8.4Seep. 7, n. 17.8.5Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum: ‘from Cures, a town of the Sabines.’ H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258,a: G 391: B 229, 1. ‘AtCures, a town of the Sabines,’ would beCuribus, in oppidō Sabīnōrum. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a given point.8.6ut . . . mītigāret: purpose clause, to be joined with what follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they modify.8.7īgnem . . . alendum: for the form of expression, seep. 2, n. 18.8.8Flāminem . . . creāvit: ‘he appointed a priest to be Jupiter’s Flamen.’ See Vocab.,flāmen.8.9The distinctive parts of the dress worn by theFlāminēswere (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of olive wood, calledapex; (2) thetoga praetexta(see Vocab.,toga); and (3) a laurel crown.8.10See Vocab.,sella.8.11Cf.p. 7, n. 12.8.12ēliciō.8.13The Romans derived many omens from thunder.Prōcūrāreis the technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful effects by sacrifices.9.1‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase ‘a certain man.’ In that sensequīdamis used.9.2aedēs rēgiās: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings doesaedēsbear?9.3‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.9.4Why subjunctive? Seep. 3, n. 2.9.5scindō.dēlābitur . . . scūtum: ‘the heavens were opened and a shield descended.’9.6Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of thisancīleRome’s power was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in guarding it.9.7Saliōs . . . fēcit: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of Mars.’9.8Why subjunctive? Cf.p. 5, n. 3.9.9Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained only ten months, a statement hardly credible.9.10nefāstōs . . . fēcit: ‘he made a distinction betweendiēs nefāstīanddiēs fāstī.’ See Vocab.,fāstusandnefāstus.9.11Cf.p. 8, n. 1.9.12‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an arch.9.13Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively ‘when open,’ ‘when shut.’ They agree withIānusunderstood, which means the temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple remained open till 235B.C.It was opened again in the same year, and not closed till 29B.C.9.14Lēgēs quoque: ‘Lawstoo,’ i.e. laws as well as religious ceremonies and priestly orders.9.15īnstitūtīs: dative withconciliāret.10.1How different in meaning fromdissimulāns, II, 9?10.2sibi . . . esse conloquia: ‘that he had conversations.’sibiis dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190.10.3ēius monitū: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf.quōrum cōnsiliō, II, 41.10.4quem medium: ‘the middle of which.’10.5Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’10.6velut . . . deae: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet the goddess’;velutis used here asquasiis in I, 28. Seenote there. Forad congressumseep. 3, n. 8.deaeis dat. after the prefix incongressum; cf. H 429 (386): M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III.10.7itaandeāreinforce each other. ‘To such a degree (ita), and with such (eā) piety,’ etc.10.8Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’fidēs ac iūsiūrandumtogether = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to the restraints of the law.10.9subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: G 552, 2: B 284.10.10quidemis concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ Hencequidem . . . sed=quamquam . . . sed tamen.10.11Sc.prōfuerat.10.12Morbō exstīnctus(exstinguō) means that he died a natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7.10.13sepeliō.10.14duo deinceps rēgēs: ‘twosuccessivekings.’ When an adverb likedeincepsstands between an adjective and a noun, it has the value of an adjective.10.15acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: G 336: B 181. See alsop. xvii, D 1.Text-only versionIV.Tullus Hostīlius, Rōmānōrum rēx tertius673-641B.C.Mortuō16Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōnsōlum proximō17rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō18fuit.Eō rēgnante1bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum2est.Ducibus3Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem4paucōrum certāmine55fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apudAlbānōs Cūriātiī. Cum6eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisquepatriā dīmicent7ferrō. Foedus8īctum est eā9lēge, ut, unde10victōria, ibi imperium esset.Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās10aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datursīgnum, īnfēstīque11armīs ternī12iuvenēs, māgnōrum13exercituumanimōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre14arma micantēsque fulsēre15gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs16perstringit. Cōnsertīs17deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius15super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt18; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad19cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōsiam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiīcircumsteterant.20Forte21is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impārerat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,22singulōs23per intervālla20secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum1spatiī ex eō locō,ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīshaud procul ab sēsē abesse. In2eum māgnō impetū redit,et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat3Cūriātiīs ut opem ferantfrātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum4deinde, priusquam525tertius posset5cōnsequī, interfēcit.Iam singulī6supererant,7sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.8Alter9erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx10; alter fessum11vulnere,fessum cursū trahēbat12corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,1330iacentem14spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs15ac grātulantēs Horātiumaccipiunt et domum16dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium frātrumspolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī17obvia fuit soror, quae dēspōnsafuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque18super umerōs frātris palūdāmentōspōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs19solvere coepit. Movet35ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō;itaque strictō20gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs21increpāns:“Abī22hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta23frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,1quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbithostem.”40Atrōx id vīsum est facinus2patribus3plēbīque; quārē raptusest in iūs4Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam accesseratlīctor5iniciēbatque6laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum prōvocāvit.Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūrecaesam7esse; et iuvenem amplexus8spoliaque Cūriātiōrumsee captionFASCĒS45ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē9sē, quem paulōante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,10orbumlīberīs11faceret.9Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimāsiuvenemque12absolvit admīrātiōne13magisvirtūtis quam iūre13causae. Ut tamen caedēs50manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam14sacrificiīsperāctīs trānsmīsit per viam15tigillum et fīliumcapite adopertō velut sub iugum16mīsit; quodtigillumSorōrium17appellātum est.Nōn diū pāx18Albāna mānsit19; nam Mettius55Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum20sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret,20quod1bellum ūnō2paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut3rem corrigeret,Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse,ā Tullō in4auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut fortūnambellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā5rē Tullus intellēctā60māgnā vōce ait6suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergōcircumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterōdiē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīusquadrīgīs7religātus et in8dīversa distrāctus9est. Deinde Tullus Albampropter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.1065Rōma interim crēvit11Albae ruīnīs12; duplicātus est cīviumnumerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō13frequentiushabitārētur,13eam14sēdem Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde habitāvit.Auctārum15vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus16bellum Sabīnīs indīxit. Pēstilentiaīnsecūta1est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat70enim rēx bellicōsus2salūbriōra mīlitiae3quam domī esseiuvenum4corpora, sed ipse quoque5diuturnō morbō est implicitus.Tunc vērō adeō6frāctī7simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs8illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret. MemorantTullum fulmine9īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus75māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.Skip tonext selection.10.16Mortuō Numā: abl. abs. =post Numae mortem.10.17proximō rēgī: ‘his predecessor.’ Join withdissimilis, which has the same constructions assimilis(p. 3, n. 12).Proximusmay mean ‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest (in the future)’ = ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.10.18abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217.11.1Eō rēgnante: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines3, 5,18,37, and40? Cf.p. xxii, K 1.11.2exorior.11.3Ducibus . . . placuit: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The subject ofplacuitis the clauserem . . . fīnīrī.11.4The meanings ofrēsare extremely varied. Hereremmay be translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically =bellumabove. For the mood offīnīrī, seep. 6, n. 16.11.5The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended.11.6Cum . . . rēgēs: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?11.7Cf.p. 1, n. 5.11.8Cf.p. 6, n. 21.11.9eā lēge ut: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the proviso (lēge) that.’ The clauseut . . . essetexpresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.11.10Sc.fuisset.unde=quā ex parte. We would rather say, ‘onwhich side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one ofmotion froma place where the English views it rather as that ofrest ata point. Why?11.11īnfēstī armīs: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with hostile arms.’11.12‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the adjective?11.13māgnōrum . . . gerentēs: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty armies.’ So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’11.14increpuēredescribes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields.11.15fulgeō.11.16=spectātōrēs.11.17cōnserō.11.18cadō.11.19Ad cāsum: we say ‘atthe fall,’ but the Latin thinks of the shout as risingagainst(i.e. to greet) the fall.11.20circumstō.11.21Cf.p. 5, n. 19.11.22fugam capessīvit: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to one’s heels.’11.23singulōs per intervālla: ‘one by one, at intervals.’12.1aliquantum spatiī: ‘some distance.’spatiīis a partitive genitive;aliquantumis an acc. of extent of space: H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.12.2In . . . redit(redeō): ‘he turned and made a furious attack upon him.’ How literally?12.3inclāmat . . . ferant: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear aid.’ Forinclāmat, seep. 3, n. 14.12.4=secundum, as often.12.5H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.12.6‘one on each side.’ Cf.ternī,l. 11, and note there.12.7supersum.12.8‘equally matched.’12.9alter . . . alter: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ Withintāctuscf.integer,l. 18.12.10‘inspirited, emboldened.’12.11The repetition offessumgives emphasis by dwelling upon the fact.12.12‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we would rendermale sustinentem arma,l. 29, as ‘barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.’12.13=occidit.12.14‘as he lay prostrate.’12.15ovantēs ac grātulantēs: ‘with rejoicing and congratulations.’ Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force.12.16accus. of limit of motion; cf.p. 3, n. 4.12.17Cf.p. 4, n. 3.12.18vīsō . . . spōnsī: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. Cf.p. 1, n. 4.12.19crīnēs solvere: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf.crinibus passīs, II, 36.12.20stringō.12.21verbīs increpāns: cf.hīs increpāns verbīs, I, 46.12.22abeō.12.23oblīta(oblivīscor)frātrum: ‘you who have forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitivesfrātrumandpatriae, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376: B 206, 1. Cf. the English ‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition ofoblītaseen. 11.13.1‘fare, perish.’ The subject isfēmina, orilla fēmina, as suggested byquaecumque. How? With the whole sentence cf.Sīc . . . mea, I, 47, and see note there.13.2facinus, by its derivation fromfaciō, properly = ‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’13.3=senātōribus, who were officially styledPatrēs Cōnscrīptī.patribus plēbīquevirtually =omnibus.13.4‘court.’13.5See Vocab.,līctor.13.6The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) putting on.’13.7caedō.13.8amplector.13.9clause of negative purpose: seep. 9, n. 6.13.10cōnspiciō. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by attraction tofaceret, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342: G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc.13.11abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6), to be joined withorbum faceret, which =orbāret.13.12After a negative clause the Romans often usequeoret, where the English idiom requiresbut.13.13why abl.? seep. 4, n. 1.13.14Cf.p. 6, n. 21.13.15‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the slope of the Esquiline Hill.13.16See Vocab.,iugum. The father of Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the sentence of death passed by the judges.13.17Sc.Tigillum. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of this fight was thePīla(‘Column’)Horātia, adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the Curiatii.13.18pāx Albāna=pāx cum Albā īcta.13.19maneō.13.20cum . . . vidēret: subjunctive of cause. Seep. 2, n. 13;p. 4, n. 12; andp. xx, H 2.14.1quod . . . fīnīsset: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ subjects. Seep. xxi, H 4.14.2ūnō . . . certāmine: ‘by one contest (only), and that a contest in which but few fought.’ Cf.l. 4.14.3ut . . . corrigeret: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows.14.4in auxilium: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. Cf.ad supplicium, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7).14.5Quā rē . . . intellēctā(intellegō): ‘when he noticed this state of things.’ Forquā, seep. 4, n. 3.14.6ait . . . circumvenīrentur: Tullus’ purpose in making this statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery.14.7abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6).ligāreand its compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or (2) the ablative withab,dē, orex.14.8in . . . est: ‘was torn limb from limb.’14.9distrahō.14.10iubeō.14.11crēscō.14.12abl. of means.14.13quō . . . habitārētur: ‘that it might be more densely inhabited,’ i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative,quōis used instead ofut: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317,b: G 545, 2; B 282,a. Thisquōis the abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and =ut eō, ‘that thereby.’14.14eam . . . cēpit(capiō): ‘Tullus chose it (the mountain) as the site of his palace,’ Why iseamfeminine, although referring tomōns Caelius, which is masculine? Cf.p. 5, n. 14.14.15Auctārum . . . fīdūciā: ‘because of the confidence (begotten) of his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in his increased strength.’ In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.14.16efferō.15.1īnsequor.15.2bellicōsus= a causal clausequod ipse bellicōsus erat.15.3mīlitiae quam domī: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258,d: G. 411,R.2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.15.4= ‘the fighting men,’ becauseiuvenēs(men under 45) were eligible for military duty.15.5sed ipse quoque: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he too.’15.6‘so completely.’15.7frangō.15.8spīritūs illī ferōcēs: ‘that high spirit of his’;illī= ‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf.l. 2.15.9fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse=fulmine īctum esse et cōnflagrāsse. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that common subject. Cf.p. 2, n. 8, andp. xxiv, L 5.Text-only versionV.Ancus Mārcius, Rōmānōrum rēx quārtus641-616B.C.see captionNUMA AND ANCUSMĀRCIUSTullō mortuō10Ancum Mārcium rēgem11populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōsAncus Mārcius erat, aequitāte12etreligiōne12avō similis. Tunc Latīnī, cum quibus5Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat,sustulerant13animōs, et incursiōnem in agrumRōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam14eīsbellum indīceret,14lēgātum mīsit, quī15rēsrepeteret, eumque1mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc10modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēsrepetuntur, capite2vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit3“audīte,fīnēs hūius4populī. Ego sum pūblicus5nūntius populī Rōmānī;verbīs6meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn dēdunturrēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque15ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur,Fētiālis7rītusque bellīindīcendīIūs Fētiāleappellātur.Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum8est ā Latīnīs;quārē bellum hōc9modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitūsee captionCARCER MAMERTĪNUScōnscrīptō, profectus10Latīnōs fūdit et20complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmamtrādūxit11. Cum12autem in tantā hominummultitūdine facinora clandestīnafierent, Ancus carcerem13in mediā urbead14terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit.25Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit,Iāniculum montem ponte15subliciōin Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre1Tiberis Ōstiam urbemcondidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs;immātūrā morte praereptus obiit.Skip tonext selection.
