetātis,l. 66.60.1Joinē mīlitibuswithquispiam,l. 204.60.2in . . . iubēret: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) appear for trial.’vadēs sistīis the passive ofvadēs sistere, a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to make it effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’Sistereoften means ‘to produce in court,’ as inl. 207.60.3sēsē sistant: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear for trial.60.4Diē tertiā=perendiē,l. 206. In counting days, the Romans usually included the day from which they started.60.5locative.60.6Cf. n. oncastra mētātus est,l. 140.60.7illō ēlegantius: ‘more judiciously than he.’ Forillō, seep. 10, n. 18.60.8Sc.castrīs.60.9Seep. 47, n. 12.dīcerēsis imperfect, as referring to present time; the other verbs denote past time.60.10‘in that event’; =sī tē vīcissem.61.1‘a (mere) fighter.’61.2pariō.61.3This war lasted from 192 to 190.61.4partitive gen. withparum, which is here a noun. Inl. 225it was an adverb.61.5nihil . . . commūtātum: ‘no change was made.’ Note thatnihilis an adverbial acc. of degree, and thatcommūtātum estis impersonal.61.6‘treated.’61.7tum māximē: ‘at that very moment.’61.8Explain mood and tense.61.9Distinguish betweengrātiās agereandgrātiam referre.61.10Notice thatsuādeō= merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ ispersuādeō.61.11‘was not arranged.’62.1=quī prōlātus erat; cf.p. xxiv, L 1.62.2abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both withcontinēbanturandrefellī poterat.62.3indīgnātus . . . dubitārī: ‘angry because doubts were raised.’ For the infin. seep. 19, n. 6.62.4Seep. 16, n. 9.verba fēcit: ‘he delivered a speech.’62.5Nōn . . . quaerātis: ‘there is no reason why you should ask’; lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4 (503, 1,N.2): M 836: A 320,a: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.62.6nostrum, likevestrum, is regularly used only as a partitive gen.62.7A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.62.8Nē . . . sīmus: cf.p. 31, n. 9.62.9(ut)relinquāmus . . . eāmusis a substantive clause of purpose. For the omission ofutsee H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781: A 331,f,R.: G 546,R.2: B 295, 8.63.1abl. of specification.63.2quō(sc.diē) =eō diē quō.63.3quae . . . opus erant: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which were a necessity.’ For a very different construction withopus, cf.nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve, XV, 22, and note.63.4cōnspectum . . . expetentēs: ‘craving a chance to see so great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’63.5nē . . . gravārētur: the subjunctive is used here in indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, 4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.Text-only versionXXII.Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius GracchusTiberius et Gāius Gracchī6Scīpiōnis Āfricānī7ex fīliā8nepōtēserant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spēexācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō.Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā1puerīs doctī et Graecīs5lītterīs2ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōsbene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. CumCampāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,3ōrnāmenta sua, illōsaeculō4pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,5Cornēlia trāxiteam sermōne quoūsque6ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs10hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil7quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque7ā nātūrā neque7ā doctrīnādēfuit; sed8ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāremāluērunt.B.C.134.Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit:15populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit;agrōs9plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs10replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī11velletet palam dictitāsset,1interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agīdēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī20patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim TiberiusCapitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtemsuam populō commendābat. Hōc2nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasidiadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca,cum3esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam cōgnātiōnī25praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvamesse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atqueequestris4ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī fugiēnsdēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam,quam glōriōsissimē dēgere5potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit.30Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est.B.C.123.Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit.Tribūnātum enim adeptus,6seu vindicandae frāternae necis,seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīrecōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium7effūdit: lēgem dē35frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem8omnibus Ītalicīs dabat.9Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā10poterant contentiōne obsistēbantomnēs1bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,2vir cōnsulāris. Iscum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātāad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi40animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvitaudiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī3tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēgefrūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim4quidem,Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi5virītim dīvidere liceat;sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir45gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicumdissipārī.B.C.121.Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut6vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quiddētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximōdiscrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā50familiā,7Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma populō,Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam8comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmetipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteācorpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum55est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmiumrelātum aurō9repēnsum fertur. Sunt10quī trādunt īnfūsō11plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.12Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, utin1eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur, Blosius60quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum2vēnit, hanc, ut3sibiīgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī4Gracchum fēcisset,ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul“Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēssubdere iussisset,5obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs565propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquitBlosius “voluisset5id quidem,6sed sī voluisset,5pāruissem.5”Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcīcausā peccāveris.Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā70cum7alia tum7haec dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā,quōmodo ex8ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnīmeae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem9see captionAMPHORAEaut eō plūs in mūneribus mēaccēpisse aut meā causā quemquam75sūmptum10fēcisse. Zōnās, quāsRōmā proficīscēns plēnāsargentī11extulī, eās ex prōvinciāinānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās,quās vīnī11plēnās extulērunt, eās80argentō11replētās domumreportārunt.”Skip tonext selection.63.6When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen is usually put in the plural.63.7Africanus Maior.63.8Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.64.1ā puerīs: we say, ‘fromchildhood.’64.2‘literature’; abl. of means.64.3‘guest.’64.4illō saeculō: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.64.5‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches tomulierand its derivatives.64.6construed here likedōnec,p. 39, n. 9.64.7Cf.p. 28, n. 3.64.8sed . . . māluērunt: this whole account of the Gracchi was manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.64.9The reference is to theager pūblicus, or land gained in conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the poorer classes.64.10These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying such persons with lands.64.11It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be reëlected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented himself for reëlection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule. Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional.65.1This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.65.2Hōc . . . pōsceret: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean that he was demanding a kingly crown.’pōsceretis subjunctive as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.p. 3, n. 6.65.3‘although.’65.4See Vocab.,equestrisandeques.65.5dēgere potuerat: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf.tuērī poterant,l. 12.65.6adipīscor.65.7aerārium effūdit: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.65.8‘citizenship.’65.9‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes attempted action; cf.dīvidēbat,l. 16, andcommendābat,l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89B.C.65.10quantā . . . contentiōne: ‘with the greatest possible energy.’ Cf.quantō potuit apparātū, IX, 39, and note.66.1omnēs bonī: ‘all loyal citizens.’bonī, likeoptimātēs, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation ofaristocracy.66.2Sc.obsistēbat.66.3Quī . . . cōnstās: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How literally? See (4)quīin vocabulary.66.4Nōlim: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be unwilling.’ The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: H 556 (486,N.1): M 719: A 311,b: G 257, 2: B 280, 1. Cf.possit,l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed ironically.66.5Join withliceat.66.6ut . . . caperet: this was the formula by which the senate conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunctivesvidēretandcaperet, and give the words of the decree as passed by the senate.66.7here ‘household.’66.8iam comprehenderētur: ‘was on the point of being arrested.’66.9aurō . . . fertur: ‘is said to have been paid for with gold.’66.10Sunt quī trādunt: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. ‘some say.’66.11infūsō plumbō: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf.p. xxiii, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius.66.12=explēvisse.67.1in eōs . . . animadverterētur: ‘punishment should be visited upon those.’67.2Cf.p. xviii, E 6.67.3ut . . . īgnōscerētur: a result clause, dependent oncausam: ‘a reason as a result of which heought to be pardoned.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or obligation and propriety.67.4tantī . . . fēcisset: ‘he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.’tantīis a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1 (405): M 576: A 252,a: G 380: B 203, 3. Forfēcisset, cf.p. 14, n. 1.67.5Cf.p. 47, n. 12.67.6quidememphasizesid. This emphasis in English would be indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have dreamed ofthat.’ Cf.Nōlim quidemabove,l. 42.67.7cum . . . tum: ‘not only . . . but also.’67.8ex ūsū vestrō: ‘to your interests.’67.9‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.67.10sūmptum facere= ‘to be put to expense.’67.11Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality expressing means.Text-only versionXXIII.Gāius MariusC. Marius, humilī locō nātus,1mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniāduce Scīpiōne2posuit.3Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus obsingulārem virtūtem et impigram4ad perīcula et labōrēs alacritātem.Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī5quid illī5accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnumhabitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō,“Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōsrēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit.Q. Metellum6in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,7cūius10lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populumRōmānum crīminātus8est bellum dūcere9: sī10sē cōnsulemfēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē inB.C.107.potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus estcōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.11Bellum ab illō15prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerateōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. MariusGaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum12in excelsā rīpāpositum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit.Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem20ōrantēs.13Sulla14quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem remissus, Bocchōpersuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igiturvinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns antecurrum ēgit et in carcerem1caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum Iugurthadētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis2in modum dīdūxisse25et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quamfrīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcerenecātus est.see captionTRIUMPHB.C.104.Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumqueeī contrā Cimbrōs3et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī30hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēsquaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum4in Ītaliamremigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt.Repulsī, quod nequīverant5precibus, armīs petere cōnstituunt.Trēs6ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt.35Omnēs fugātī,1exūtī1castrīs. Āctum2erat dē imperiō Rōmānō,nisi3Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs Alpiumrādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō4oppressit. Vallem fluviumquemedium5hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs6aquārum nūlla cōpia. Auctanecessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam40exercitū Marius “Virī7” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.”Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, utsee captionTROPAEUMRōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūsaquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum.Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta45nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximōsaltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphīfuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiaesuper tropaea ipsa ēminēbat.Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī50cum ex8aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn pontenec nāvibus, sed iniectīs9arborum truncīs, velut aggere,trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulemmīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,10Teutonumenim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente11Mariō quōs illī frātrēs55dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite12”inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumquetenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō1habērī sentientēs ultiōnemMariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquīadsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs60nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonumducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant.Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīssuōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrumdux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum65imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciemita īnstituisset, ut pulvis2in oculōs et ōra hostium ferrētur,incrēdibilī strāge3prōstrāta4est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō: caesatrāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cumuxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs,70dēsuper,5quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent.Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem6nōnimpetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque7īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs8concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab9arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs,75eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur,ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut10novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō11invīderant, cōnservātam12ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertiumcohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs13contrā80lēgem14cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē etēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verbasē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse.B.C.88.Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est.Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla1cōnsul85contrā Mithridātem,2rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,tribūnus plēbis, lēgem3ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperiumabrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rēSulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit,Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs90fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.4Sed paulō postrepertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,5iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectusest. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus6pūblicus, nātiōneCimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim95hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,”inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus illeac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdereclāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant,ē carcere ēmissus est.100Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsempervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs7sedēret, vēnitadeumlīctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc,quem8numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen9aliquodofficium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit,105nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllamēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrīvellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē GāiumMarium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīsexemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat,110cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum anteoculōs pōneret.Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus āCinnā1in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam domitus.Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs115vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs2suppliciōrumgeneribus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illascelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.3Hōc tempore admīranda sānēpopulī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrumdomōs multitūdinī dīripiendās4obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō,120quī5cīvīlī6lūctū praedam peteret5: quae quidem tam misericorscontinentia plēbis tacita7quaedam crūdēlium victōrum vituperātiōfuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbumincidit et ingentī8omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sīexāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū9utrum125bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem pūblicamarmātus10servāvit, eam prīmō togātus10omnī genere fraudis,postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit.Erat Marius dūrior1ad hūmānitātis2studia et ingenuārum3artium contemptor. CumaedemHonōris dē manubiīs hostium130vōvisset, sprētā4peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumqueGraecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide5per artificem Rōmānumcūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod6doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis,validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre135secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsumipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluitpraebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem iūdicāret.
52.2See Vocab.,ĀfricānusandScīpiō.52.3quī cum: ‘for when he.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 3.52.4‘in (the course of) the battle.’pūgna, likebellumandproelium, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.52.5Cf. XIX, 16.52.6iam iam . . . esset: ‘was on the very point of falling.’52.7interiectō corpore: ‘by interposing his body.’ Seep. xxiii, K 8.52.8Quae pietās: ‘this act of devotion.’52.9negantēs . . . habendam: ‘by saying that no account should be taken of him.’ Fornegantēs, seep. 41, n. 15.ratiōnem habēreis a phrase of mercantile life.52.10Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth year.52.11impersonal pass. fromeō: ‘they proceeded.’52.12admodum adulēscentem: ‘though but,’ etc.53.1adlātum erat: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been brought.’53.2patior.53.3quī . . . iūrāverit(fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional clause,sī quis nōn iūrāverit. Cf.quī . . . crēderent,l. 35, below.53.4Cf.p. 31, n. 9.53.5Haud . . . sī: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’53.6Cf.p. 47, n. 12.53.7P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively father and uncle of Africanus.53.8Sc.senātuīorpopulō.53.9Cf.p. 3, n. 2.53.10Subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.53.11inops cōnsiliī: ‘at its wit’s end.’53.12The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fullness or the opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a: G 374: B 204, 1.53.13= ‘to be a candidate.’53.14unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset; cf.p. 5, n. 3.53.15animōrum impetus: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’53.16populum . . . paenitēre: cf.Vēientēs . . . paenituisset, XI, 13, and note.54.1Cf.p. 42, n. 5.54.2=in eum locum.54.3congerō.54.4satisoften = our ‘tolerably.’54.5A brother of Hannibal.54.6victum . . . expulit=vīcit et expulit.54.7= ‘butthe captives,’ etc. Cf.p. 2, n. 24, andp. 5, n. 13.54.8We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For the difference between them, see H 473, 2,N.1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215,N.: G 400,R.1.54.9id aetātis: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. The accus.idis variously explained: see H 416, 2 (378, 2): M 507: A 240,b: G 336,N.2; B 185.aetātisis partitive gen. (p. 30, n. 2) withid.55.1Why isvelletsubjunctive?55.2effūsīs(effundō) . . .lacrimīs: ‘with tears of joy.’ How literally?55.3quī . . . dēdūcerent: ‘to escort him.’55.4quō . . . appellārunt: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on beginning the campaign.55.5‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.55.6rēgium nōmen=rēgis nōmen, ‘the title of king.’ Cf.nōmen imperātōris,l. 80, andrēgis appellātiōne,l. 84.55.7Sc.esse.55.8quem . . . spērāret: causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1).55.9For the two datives, seep. 25, n. 6.55.10future infinitive ofsum.56.1Son of Gisco (so also inl. 148); to be carefully distinguished from the Hasdrubal ofl. 61.56.2Sc.nāvem; ‘was sailing.’56.3= ut peteret. Cf.p. xviii, E 5.56.4Cēnātum . . . est(ab iīs): impers. pass.; ‘they dined.’56.5lectō . . . accubuērunt(accumbō): the writer has in mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same couch.56.6iam dūdum cupiēbat: ‘had long desired.’Iam diū,iam dūdum, andiam prīdemgive to thepresentthe force of the Englishperfect, to theimperfectthe force of the Englishpluperfect.56.7Sc.ēius: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to face.’56.8cultus(colō)munditiīs: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’ How literally?56.9dē . . . remissō: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the construction, seep. 5, n. 15.56.10quaerō.56.11oblātam(offerō): ‘now that it was at last offered.’56.12‘the legal time’;lēgitima aetās,l. 11. In later days forty-three was the legal age.57.1Seep. 5, n. 3.57.2Sc.diē, for the gender of which, as indiēs, quae dicta erat,l. 127, see Vocab.,diēs.57.3For mood and tense, seep. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?57.4‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.57.5The participles = rel. clauses: seep. xxiv, L 1.57.6interrogātōs(sc.eōs). . . dīmīsit=interrogāvit (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit, orcum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset, . . . dīmīsit.58.1= Syphax. Foripsereferring to the principal personage, see also I, 5, and II, 4.58.2‘misfortune.’ Sofāma= both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’valētūdō= both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’58.3dat. of indir. object withtemperāns.58.4quod . . . dūxisset.What does the subjunctive show?58.5ab . . . dūxisset: cf.p. 50, n. 4.58.6acc. of extent of space: cf.p. xvii, D 2.58.7‘motionless.’58.8armīs . . . esse: ‘that the issue must be decided by arms.’ Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it topūgnārī,l. 173.58.9Cēterum cōnstat: ‘it is, however, well known.’59.1percellō.59.2Cf.negantēs,l. 10, andp. 6, n. 20.59.3pacta(pacīscor)essent: subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.59.4pariō.59.5i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.59.6haud piget: sc.mē; ‘I am not ashamed.’pigetis construed exactly likepaenitet: seep. 28, n. 7.59.7Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.59.8id temporis=eō tempore. Cf. note onid aetātis,l. 66.60.1Joinē mīlitibuswithquispiam,l. 204.60.2in . . . iubēret: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) appear for trial.’vadēs sistīis the passive ofvadēs sistere, a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to make it effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’Sistereoften means ‘to produce in court,’ as inl. 207.60.3sēsē sistant: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear for trial.60.4Diē tertiā=perendiē,l. 206. In counting days, the Romans usually included the day from which they started.60.5locative.60.6Cf. n. oncastra mētātus est,l. 140.60.7illō ēlegantius: ‘more judiciously than he.’ Forillō, seep. 10, n. 18.60.8Sc.castrīs.60.9Seep. 47, n. 12.dīcerēsis imperfect, as referring to present time; the other verbs denote past time.60.10‘in that event’; =sī tē vīcissem.61.1‘a (mere) fighter.’61.2pariō.61.3This war lasted from 192 to 190.61.4partitive gen. withparum, which is here a noun. Inl. 225it was an adverb.61.5nihil . . . commūtātum: ‘no change was made.’ Note thatnihilis an adverbial acc. of degree, and thatcommūtātum estis impersonal.61.6‘treated.’61.7tum māximē: ‘at that very moment.’61.8Explain mood and tense.61.9Distinguish betweengrātiās agereandgrātiam referre.61.10Notice thatsuādeō= merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ ispersuādeō.61.11‘was not arranged.’62.1=quī prōlātus erat; cf.p. xxiv, L 1.62.2abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both withcontinēbanturandrefellī poterat.62.3indīgnātus . . . dubitārī: ‘angry because doubts were raised.’ For the infin. seep. 19, n. 6.62.4Seep. 16, n. 9.verba fēcit: ‘he delivered a speech.’62.5Nōn . . . quaerātis: ‘there is no reason why you should ask’; lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4 (503, 1,N.2): M 836: A 320,a: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.62.6nostrum, likevestrum, is regularly used only as a partitive gen.62.7A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.62.8Nē . . . sīmus: cf.p. 31, n. 9.62.9(ut)relinquāmus . . . eāmusis a substantive clause of purpose. For the omission ofutsee H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781: A 331,f,R.: G 546,R.2: B 295, 8.63.1abl. of specification.63.2quō(sc.diē) =eō diē quō.63.3quae . . . opus erant: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which were a necessity.’ For a very different construction withopus, cf.nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve, XV, 22, and note.63.4cōnspectum . . . expetentēs: ‘craving a chance to see so great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’63.5nē . . . gravārētur: the subjunctive is used here in indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, 4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.
52.2See Vocab.,ĀfricānusandScīpiō.
52.3quī cum: ‘for when he.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 3.
52.4‘in (the course of) the battle.’pūgna, likebellumandproelium, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.
52.5Cf. XIX, 16.
52.6iam iam . . . esset: ‘was on the very point of falling.’
52.7interiectō corpore: ‘by interposing his body.’ Seep. xxiii, K 8.
