Skip tonext selection.68.1In 157B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.68.2Sc.Āfricānō Minōre.68.3=dēposuit: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’68.4impigram . . . alacritātem: ‘his energetic eagerness in the direction of (ad),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to face,’ etc.68.5i.e. Scipio.68.6Subject ofdūcere,l. 11.68.7=quī missus erat. Cf.coeptum,l. 15, andp. xxiv, L1.68.8crīminātus . . . dūcere: ‘charged him with prolonging.’crīminārīis treated here as a verb of saying.68.9=prōdūcere, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf. n. 3 above.68.10sī . . . redāctūrum: the words of Marius, reported in indir. disc. Cf.p. xxv, M 4, 7.68.11in . . . suffectus: ‘he was appointed to supersede Metellus.’ How literally?68.12This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.68.13ōrantēsmay be explained (1) as =quī pācem ōrābant(cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so =quī pācem ōrārent. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part. active is commonly employed, not the present.68.14See next selection.69.1The Tullianum: see illustration onp. 16.69.2‘of one smiling.’ Join withmodum.69.3The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as early as 113B.C.Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the way (cf.l. 34below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the natives.69.4For the position ofcum, seep. 19, n. 8.69.5Sc.petere, or betteradipīscī, ‘to secure.’69.6Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; Q. Servilius Caepio, 105.70.1Sc.sunt.70.2Āctum . . . fuisset: ‘it was all up with the Romans had there not been a Marius.’ Foreratwe should have expectedesset, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually was inevitable but for one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308,b: G 597, 2: B 304, 3.70.3nisi . . . fuisset: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if it hadn’t been for Marius.’70.4in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.70.5‘that ran through (the valley).’70.6dat. of possession witherat(to be supplied). On the whole sentenceVallem . . . cōpia, seep. 5, n. 13.70.7Virī . . . habētis: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of sayingSī virī(‘true men’)estis, etc., i.e. the getting of water depends wholly on your own courage.70.8‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.70.9Sc.in flūmen.70.10Cf.p. 68, n. 13.70.11Quaerente . . . nōmināssent= two temporal clauses: ‘when Marius had asked . . . and they had named.’70.12‘Never mind.’71.1sē . . . habērī: ‘that they were being mocked.’lūdibriōis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.71.2pulvis . . . ferrētur: cf.XX, lines 7 and 8.71.3at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.71.4prōsternō.71.5‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.71.6Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.71.7ēlīdō.71.8mūtuīs . . . vulneribus: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’71.9ab . . . pependērunt: ‘hungfromtrees’ = ‘hanged themselvestotrees.’71.10ut . . . hominī: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.71.11ēvectō: ‘when he had been elevated.’eī . . . ēvectōmay also be rendered ‘his elevation.’71.12Sc.esse.71.13The part. gives the cause ofdōnāverat.71.14In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of thecomitia tribūta, or assembly in which the people met by tribes.72.1See next selection.72.2Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, 88-84B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia Minor and had entered Greece.72.3lēgem . . . tulit: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.72.4dēlitēscō.72.5oblinō.72.6servus pūblicus: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the phraseager pūblicus,p. 64, n. 9.72.7Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149B.C.72.8quem . . . laesisset(laedō): a causal rel. clause = ‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320,e: G 633: B 283, 3.72.9tamenlooks back toquī . . . obtinēbat,l. 102. The thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration (hūmānitātis aliquod officium) from Sextilius, though his official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to an outlaw.73.1L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic War.73.2variīs . . . adfēcit: ‘he punished in various ways.’73.3‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’73.4Cf.p. 2, n. 18.73.5quī . . . peteret: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 (503, I): M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283.73.6cīvīlī lūctū: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to his fellow-citizens.’73.7tacita . . . fuit: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense (quaedam) a criticism,’ etc.73.8ingentī . . . laetitiā: ‘to the great joy of every one’; cf.p. 27, n. 3.73.9Join withfacile, and seep. 19, n. 15.73.10armātus=bellō;togātus=pāce. Cf.l. 125. The toga was the regular dress of civilians.74.1Erat dūrior ad: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he had no liking for.’74.2‘culture.’74.3ingenuārum artium: ‘polite accomplishments.’74.4spernō.74.5abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244,d: G 396, and 3.74.6quod . . . prōfuissent: ‘because (so he declared) it had been of little service to its teachers in the direction of (attaining) virtue.’ Cf.quod . . . iūdicāret,l. 137, and seep. 14, n. 1.Text-only versionXXIV.Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla138-78B.C.Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier7obvia“Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statimquaesīta8quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.9B.C.107.Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō10quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī11cum12ūsque5ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae13artisamōre inquinātam perdūxisset,12C. Marius cōnsul molestētulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātusquaestor sorte14obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam inĀfricam vēnit, virtūs1ēnituit. Bellō2Cimbricō, lēgātus10cōnsulis3bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus, pulsōin exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem4profectus est. Mithridātēsenim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius,odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,5occupātā Asiā necātīsquein eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,6quōs quidem eādem diē15atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoqueĪtaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōsduōbus proeliīs7in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus inAsiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,8nisi ad bellumcīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque9pācem compōnere20māluisset.8Mithridātem tamen pecūniā10multāvit; Asiā11aliīsque prōvinciīs,11quās occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsquefīnibus contentum esse coēgit.Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs12cum victōre exercitū Rōmamproperāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil25autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictātor13B.C.82.creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussitanimadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīviumin Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōsin urbe passim, quisquis14voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret Fūfidius30quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut15essent, quibus15imperāret.Novō1et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis2prōposuit,quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumqueomnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina.Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in3eōs saevīvit, quī35armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēspropter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit.Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cumlegēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum,“Vae” inquit “miserō mihi4! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.”40Neque5longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat,cōnfossus6est.Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque7inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem8sēēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partūēdidisset, puerum Faustum8puellamque Faustam8nōminārī voluit.45Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnemB.C.78.dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cumamīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns,cūius modo9tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōnminus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās50cōnstitit,10quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēnsfuit, quī11audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūsmaledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virīmāximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīusadulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in1255līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet1nē quis2posthāctāle imperium dēpōnat.”Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō3vītamagere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī,cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs4Graecīs atque60Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,5utsēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam dūxerit:nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,6Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,7nē quid2posteāscrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,8in iīs vērō, quae secūta65sunt, numquam9satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlissanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit,sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit10: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsīposteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs inflūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam70corrūpit.Skip tonext selection.74.7mulier obvia . . . inquit: ‘a woman met them and said.’74.8quaesīta . . . dīxisset: ‘though inquiries were made as to who had said this.’ How literally?dīxissetis a subjunctive of indir. question dependent onquaesīta: cf.p. 3, n. 2.74.9Cf. VIII, 43.74.10Cf. XXIII, 20.74.11i.e. Sulla.74.12Cf.p. 13, n. 20.74.13lūdicrae artis: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would call ‘the stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at will.74.14After the election of the quaestors their posts were assigned to them by lot.75.1‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that Jugurtha was captured.75.2Cf. XXIII, 49.75.3Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.75.4Cf.72, n. 2.75.5abl. of comparison withīnferior: cf.p. 10, n. 18.75.6This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.75.7At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were fought in 86.75.8Cf.p. 47, n. 12.75.9quālemcumque pācem: ‘peace on any terms.’75.10abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220,b: G 378,R.3: B 208, 2,b.75.11Cf.p. 1, n. 6.75.12Cf. XXIII, 113-122.75.13Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former times (1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old dictators held office for six months only; (2) his power extended to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had been created to accomplish someoneobject.75.14quisquis voluitcontains the subject ofoccīdit.75.15ut . . . imperāret: ‘that there might be people for him (Sulla) to rule over.’ Forquibus . . . imperāret, seep. 5, n. 3.76.1Novō . . . prōposuit: ‘He exposed to public view (in the Forum) a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’exemplō: abl. of manner.76.2prōscrīptiōnis: Latin often uses a gen. where English employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.76.3in eōs saevīvit: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’76.4ethical dat.: H 432 (389,N.2): M 541: A 235,e: G 351: B 188, 2,b.76.5Neque=et nōn, as often at the beginning of clauses.76.6cōnfodiō.76.7prōsternō.76.8These words all = ‘Lucky.’76.9‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’76.10‘remained intact.’76.11quī audēretis a rel. clause of result =tālis ut audēret. It characterizes or describes the antecedentadulēscēns. Seep. 73, n. 5.76.12in līmine iam: ‘when he was already at (on) his own threshold,’ i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make was not uttered till the last moment.77.3vēnandō . . . coepit: cf. I, 21,vēnandō . . . coepērunt, and note.77.4Cf.p. 64, n. 2.77.5amānsis treated here as an adj., and so construed with the gen. Cf.cupidus voluptātum,l. 59.77.6‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal in the Forum.77.7Cf.p. 11, n. 9.77.8Sc.erat.77.9numquam . . . vituperandus(est): ‘can never be blamed enough.’ Innegativesentences the gerundive often conveys this idea of possibility. For its other meanings, seep. 39, n. 11.77.10parcō.Text-only versionXXV.Lūcius LūcullusLūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. InAsiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam11laude12prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus13aedīlis,B.C.74.continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum14prōmōtus est, quem5ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingeniumāgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum1bellum missus ā senātūnōn modo opīniōnem vīcit2omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrumducum. Idque eō3fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus4imperātōrianōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī5operā,10quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in6Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sedincrēdibilis quaedam7ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs8dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter9et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsissetpartim in percontandō ā perītīs,10partim in rēbus11gestīslegendīs, in Asiam factus12imperātor vēnit, cum esset Rōmā15profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.13Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātemsaepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,14rēgum māximum, inArmeniā vīcit, ultimamque15bellō manum magis nōluit impōnere,quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis16et bellō paene20invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamenideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquamdē Mithridāte triumphāvit,17abiectā omnium rērum cūrā coepitdēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē etimmēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum18mare25ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs1marī iniēcit; inaliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haudīnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum2vocāre adsuēverat.3see captionVĪLLAHabēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū4et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam.Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod30ea habitātiō esset5quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minuscommoda vidērētur5; cuī Lūcullus “Putāsne” inquit “mē minussapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?”Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus.Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote6sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum35graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisselautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset5ad cēnam invītātus,“Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullumhodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?”Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et40multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit1ūtendōs.Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut adMūsārum2aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi iūcundēinter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīsversābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam45ambulābat.Skip tonext selection.
Skip tonext selection.
68.1In 157B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.68.2Sc.Āfricānō Minōre.68.3=dēposuit: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’68.4impigram . . . alacritātem: ‘his energetic eagerness in the direction of (ad),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to face,’ etc.68.5i.e. Scipio.68.6Subject ofdūcere,l. 11.68.7=quī missus erat. Cf.coeptum,l. 15, andp. xxiv, L1.68.8crīminātus . . . dūcere: ‘charged him with prolonging.’crīminārīis treated here as a verb of saying.68.9=prōdūcere, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf. n. 3 above.68.10sī . . . redāctūrum: the words of Marius, reported in indir. disc. Cf.p. xxv, M 4, 7.68.11in . . . suffectus: ‘he was appointed to supersede Metellus.’ How literally?68.12This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.68.13ōrantēsmay be explained (1) as =quī pācem ōrābant(cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so =quī pācem ōrārent. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part. active is commonly employed, not the present.68.14See next selection.69.1The Tullianum: see illustration onp. 16.69.2‘of one smiling.’ Join withmodum.69.3The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as early as 113B.C.Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the way (cf.l. 34below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the natives.69.4For the position ofcum, seep. 19, n. 8.69.5Sc.petere, or betteradipīscī, ‘to secure.’69.6Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; Q. Servilius Caepio, 105.70.1Sc.sunt.70.2Āctum . . . fuisset: ‘it was all up with the Romans had there not been a Marius.’ Foreratwe should have expectedesset, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually was inevitable but for one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308,b: G 597, 2: B 304, 3.70.3nisi . . . fuisset: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if it hadn’t been for Marius.’70.4in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.70.5‘that ran through (the valley).’70.6dat. of possession witherat(to be supplied). On the whole sentenceVallem . . . cōpia, seep. 5, n. 13.70.7Virī . . . habētis: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of sayingSī virī(‘true men’)estis, etc., i.e. the getting of water depends wholly on your own courage.70.8‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.70.9Sc.in flūmen.70.10Cf.p. 68, n. 13.70.11Quaerente . . . nōmināssent= two temporal clauses: ‘when Marius had asked . . . and they had named.’70.12‘Never mind.’71.1sē . . . habērī: ‘that they were being mocked.’lūdibriōis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.71.2pulvis . . . ferrētur: cf.XX, lines 7 and 8.71.3at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.71.4prōsternō.71.5‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.71.6Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.71.7ēlīdō.71.8mūtuīs . . . vulneribus: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’71.9ab . . . pependērunt: ‘hungfromtrees’ = ‘hanged themselvestotrees.’71.10ut . . . hominī: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.71.11ēvectō: ‘when he had been elevated.’eī . . . ēvectōmay also be rendered ‘his elevation.’71.12Sc.esse.71.13The part. gives the cause ofdōnāverat.71.14In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of thecomitia tribūta, or assembly in which the people met by tribes.72.1See next selection.72.2Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, 88-84B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia Minor and had entered Greece.72.3lēgem . . . tulit: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.72.4dēlitēscō.72.5oblinō.72.6servus pūblicus: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the phraseager pūblicus,p. 64, n. 9.72.7Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149B.C.72.8quem . . . laesisset(laedō): a causal rel. clause = ‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320,e: G 633: B 283, 3.72.9tamenlooks back toquī . . . obtinēbat,l. 102. The thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration (hūmānitātis aliquod officium) from Sextilius, though his official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to an outlaw.73.1L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic War.73.2variīs . . . adfēcit: ‘he punished in various ways.’73.3‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’73.4Cf.p. 2, n. 18.73.5quī . . . peteret: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 (503, I): M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283.73.6cīvīlī lūctū: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to his fellow-citizens.’73.7tacita . . . fuit: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense (quaedam) a criticism,’ etc.73.8ingentī . . . laetitiā: ‘to the great joy of every one’; cf.p. 27, n. 3.73.9Join withfacile, and seep. 19, n. 15.73.10armātus=bellō;togātus=pāce. Cf.l. 125. The toga was the regular dress of civilians.74.1Erat dūrior ad: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he had no liking for.’74.2‘culture.’74.3ingenuārum artium: ‘polite accomplishments.’74.4spernō.74.5abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244,d: G 396, and 3.74.6quod . . . prōfuissent: ‘because (so he declared) it had been of little service to its teachers in the direction of (attaining) virtue.’ Cf.quod . . . iūdicāret,l. 137, and seep. 14, n. 1.
68.1In 157B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.
68.2Sc.Āfricānō Minōre.
68.3=dēposuit: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’
68.4impigram . . . alacritātem: ‘his energetic eagerness in the direction of (ad),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to face,’ etc.
68.5i.e. Scipio.
68.6Subject ofdūcere,l. 11.
68.7=quī missus erat. Cf.coeptum,l. 15, andp. xxiv, L1.
68.8crīminātus . . . dūcere: ‘charged him with prolonging.’crīminārīis treated here as a verb of saying.
68.9=prōdūcere, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf. n. 3 above.
68.10sī . . . redāctūrum: the words of Marius, reported in indir. disc. Cf.p. xxv, M 4, 7.
68.11in . . . suffectus: ‘he was appointed to supersede Metellus.’ How literally?
68.12This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.
68.13ōrantēsmay be explained (1) as =quī pācem ōrābant(cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so =quī pācem ōrārent. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part. active is commonly employed, not the present.
68.14See next selection.
69.1The Tullianum: see illustration onp. 16.
69.2‘of one smiling.’ Join withmodum.
69.3The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as early as 113B.C.Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the way (cf.l. 34below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the natives.
69.4For the position ofcum, seep. 19, n. 8.