8.4Seep. 7, n. 17.8.5Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum: ‘from Cures, a town of the Sabines.’ H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258,a: G 391: B 229, 1. ‘AtCures, a town of the Sabines,’ would beCuribus, in oppidō Sabīnōrum. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a given point.8.6ut . . . mītigāret: purpose clause, to be joined with what follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they modify.8.7īgnem . . . alendum: for the form of expression, seep. 2, n. 18.8.8Flāminem . . . creāvit: ‘he appointed a priest to be Jupiter’s Flamen.’ See Vocab.,flāmen.8.9The distinctive parts of the dress worn by theFlāminēswere (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of olive wood, calledapex; (2) thetoga praetexta(see Vocab.,toga); and (3) a laurel crown.8.10See Vocab.,sella.8.11Cf.p. 7, n. 12.8.12ēliciō.8.13The Romans derived many omens from thunder.Prōcūrāreis the technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful effects by sacrifices.9.1‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase ‘a certain man.’ In that sensequīdamis used.9.2aedēs rēgiās: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings doesaedēsbear?9.3‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.9.4Why subjunctive? Seep. 3, n. 2.9.5scindō.dēlābitur . . . scūtum: ‘the heavens were opened and a shield descended.’9.6Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of thisancīleRome’s power was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in guarding it.9.7Saliōs . . . fēcit: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of Mars.’9.8Why subjunctive? Cf.p. 5, n. 3.9.9Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained only ten months, a statement hardly credible.9.10nefāstōs . . . fēcit: ‘he made a distinction betweendiēs nefāstīanddiēs fāstī.’ See Vocab.,fāstusandnefāstus.9.11Cf.p. 8, n. 1.9.12‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an arch.9.13Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively ‘when open,’ ‘when shut.’ They agree withIānusunderstood, which means the temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple remained open till 235B.C.It was opened again in the same year, and not closed till 29B.C.9.14Lēgēs quoque: ‘Lawstoo,’ i.e. laws as well as religious ceremonies and priestly orders.9.15īnstitūtīs: dative withconciliāret.10.1How different in meaning fromdissimulāns, II, 9?10.2sibi . . . esse conloquia: ‘that he had conversations.’sibiis dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190.10.3ēius monitū: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf.quōrum cōnsiliō, II, 41.10.4quem medium: ‘the middle of which.’10.5Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’10.6velut . . . deae: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet the goddess’;velutis used here asquasiis in I, 28. Seenote there. Forad congressumseep. 3, n. 8.deaeis dat. after the prefix incongressum; cf. H 429 (386): M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III.10.7itaandeāreinforce each other. ‘To such a degree (ita), and with such (eā) piety,’ etc.10.8Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’fidēs ac iūsiūrandumtogether = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to the restraints of the law.10.9subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: G 552, 2: B 284.10.10quidemis concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ Hencequidem . . . sed=quamquam . . . sed tamen.10.11Sc.prōfuerat.10.12Morbō exstīnctus(exstinguō) means that he died a natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7.10.13sepeliō.10.14duo deinceps rēgēs: ‘twosuccessivekings.’ When an adverb likedeincepsstands between an adjective and a noun, it has the value of an adjective.10.15acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: G 336: B 181. See alsop. xvii, D 1.