52.8Quae pietās: ‘this act of devotion.’
52.9negantēs . . . habendam: ‘by saying that no account should be taken of him.’ Fornegantēs, seep. 41, n. 15.ratiōnem habēreis a phrase of mercantile life.
52.10Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth year.
52.11impersonal pass. fromeō: ‘they proceeded.’
52.12admodum adulēscentem: ‘though but,’ etc.
53.1adlātum erat: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been brought.’
53.2patior.
53.3quī . . . iūrāverit(fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional clause,sī quis nōn iūrāverit. Cf.quī . . . crēderent,l. 35, below.
53.4Cf.p. 31, n. 9.
53.5Haud . . . sī: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’
53.6Cf.p. 47, n. 12.
53.7P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively father and uncle of Africanus.
53.8Sc.senātuīorpopulō.
53.9Cf.p. 3, n. 2.
53.10Subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.
53.11inops cōnsiliī: ‘at its wit’s end.’
53.12The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fullness or the opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a: G 374: B 204, 1.
53.13= ‘to be a candidate.’
53.14unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset; cf.p. 5, n. 3.
53.15animōrum impetus: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’
53.16populum . . . paenitēre: cf.Vēientēs . . . paenituisset, XI, 13, and note.
54.1Cf.p. 42, n. 5.
54.2=in eum locum.
54.3congerō.
54.4satisoften = our ‘tolerably.’
54.5A brother of Hannibal.
54.6victum . . . expulit=vīcit et expulit.
54.7= ‘butthe captives,’ etc. Cf.p. 2, n. 24, andp. 5, n. 13.
54.8We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For the difference between them, see H 473, 2,N.1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215,N.: G 400,R.1.
54.9id aetātis: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. The accus.idis variously explained: see H 416, 2 (378, 2): M 507: A 240,b: G 336,N.2; B 185.aetātisis partitive gen. (p. 30, n. 2) withid.
55.1Why isvelletsubjunctive?
55.2effūsīs(effundō) . . .lacrimīs: ‘with tears of joy.’ How literally?
55.3quī . . . dēdūcerent: ‘to escort him.’
55.4quō . . . appellārunt: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on beginning the campaign.
55.5‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.
55.6rēgium nōmen=rēgis nōmen, ‘the title of king.’ Cf.nōmen imperātōris,l. 80, andrēgis appellātiōne,l. 84.
55.7Sc.esse.
55.8quem . . . spērāret: causal rel. clause (p. 31, n. 1).
55.9For the two datives, seep. 25, n. 6.
55.10future infinitive ofsum.
56.1Son of Gisco (so also inl. 148); to be carefully distinguished from the Hasdrubal ofl. 61.
56.2Sc.nāvem; ‘was sailing.’
56.3= ut peteret. Cf.p. xviii, E 5.
56.4Cēnātum . . . est(ab iīs): impers. pass.; ‘they dined.’
56.5lectō . . . accubuērunt(accumbō): the writer has in mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same couch.
56.6iam dūdum cupiēbat: ‘had long desired.’Iam diū,iam dūdum, andiam prīdemgive to thepresentthe force of the Englishperfect, to theimperfectthe force of the Englishpluperfect.
56.7Sc.ēius: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to face.’
56.8cultus(colō)munditiīs: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’ How literally?
56.9dē . . . remissō: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the construction, seep. 5, n. 15.
56.10quaerō.
56.11oblātam(offerō): ‘now that it was at last offered.’
56.12‘the legal time’;lēgitima aetās,l. 11. In later days forty-three was the legal age.
57.1Seep. 5, n. 3.
57.2Sc.diē, for the gender of which, as indiēs, quae dicta erat,l. 127, see Vocab.,diēs.
57.3For mood and tense, seep. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?
57.4‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.
57.5The participles = rel. clauses: seep. xxiv, L 1.
57.6interrogātōs(sc.eōs). . . dīmīsit=interrogāvit (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit, orcum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset, . . . dīmīsit.
58.1= Syphax. Foripsereferring to the principal personage, see also I, 5, and II, 4.
58.2‘misfortune.’ Sofāma= both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’valētūdō= both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’
58.3dat. of indir. object withtemperāns.
58.4quod . . . dūxisset.What does the subjunctive show?
58.5ab . . . dūxisset: cf.p. 50, n. 4.
58.6acc. of extent of space: cf.p. xvii, D 2.
58.7‘motionless.’
58.8armīs . . . esse: ‘that the issue must be decided by arms.’ Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it topūgnārī,l. 173.
58.9Cēterum cōnstat: ‘it is, however, well known.’
59.1percellō.
59.2Cf.negantēs,l. 10, andp. 6, n. 20.
59.3pacta(pacīscor)essent: subjunctive by attraction: seep. 13, n. 10.
59.4pariō.
59.5i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.
59.6haud piget: sc.mē; ‘I am not ashamed.’pigetis construed exactly likepaenitet: seep. 28, n. 7.
59.7Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
59.8id temporis=eō tempore. Cf. note onid aetātis,l. 66.