69.5Sc.petere, or betteradipīscī, ‘to secure.’
69.6Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; Q. Servilius Caepio, 105.
70.1Sc.sunt.
70.2Āctum . . . fuisset: ‘it was all up with the Romans had there not been a Marius.’ Foreratwe should have expectedesset, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually was inevitable but for one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308,b: G 597, 2: B 304, 3.
70.3nisi . . . fuisset: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if it hadn’t been for Marius.’
70.4in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.
70.5‘that ran through (the valley).’
70.6dat. of possession witherat(to be supplied). On the whole sentenceVallem . . . cōpia, seep. 5, n. 13.
70.7Virī . . . habētis: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of sayingSī virī(‘true men’)estis, etc., i.e. the getting of water depends wholly on your own courage.
70.8‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.
70.9Sc.in flūmen.
70.10Cf.p. 68, n. 13.
70.11Quaerente . . . nōmināssent= two temporal clauses: ‘when Marius had asked . . . and they had named.’
70.12‘Never mind.’
71.1sē . . . habērī: ‘that they were being mocked.’lūdibriōis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.
71.2pulvis . . . ferrētur: cf.XX, lines 7 and 8.
71.3at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.
71.4prōsternō.
71.5‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.
71.6Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.
71.7ēlīdō.
71.8mūtuīs . . . vulneribus: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’
71.9ab . . . pependērunt: ‘hungfromtrees’ = ‘hanged themselvestotrees.’
71.10ut . . . hominī: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.
71.11ēvectō: ‘when he had been elevated.’eī . . . ēvectōmay also be rendered ‘his elevation.’
71.12Sc.esse.
71.13The part. gives the cause ofdōnāverat.
71.14In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of thecomitia tribūta, or assembly in which the people met by tribes.
72.1See next selection.
72.2Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, 88-84B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia Minor and had entered Greece.
72.3lēgem . . . tulit: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.
72.4dēlitēscō.
72.5oblinō.
72.6servus pūblicus: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the phraseager pūblicus,p. 64, n. 9.
72.7Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149B.C.
72.8quem . . . laesisset(laedō): a causal rel. clause = ‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320,e: G 633: B 283, 3.
72.9tamenlooks back toquī . . . obtinēbat,l. 102. The thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration (hūmānitātis aliquod officium) from Sextilius, though his official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to an outlaw.
73.1L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic War.
73.2variīs . . . adfēcit: ‘he punished in various ways.’
73.3‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’
73.4Cf.p. 2, n. 18.
73.5quī . . . peteret: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 (503, I): M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283.
73.6cīvīlī lūctū: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to his fellow-citizens.’
73.7tacita . . . fuit: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense (quaedam) a criticism,’ etc.
73.8ingentī . . . laetitiā: ‘to the great joy of every one’; cf.p. 27, n. 3.
73.9Join withfacile, and seep. 19, n. 15.
73.10armātus=bellō;togātus=pāce. Cf.l. 125. The toga was the regular dress of civilians.
74.1Erat dūrior ad: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he had no liking for.’
74.2‘culture.’
74.3ingenuārum artium: ‘polite accomplishments.’
74.4spernō.
74.5abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244,d: G 396, and 3.
74.6quod . . . prōfuissent: ‘because (so he declared) it had been of little service to its teachers in the direction of (attaining) virtue.’ Cf.quod . . . iūdicāret,l. 137, and seep. 14, n. 1.
Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier7obvia“Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statimquaesīta8quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.9
Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō10quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī11cum12ūsque5ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae13artisamōre inquinātam perdūxisset,12C. Marius cōnsul molestētulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātusquaestor sorte14obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam inĀfricam vēnit, virtūs1ēnituit. Bellō2Cimbricō, lēgātus10cōnsulis3bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus, pulsōin exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem4profectus est. Mithridātēsenim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius,odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,5occupātā Asiā necātīsquein eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,6quōs quidem eādem diē15atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoqueĪtaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōsduōbus proeliīs7in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus inAsiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,8nisi ad bellumcīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque9pācem compōnere20māluisset.8Mithridātem tamen pecūniā10multāvit; Asiā11aliīsque prōvinciīs,11quās occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsquefīnibus contentum esse coēgit.
Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs12cum victōre exercitū Rōmamproperāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil25autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictātor13B.C.82.creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussitanimadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīviumin Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōsin urbe passim, quisquis14voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret Fūfidius30quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut15essent, quibus15imperāret.Novō1et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis2prōposuit,quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumqueomnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina.Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in3eōs saevīvit, quī35armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēspropter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit.Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cumlegēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum,“Vae” inquit “miserō mihi4! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.”40Neque5longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat,cōnfossus6est.
Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque7inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem8sēēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partūēdidisset, puerum Faustum8puellamque Faustam8nōminārī voluit.45Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnemB.C.78.dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cumamīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns,cūius modo9tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōnminus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās50cōnstitit,10quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēnsfuit, quī11audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūsmaledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virīmāximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīusadulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in1255līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet1nē quis2posthāctāle imperium dēpōnat.”
Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō3vītamagere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī,cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs4Graecīs atque60Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,5utsēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam dūxerit:nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,6Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,7nē quid2posteāscrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,8in iīs vērō, quae secūta65sunt, numquam9satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlissanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit,sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit10: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsīposteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs inflūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam70corrūpit.
Skip tonext selection.
74.7mulier obvia . . . inquit: ‘a woman met them and said.’74.8quaesīta . . . dīxisset: ‘though inquiries were made as to who had said this.’ How literally?dīxissetis a subjunctive of indir. question dependent onquaesīta: cf.p. 3, n. 2.74.9Cf. VIII, 43.74.10Cf. XXIII, 20.74.11i.e. Sulla.74.12Cf.p. 13, n. 20.74.13lūdicrae artis: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would call ‘the stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at will.74.14After the election of the quaestors their posts were assigned to them by lot.75.1‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that Jugurtha was captured.75.2Cf. XXIII, 49.75.3Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.75.4Cf.72, n. 2.75.5abl. of comparison withīnferior: cf.p. 10, n. 18.75.6This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.75.7At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were fought in 86.75.8Cf.p. 47, n. 12.75.9quālemcumque pācem: ‘peace on any terms.’75.10abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220,b: G 378,R.3: B 208, 2,b.75.11Cf.p. 1, n. 6.75.12Cf. XXIII, 113-122.75.13Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former times (1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old dictators held office for six months only; (2) his power extended to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had been created to accomplish someoneobject.75.14quisquis voluitcontains the subject ofoccīdit.75.15ut . . . imperāret: ‘that there might be people for him (Sulla) to rule over.’ Forquibus . . . imperāret, seep. 5, n. 3.76.1Novō . . . prōposuit: ‘He exposed to public view (in the Forum) a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’exemplō: abl. of manner.76.2prōscrīptiōnis: Latin often uses a gen. where English employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.76.3in eōs saevīvit: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’76.4ethical dat.: H 432 (389,N.2): M 541: A 235,e: G 351: B 188, 2,b.76.5Neque=et nōn, as often at the beginning of clauses.76.6cōnfodiō.76.7prōsternō.76.8These words all = ‘Lucky.’76.9‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’76.10‘remained intact.’76.11quī audēretis a rel. clause of result =tālis ut audēret. It characterizes or describes the antecedentadulēscēns. Seep. 73, n. 5.76.12in līmine iam: ‘when he was already at (on) his own threshold,’ i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make was not uttered till the last moment.77.3vēnandō . . . coepit: cf. I, 21,vēnandō . . . coepērunt, and note.77.4Cf.p. 64, n. 2.77.5amānsis treated here as an adj., and so construed with the gen. Cf.cupidus voluptātum,l. 59.77.6‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal in the Forum.77.7Cf.p. 11, n. 9.77.8Sc.erat.77.9numquam . . . vituperandus(est): ‘can never be blamed enough.’ Innegativesentences the gerundive often conveys this idea of possibility. For its other meanings, seep. 39, n. 11.77.10parcō.
74.7mulier obvia . . . inquit: ‘a woman met them and said.’