8.4Seep. 7, n. 17.
8.5Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum: ‘from Cures, a town of the Sabines.’ H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258,a: G 391: B 229, 1. ‘AtCures, a town of the Sabines,’ would beCuribus, in oppidō Sabīnōrum. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a given point.
8.6ut . . . mītigāret: purpose clause, to be joined with what follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they modify.
8.7īgnem . . . alendum: for the form of expression, seep. 2, n. 18.
8.8Flāminem . . . creāvit: ‘he appointed a priest to be Jupiter’s Flamen.’ See Vocab.,flāmen.
8.9The distinctive parts of the dress worn by theFlāminēswere (1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of olive wood, calledapex; (2) thetoga praetexta(see Vocab.,toga); and (3) a laurel crown.
8.10See Vocab.,sella.
8.11Cf.p. 7, n. 12.
8.12ēliciō.
8.13The Romans derived many omens from thunder.Prōcūrāreis the technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful effects by sacrifices.
9.1‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase ‘a certain man.’ In that sensequīdamis used.
9.2aedēs rēgiās: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings doesaedēsbear?
9.3‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.
9.4Why subjunctive? Seep. 3, n. 2.
9.5scindō.dēlābitur . . . scūtum: ‘the heavens were opened and a shield descended.’
9.6Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of thisancīleRome’s power was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in guarding it.
9.7Saliōs . . . fēcit: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of Mars.’
9.8Why subjunctive? Cf.p. 5, n. 3.
9.9Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained only ten months, a statement hardly credible.
9.10nefāstōs . . . fēcit: ‘he made a distinction betweendiēs nefāstīanddiēs fāstī.’ See Vocab.,fāstusandnefāstus.
9.11Cf.p. 8, n. 1.
9.12‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an arch.
9.13Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively ‘when open,’ ‘when shut.’ They agree withIānusunderstood, which means the temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple remained open till 235B.C.It was opened again in the same year, and not closed till 29B.C.
9.14Lēgēs quoque: ‘Lawstoo,’ i.e. laws as well as religious ceremonies and priestly orders.
9.15īnstitūtīs: dative withconciliāret.
10.1How different in meaning fromdissimulāns, II, 9?
10.2sibi . . . esse conloquia: ‘that he had conversations.’sibiis dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190.
10.3ēius monitū: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf.quōrum cōnsiliō, II, 41.
10.4quem medium: ‘the middle of which.’
10.5Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’
10.6velut . . . deae: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet the goddess’;velutis used here asquasiis in I, 28. Seenote there. Forad congressumseep. 3, n. 8.deaeis dat. after the prefix incongressum; cf. H 429 (386): M 532: A 228: G 347: B 187, III.
10.7itaandeāreinforce each other. ‘To such a degree (ita), and with such (eā) piety,’ etc.
10.8Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’fidēs ac iūsiūrandumtogether = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to the restraints of the law.
10.9subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: G 552, 2: B 284.
10.10quidemis concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ Hencequidem . . . sed=quamquam . . . sed tamen.
10.11Sc.prōfuerat.
10.12Morbō exstīnctus(exstinguō) means that he died a natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of Romulus, as described on page 7.
10.13sepeliō.
10.14duo deinceps rēgēs: ‘twosuccessivekings.’ When an adverb likedeincepsstands between an adjective and a noun, it has the value of an adjective.
10.15acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: G 336: B 181. See alsop. xvii, D 1.
Mortuō16Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōnsōlum proximō17rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō18fuit.Eō rēgnante1bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum2est.Ducibus3Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem4paucōrum certāmine55fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apudAlbānōs Cūriātiī. Cum6eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisquepatriā dīmicent7ferrō. Foedus8īctum est eā9lēge, ut, unde10victōria, ibi imperium esset.
Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās10aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datursīgnum, īnfēstīque11armīs ternī12iuvenēs, māgnōrum13exercituumanimōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre14arma micantēsque fulsēre15gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs16perstringit. Cōnsertīs17deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius15super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt18; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad19cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōsiam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiīcircumsteterant.20Forte21is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impārerat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,22singulōs23per intervālla20secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum1spatiī ex eō locō,ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīshaud procul ab sēsē abesse. In2eum māgnō impetū redit,et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat3Cūriātiīs ut opem ferantfrātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum4deinde, priusquam525tertius posset5cōnsequī, interfēcit.