60.1Joinē mīlitibuswithquispiam,l. 204.
60.2in . . . iubēret: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) appear for trial.’vadēs sistīis the passive ofvadēs sistere, a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to make it effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’Sistereoften means ‘to produce in court,’ as inl. 207.
60.3sēsē sistant: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear for trial.
60.4Diē tertiā=perendiē,l. 206. In counting days, the Romans usually included the day from which they started.
60.5locative.
60.6Cf. n. oncastra mētātus est,l. 140.
60.7illō ēlegantius: ‘more judiciously than he.’ Forillō, seep. 10, n. 18.
60.8Sc.castrīs.
60.9Seep. 47, n. 12.dīcerēsis imperfect, as referring to present time; the other verbs denote past time.
60.10‘in that event’; =sī tē vīcissem.
61.1‘a (mere) fighter.’
61.2pariō.
61.3This war lasted from 192 to 190.
61.4partitive gen. withparum, which is here a noun. Inl. 225it was an adverb.
61.5nihil . . . commūtātum: ‘no change was made.’ Note thatnihilis an adverbial acc. of degree, and thatcommūtātum estis impersonal.
61.6‘treated.’
61.7tum māximē: ‘at that very moment.’
61.8Explain mood and tense.
61.9Distinguish betweengrātiās agereandgrātiam referre.
61.10Notice thatsuādeō= merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ ispersuādeō.
61.11‘was not arranged.’
62.1=quī prōlātus erat; cf.p. xxiv, L 1.
62.2abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both withcontinēbanturandrefellī poterat.
62.3indīgnātus . . . dubitārī: ‘angry because doubts were raised.’ For the infin. seep. 19, n. 6.
62.4Seep. 16, n. 9.verba fēcit: ‘he delivered a speech.’
62.5Nōn . . . quaerātis: ‘there is no reason why you should ask’; lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4 (503, 1,N.2): M 836: A 320,a: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.
62.6nostrum, likevestrum, is regularly used only as a partitive gen.
62.7A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.
62.8Nē . . . sīmus: cf.p. 31, n. 9.
62.9(ut)relinquāmus . . . eāmusis a substantive clause of purpose. For the omission ofutsee H 565, 4 (499, 2): M 781: A 331,f,R.: G 546,R.2: B 295, 8.
63.1abl. of specification.
63.2quō(sc.diē) =eō diē quō.
63.3quae . . . opus erant: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which were a necessity.’ For a very different construction withopus, cf.nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve, XV, 22, and note.
63.4cōnspectum . . . expetentēs: ‘craving a chance to see so great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’
63.5nē . . . gravārētur: the subjunctive is used here in indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, 4 (523, III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.
Tiberius et Gāius Gracchī6Scīpiōnis Āfricānī7ex fīliā8nepōtēserant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spēexācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō.Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā1puerīs doctī et Graecīs5lītterīs2ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōsbene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. CumCampāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,3ōrnāmenta sua, illōsaeculō4pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,5Cornēlia trāxiteam sermōne quoūsque6ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs10hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil7quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque7ā nātūrā neque7ā doctrīnādēfuit; sed8ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāremāluērunt.
Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit:15populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit;agrōs9plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs10replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī11velletet palam dictitāsset,1interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agīdēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī20patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim TiberiusCapitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtemsuam populō commendābat. Hōc2nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasidiadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca,cum3esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam cōgnātiōnī25praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvamesse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atqueequestris4ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī fugiēnsdēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam,quam glōriōsissimē dēgere5potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit.30Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est.
Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit.Tribūnātum enim adeptus,6seu vindicandae frāternae necis,seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīrecōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium7effūdit: lēgem dē35frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem8omnibus Ītalicīs dabat.9Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā10poterant contentiōne obsistēbantomnēs1bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,2vir cōnsulāris. Iscum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātāad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi40animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvitaudiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī3tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēgefrūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim4quidem,Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi5virītim dīvidere liceat;sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir45gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicumdissipārī.
Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut6vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quiddētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximōdiscrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā50familiā,7Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma populō,Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam8comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmetipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteācorpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum55est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmiumrelātum aurō9repēnsum fertur. Sunt10quī trādunt īnfūsō11plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.12
Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, utin1eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur, Blosius60quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum2vēnit, hanc, ut3sibiīgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī4Gracchum fēcisset,ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul“Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēssubdere iussisset,5obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs565propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquitBlosius “voluisset5id quidem,6sed sī voluisset,5pāruissem.5”Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcīcausā peccāveris.
Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā70cum7alia tum7haec dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā,quōmodo ex8ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnīmeae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem9see captionAMPHORAEaut eō plūs in mūneribus mēaccēpisse aut meā causā quemquam75sūmptum10fēcisse. Zōnās, quāsRōmā proficīscēns plēnāsargentī11extulī, eās ex prōvinciāinānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās,quās vīnī11plēnās extulērunt, eās80argentō11replētās domumreportārunt.”