74.8quaesīta . . . dīxisset: ‘though inquiries were made as to who had said this.’ How literally?dīxissetis a subjunctive of indir. question dependent onquaesīta: cf.p. 3, n. 2.
74.9Cf. VIII, 43.
74.10Cf. XXIII, 20.
74.11i.e. Sulla.
74.12Cf.p. 13, n. 20.
74.13lūdicrae artis: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would call ‘the stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at will.
74.14After the election of the quaestors their posts were assigned to them by lot.
75.1‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that Jugurtha was captured.
75.2Cf. XXIII, 49.
75.3Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.
75.4Cf.72, n. 2.
75.5abl. of comparison withīnferior: cf.p. 10, n. 18.
75.6This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.
75.7At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were fought in 86.
75.8Cf.p. 47, n. 12.
75.9quālemcumque pācem: ‘peace on any terms.’
75.10abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220,b: G 378,R.3: B 208, 2,b.
75.11Cf.p. 1, n. 6.
75.12Cf. XXIII, 113-122.
75.13Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former times (1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old dictators held office for six months only; (2) his power extended to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had been created to accomplish someoneobject.
75.14quisquis voluitcontains the subject ofoccīdit.
75.15ut . . . imperāret: ‘that there might be people for him (Sulla) to rule over.’ Forquibus . . . imperāret, seep. 5, n. 3.
76.1Novō . . . prōposuit: ‘He exposed to public view (in the Forum) a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’exemplō: abl. of manner.
76.2prōscrīptiōnis: Latin often uses a gen. where English employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.
76.3in eōs saevīvit: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’
76.4ethical dat.: H 432 (389,N.2): M 541: A 235,e: G 351: B 188, 2,b.
76.5Neque=et nōn, as often at the beginning of clauses.
76.6cōnfodiō.
76.7prōsternō.
76.8These words all = ‘Lucky.’
76.9‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’
76.10‘remained intact.’
76.11quī audēretis a rel. clause of result =tālis ut audēret. It characterizes or describes the antecedentadulēscēns. Seep. 73, n. 5.
76.12in līmine iam: ‘when he was already at (on) his own threshold,’ i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make was not uttered till the last moment.
77.3vēnandō . . . coepit: cf. I, 21,vēnandō . . . coepērunt, and note.
77.4Cf.p. 64, n. 2.
77.5amānsis treated here as an adj., and so construed with the gen. Cf.cupidus voluptātum,l. 59.
77.6‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal in the Forum.
77.7Cf.p. 11, n. 9.
77.8Sc.erat.
77.9numquam . . . vituperandus(est): ‘can never be blamed enough.’ Innegativesentences the gerundive often conveys this idea of possibility. For its other meanings, seep. 39, n. 11.
77.10parcō.
Lūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. InAsiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam11laude12prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus13aedīlis,B.C.74.continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum14prōmōtus est, quem5ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingeniumāgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum1bellum missus ā senātūnōn modo opīniōnem vīcit2omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrumducum. Idque eō3fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus4imperātōrianōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī5operā,10quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in6Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sedincrēdibilis quaedam7ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs8dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter9et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsissetpartim in percontandō ā perītīs,10partim in rēbus11gestīslegendīs, in Asiam factus12imperātor vēnit, cum esset Rōmā15profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.13
Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātemsaepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,14rēgum māximum, inArmeniā vīcit, ultimamque15bellō manum magis nōluit impōnere,quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis16et bellō paene20invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamenideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquamdē Mithridāte triumphāvit,17abiectā omnium rērum cūrā coepitdēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē etimmēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum18mare25ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs1marī iniēcit; inaliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haudīnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum2vocāre adsuēverat.3
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VĪLLA
Habēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū4et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam.Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod30ea habitātiō esset5quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minuscommoda vidērētur5; cuī Lūcullus “Putāsne” inquit “mē minussapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?”Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus.Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote6sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum35graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisselautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset5ad cēnam invītātus,“Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullumhodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?”
Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et40multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit1ūtendōs.Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut adMūsārum2aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi iūcundēinter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīsversābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam45ambulābat.
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