Iam singulī6supererant,7sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.8Alter9erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx10; alter fessum11vulnere,fessum cursū trahēbat12corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,1330iacentem14spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs15ac grātulantēs Horātiumaccipiunt et domum16dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium frātrumspolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī17obvia fuit soror, quae dēspōnsafuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque18super umerōs frātris palūdāmentōspōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs19solvere coepit. Movet35ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō;itaque strictō20gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs21increpāns:“Abī22hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta23frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,1quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbithostem.”
40Atrōx id vīsum est facinus2patribus3plēbīque; quārē raptusest in iūs4Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam accesseratlīctor5iniciēbatque6laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum prōvocāvit.Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūrecaesam7esse; et iuvenem amplexus8spoliaque Cūriātiōrumsee captionFASCĒS45ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē9sē, quem paulōante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,10orbumlīberīs11faceret.9Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimāsiuvenemque12absolvit admīrātiōne13magisvirtūtis quam iūre13causae. Ut tamen caedēs50manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam14sacrificiīsperāctīs trānsmīsit per viam15tigillum et fīliumcapite adopertō velut sub iugum16mīsit; quodtigillumSorōrium17appellātum est.
Nōn diū pāx18Albāna mānsit19; nam Mettius55Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum20sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret,20quod1bellum ūnō2paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut3rem corrigeret,Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse,ā Tullō in4auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut fortūnambellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā5rē Tullus intellēctā60māgnā vōce ait6suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergōcircumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterōdiē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīusquadrīgīs7religātus et in8dīversa distrāctus9est. Deinde Tullus Albampropter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.10
65Rōma interim crēvit11Albae ruīnīs12; duplicātus est cīviumnumerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō13frequentiushabitārētur,13eam14sēdem Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde habitāvit.Auctārum15vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus16bellum Sabīnīs indīxit. Pēstilentiaīnsecūta1est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat70enim rēx bellicōsus2salūbriōra mīlitiae3quam domī esseiuvenum4corpora, sed ipse quoque5diuturnō morbō est implicitus.Tunc vērō adeō6frāctī7simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs8illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret. MemorantTullum fulmine9īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus75māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.
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10.16Mortuō Numā: abl. abs. =post Numae mortem.10.17proximō rēgī: ‘his predecessor.’ Join withdissimilis, which has the same constructions assimilis(p. 3, n. 12).Proximusmay mean ‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest (in the future)’ = ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.10.18abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217.11.1Eō rēgnante: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines3, 5,18,37, and40? Cf.p. xxii, K 1.11.2exorior.11.3Ducibus . . . placuit: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The subject ofplacuitis the clauserem . . . fīnīrī.11.4The meanings ofrēsare extremely varied. Hereremmay be translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically =bellumabove. For the mood offīnīrī, seep. 6, n. 16.11.5The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended.11.6Cum . . . rēgēs: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?11.7Cf.p. 1, n. 5.11.8Cf.p. 6, n. 21.11.9eā lēge ut: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the proviso (lēge) that.’ The clauseut . . . essetexpresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.11.10Sc.fuisset.unde=quā ex parte. We would rather say, ‘onwhich side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one ofmotion froma place where the English views it rather as that ofrest ata point. Why?11.11īnfēstī armīs: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with hostile arms.’11.12‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the adjective?11.13māgnōrum . . . gerentēs: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty armies.’ So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’11.14increpuēredescribes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields.11.15fulgeō.11.16=spectātōrēs.11.17cōnserō.11.18cadō.11.19Ad cāsum: we say ‘atthe fall,’ but the Latin thinks of the shout as risingagainst(i.e. to greet) the fall.11.20circumstō.11.21Cf.p. 5, n. 19.11.22fugam capessīvit: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to one’s heels.’11.23singulōs per intervālla: ‘one by one, at intervals.’12.1aliquantum spatiī: ‘some distance.’spatiīis a partitive genitive;aliquantumis an acc. of extent of space: H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.12.2In . . . redit(redeō): ‘he turned and made a furious attack upon him.’ How literally?12.3inclāmat . . . ferant: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear aid.’ Forinclāmat, seep. 3, n. 14.12.4=secundum, as often.12.5H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.12.6‘one on each side.’ Cf.ternī,l. 11, and note there.12.7supersum.12.8‘equally matched.’12.9alter . . . alter: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ Withintāctuscf.integer,l. 18.12.10‘inspirited, emboldened.’12.11The repetition offessumgives emphasis by dwelling upon the fact.12.12‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we would rendermale sustinentem arma,l. 29, as ‘barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.’12.13=occidit.12.14‘as he lay prostrate.’12.15ovantēs ac grātulantēs: ‘with rejoicing and congratulations.’ Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force.12.16accus. of limit of motion; cf.p. 3, n. 4.12.17Cf.p. 4, n. 3.12.18vīsō . . . spōnsī: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. Cf.p. 1, n. 4.12.19crīnēs solvere: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf.crinibus passīs, II, 36.12.20stringō.12.21verbīs increpāns: cf.hīs increpāns verbīs, I, 46.12.22abeō.12.23oblīta(oblivīscor)frātrum: ‘you who have forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitivesfrātrumandpatriae, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376: B 206, 1. Cf. the English ‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition ofoblītaseen. 11.13.1‘fare, perish.’ The subject isfēmina, orilla fēmina, as suggested byquaecumque. How? With the whole sentence cf.Sīc . . . mea, I, 47, and see note there.13.2facinus, by its derivation fromfaciō, properly = ‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’13.3=senātōribus, who were officially styledPatrēs Cōnscrīptī.patribus plēbīquevirtually =omnibus.13.4‘court.’13.5See Vocab.,līctor.13.6The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) putting on.’13.7caedō.13.8amplector.13.9clause of negative purpose: seep. 9, n. 6.13.10cōnspiciō. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by attraction tofaceret, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342: G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc.13.11abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6), to be joined withorbum faceret, which =orbāret.13.12After a negative clause the Romans often usequeoret, where the English idiom requiresbut.13.13why abl.? seep. 4, n. 1.13.14Cf.p. 6, n. 21.13.15‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the slope of the Esquiline Hill.13.16See Vocab.,iugum. The father of Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the sentence of death passed by the judges.13.17Sc.Tigillum. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of this fight was thePīla(‘Column’)Horātia, adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the Curiatii.13.18pāx Albāna=pāx cum Albā īcta.13.19maneō.13.20cum . . . vidēret: subjunctive of cause. Seep. 2, n. 13;p. 4, n. 12; andp. xx, H 2.14.1quod . . . fīnīsset: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ subjects. Seep. xxi, H 4.14.2ūnō . . . certāmine: ‘by one contest (only), and that a contest in which but few fought.’ Cf.l. 4.14.3ut . . . corrigeret: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows.14.4in auxilium: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. Cf.ad supplicium, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7).14.5Quā rē . . . intellēctā(intellegō): ‘when he noticed this state of things.’ Forquā, seep. 4, n. 3.14.6ait . . . circumvenīrentur: Tullus’ purpose in making this statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery.14.7abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6).ligāreand its compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or (2) the ablative withab,dē, orex.14.8in . . . est: ‘was torn limb from limb.’14.9distrahō.14.10iubeō.14.11crēscō.14.12abl. of means.14.13quō . . . habitārētur: ‘that it might be more densely inhabited,’ i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative,quōis used instead ofut: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317,b: G 545, 2; B 282,a. Thisquōis the abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and =ut eō, ‘that thereby.’14.14eam . . . cēpit(capiō): ‘Tullus chose it (the mountain) as the site of his palace,’ Why iseamfeminine, although referring tomōns Caelius, which is masculine? Cf.p. 5, n. 14.14.15Auctārum . . . fīdūciā: ‘because of the confidence (begotten) of his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in his increased strength.’ In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.14.16efferō.15.1īnsequor.15.2bellicōsus= a causal clausequod ipse bellicōsus erat.15.3mīlitiae quam domī: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258,d: G. 411,R.2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.15.4= ‘the fighting men,’ becauseiuvenēs(men under 45) were eligible for military duty.15.5sed ipse quoque: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he too.’15.6‘so completely.’15.7frangō.15.8spīritūs illī ferōcēs: ‘that high spirit of his’;illī= ‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf.l. 2.15.9fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse=fulmine īctum esse et cōnflagrāsse. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that common subject. Cf.p. 2, n. 8, andp. xxiv, L 5.
10.16Mortuō Numā: abl. abs. =post Numae mortem.
10.17proximō rēgī: ‘his predecessor.’ Join withdissimilis, which has the same constructions assimilis(p. 3, n. 12).Proximusmay mean ‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest (in the future)’ = ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.