Skip tonext selection.
63.6When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen is usually put in the plural.63.7Africanus Maior.63.8Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.64.1ā puerīs: we say, ‘fromchildhood.’64.2‘literature’; abl. of means.64.3‘guest.’64.4illō saeculō: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.64.5‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches tomulierand its derivatives.64.6construed here likedōnec,p. 39, n. 9.64.7Cf.p. 28, n. 3.64.8sed . . . māluērunt: this whole account of the Gracchi was manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.64.9The reference is to theager pūblicus, or land gained in conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the poorer classes.64.10These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying such persons with lands.64.11It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be reëlected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented himself for reëlection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule. Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional.65.1This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.65.2Hōc . . . pōsceret: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean that he was demanding a kingly crown.’pōsceretis subjunctive as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.p. 3, n. 6.65.3‘although.’65.4See Vocab.,equestrisandeques.65.5dēgere potuerat: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf.tuērī poterant,l. 12.65.6adipīscor.65.7aerārium effūdit: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.65.8‘citizenship.’65.9‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes attempted action; cf.dīvidēbat,l. 16, andcommendābat,l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89B.C.65.10quantā . . . contentiōne: ‘with the greatest possible energy.’ Cf.quantō potuit apparātū, IX, 39, and note.66.1omnēs bonī: ‘all loyal citizens.’bonī, likeoptimātēs, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation ofaristocracy.66.2Sc.obsistēbat.66.3Quī . . . cōnstās: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How literally? See (4)quīin vocabulary.66.4Nōlim: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be unwilling.’ The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: H 556 (486,N.1): M 719: A 311,b: G 257, 2: B 280, 1. Cf.possit,l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed ironically.66.5Join withliceat.66.6ut . . . caperet: this was the formula by which the senate conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunctivesvidēretandcaperet, and give the words of the decree as passed by the senate.66.7here ‘household.’66.8iam comprehenderētur: ‘was on the point of being arrested.’66.9aurō . . . fertur: ‘is said to have been paid for with gold.’66.10Sunt quī trādunt: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. ‘some say.’66.11infūsō plumbō: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf.p. xxiii, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius.66.12=explēvisse.67.1in eōs . . . animadverterētur: ‘punishment should be visited upon those.’67.2Cf.p. xviii, E 6.67.3ut . . . īgnōscerētur: a result clause, dependent oncausam: ‘a reason as a result of which heought to be pardoned.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or obligation and propriety.67.4tantī . . . fēcisset: ‘he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.’tantīis a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1 (405): M 576: A 252,a: G 380: B 203, 3. Forfēcisset, cf.p. 14, n. 1.67.5Cf.p. 47, n. 12.67.6quidememphasizesid. This emphasis in English would be indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have dreamed ofthat.’ Cf.Nōlim quidemabove,l. 42.67.7cum . . . tum: ‘not only . . . but also.’67.8ex ūsū vestrō: ‘to your interests.’67.9‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.67.10sūmptum facere= ‘to be put to expense.’67.11Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality expressing means.
63.6When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen is usually put in the plural.
63.7Africanus Maior.
63.8Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.
64.1ā puerīs: we say, ‘fromchildhood.’
64.2‘literature’; abl. of means.
64.3‘guest.’
64.4illō saeculō: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.
64.5‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches tomulierand its derivatives.
64.6construed here likedōnec,p. 39, n. 9.
64.7Cf.p. 28, n. 3.
64.8sed . . . māluērunt: this whole account of the Gracchi was manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.
64.9The reference is to theager pūblicus, or land gained in conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the poorer classes.
64.10These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying such persons with lands.
64.11It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be reëlected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented himself for reëlection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule. Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional.
65.1This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.
65.2Hōc . . . pōsceret: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean that he was demanding a kingly crown.’pōsceretis subjunctive as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.p. 3, n. 6.
65.3‘although.’
65.4See Vocab.,equestrisandeques.
65.5dēgere potuerat: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf.tuērī poterant,l. 12.
65.6adipīscor.
65.7aerārium effūdit: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.
65.8‘citizenship.’
65.9‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes attempted action; cf.dīvidēbat,l. 16, andcommendābat,l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89B.C.
65.10quantā . . . contentiōne: ‘with the greatest possible energy.’ Cf.quantō potuit apparātū, IX, 39, and note.
66.1omnēs bonī: ‘all loyal citizens.’bonī, likeoptimātēs, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation ofaristocracy.
66.2Sc.obsistēbat.
66.3Quī . . . cōnstās: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How literally? See (4)quīin vocabulary.
66.4Nōlim: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be unwilling.’ The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: H 556 (486,N.1): M 719: A 311,b: G 257, 2: B 280, 1. Cf.possit,l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed ironically.
66.5Join withliceat.
66.6ut . . . caperet: this was the formula by which the senate conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunctivesvidēretandcaperet, and give the words of the decree as passed by the senate.
66.7here ‘household.’
66.8iam comprehenderētur: ‘was on the point of being arrested.’
66.9aurō . . . fertur: ‘is said to have been paid for with gold.’
66.10Sunt quī trādunt: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. ‘some say.’
66.11infūsō plumbō: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf.p. xxiii, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius.
66.12=explēvisse.
67.1in eōs . . . animadverterētur: ‘punishment should be visited upon those.’
67.2Cf.p. xviii, E 6.
67.3ut . . . īgnōscerētur: a result clause, dependent oncausam: ‘a reason as a result of which heought to be pardoned.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or obligation and propriety.
67.4tantī . . . fēcisset: ‘he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.’tantīis a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1 (405): M 576: A 252,a: G 380: B 203, 3. Forfēcisset, cf.p. 14, n. 1.
67.5Cf.p. 47, n. 12.
67.6quidememphasizesid. This emphasis in English would be indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have dreamed ofthat.’ Cf.Nōlim quidemabove,l. 42.
67.7cum . . . tum: ‘not only . . . but also.’
67.8ex ūsū vestrō: ‘to your interests.’
67.9‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.
67.10sūmptum facere= ‘to be put to expense.’
67.11Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality expressing means.
C. Marius, humilī locō nātus,1mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniāduce Scīpiōne2posuit.3Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus obsingulārem virtūtem et impigram4ad perīcula et labōrēs alacritātem.Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī5quid illī5accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnumhabitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō,“Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōsrēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit.
Q. Metellum6in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,7cūius10lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populumRōmānum crīminātus8est bellum dūcere9: sī10sē cōnsulemfēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē inB.C.107.potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus estcōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.11Bellum ab illō15prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerateōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. MariusGaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum12in excelsā rīpāpositum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit.Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem20ōrantēs.13Sulla14quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem remissus, Bocchōpersuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igiturvinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns antecurrum ēgit et in carcerem1caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum Iugurthadētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis2in modum dīdūxisse25et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quamfrīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcerenecātus est.
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TRIUMPH
Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumqueeī contrā Cimbrōs3et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī30hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēsquaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum4in Ītaliamremigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt.Repulsī, quod nequīverant5precibus, armīs petere cōnstituunt.Trēs6ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt.35Omnēs fugātī,1exūtī1castrīs. Āctum2erat dē imperiō Rōmānō,nisi3Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs Alpiumrādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō4oppressit. Vallem fluviumquemedium5hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs6aquārum nūlla cōpia. Auctanecessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam40exercitū Marius “Virī7” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.”Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, utsee captionTROPAEUMRōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūsaquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum.Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta45nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximōsaltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphīfuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiaesuper tropaea ipsa ēminēbat.
Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī50cum ex8aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn pontenec nāvibus, sed iniectīs9arborum truncīs, velut aggere,trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulemmīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,10Teutonumenim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente11Mariō quōs illī frātrēs55dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite12”inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumquetenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō1habērī sentientēs ultiōnemMariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquīadsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs60nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonumducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant.
Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīssuōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrumdux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum65imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciemita īnstituisset, ut pulvis2in oculōs et ōra hostium ferrētur,incrēdibilī strāge3prōstrāta4est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō: caesatrāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cumuxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs,70dēsuper,5quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent.Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem6nōnimpetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque7īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs8concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab9arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs,75eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur,ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut10novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō11invīderant, cōnservātam12ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertiumcohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs13contrā80lēgem14cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē etēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verbasē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse.
Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est.Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla1cōnsul85contrā Mithridātem,2rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,tribūnus plēbis, lēgem3ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperiumabrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rēSulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit,Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs90fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.4Sed paulō postrepertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,5iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectusest. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus6pūblicus, nātiōneCimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim95hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,”inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus illeac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdereclāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant,ē carcere ēmissus est.
100Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsempervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs7sedēret, vēnitadeumlīctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc,quem8numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen9aliquodofficium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit,105nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllamēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrīvellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē GāiumMarium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīsexemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat,110cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum anteoculōs pōneret.
Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus āCinnā1in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam domitus.Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs115vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs2suppliciōrumgeneribus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illascelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.3Hōc tempore admīranda sānēpopulī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrumdomōs multitūdinī dīripiendās4obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō,120quī5cīvīlī6lūctū praedam peteret5: quae quidem tam misericorscontinentia plēbis tacita7quaedam crūdēlium victōrum vituperātiōfuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbumincidit et ingentī8omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sīexāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū9utrum125bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem pūblicamarmātus10servāvit, eam prīmō togātus10omnī genere fraudis,postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit.
Erat Marius dūrior1ad hūmānitātis2studia et ingenuārum3artium contemptor. CumaedemHonōris dē manubiīs hostium130vōvisset, sprētā4peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumqueGraecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide5per artificem Rōmānumcūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod6doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis,validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre135secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsumipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluitpraebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem iūdicāret.