10.18abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217.
11.1Eō rēgnante: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines3, 5,18,37, and40? Cf.p. xxii, K 1.
11.2exorior.
11.3Ducibus . . . placuit: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The subject ofplacuitis the clauserem . . . fīnīrī.
11.4The meanings ofrēsare extremely varied. Hereremmay be translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically =bellumabove. For the mood offīnīrī, seep. 6, n. 16.
11.5The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended.
11.6Cum . . . rēgēs: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?
11.7Cf.p. 1, n. 5.
11.8Cf.p. 6, n. 21.
11.9eā lēge ut: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the proviso (lēge) that.’ The clauseut . . . essetexpresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.
11.10Sc.fuisset.unde=quā ex parte. We would rather say, ‘onwhich side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one ofmotion froma place where the English views it rather as that ofrest ata point. Why?
11.11īnfēstī armīs: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with hostile arms.’
11.12‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the adjective?
11.13māgnōrum . . . gerentēs: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty armies.’ So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’
11.14increpuēredescribes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields.
11.15fulgeō.
11.16=spectātōrēs.
11.17cōnserō.
11.18cadō.
11.19Ad cāsum: we say ‘atthe fall,’ but the Latin thinks of the shout as risingagainst(i.e. to greet) the fall.
11.20circumstō.
11.21Cf.p. 5, n. 19.
11.22fugam capessīvit: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to one’s heels.’
11.23singulōs per intervālla: ‘one by one, at intervals.’
12.1aliquantum spatiī: ‘some distance.’spatiīis a partitive genitive;aliquantumis an acc. of extent of space: H 417 (379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.
12.2In . . . redit(redeō): ‘he turned and made a furious attack upon him.’ How literally?
12.3inclāmat . . . ferant: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear aid.’ Forinclāmat, seep. 3, n. 14.
12.4=secundum, as often.
12.5H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.
12.6‘one on each side.’ Cf.ternī,l. 11, and note there.
12.7supersum.
12.8‘equally matched.’
12.9alter . . . alter: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ Withintāctuscf.integer,l. 18.
12.10‘inspirited, emboldened.’
12.11The repetition offessumgives emphasis by dwelling upon the fact.
12.12‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we would rendermale sustinentem arma,l. 29, as ‘barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.’
12.13=occidit.
12.14‘as he lay prostrate.’
12.15ovantēs ac grātulantēs: ‘with rejoicing and congratulations.’ Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force.
12.16accus. of limit of motion; cf.p. 3, n. 4.
12.17Cf.p. 4, n. 3.
12.18vīsō . . . spōnsī: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. Cf.p. 1, n. 4.
12.19crīnēs solvere: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf.crinibus passīs, II, 36.
12.20stringō.
12.21verbīs increpāns: cf.hīs increpāns verbīs, I, 46.
12.22abeō.
12.23oblīta(oblivīscor)frātrum: ‘you who have forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitivesfrātrumandpatriae, see H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219: G 376: B 206, 1. Cf. the English ‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition ofoblītaseen. 11.
13.1‘fare, perish.’ The subject isfēmina, orilla fēmina, as suggested byquaecumque. How? With the whole sentence cf.Sīc . . . mea, I, 47, and see note there.
13.2facinus, by its derivation fromfaciō, properly = ‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’
13.3=senātōribus, who were officially styledPatrēs Cōnscrīptī.patribus plēbīquevirtually =omnibus.
13.4‘court.’
13.5See Vocab.,līctor.
13.6The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) putting on.’
13.7caedō.
13.8amplector.
13.9clause of negative purpose: seep. 9, n. 6.
13.10cōnspiciō. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by attraction tofaceret, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: A 342: G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. disc.
13.11abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6), to be joined withorbum faceret, which =orbāret.
13.12After a negative clause the Romans often usequeoret, where the English idiom requiresbut.
13.13why abl.? seep. 4, n. 1.
13.14Cf.p. 6, n. 21.
13.15‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the slope of the Esquiline Hill.
13.16See Vocab.,iugum. The father of Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the sentence of death passed by the judges.
13.17Sc.Tigillum. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of this fight was thePīla(‘Column’)Horātia, adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the Curiatii.
13.18pāx Albāna=pāx cum Albā īcta.
13.19maneō.
13.20cum . . . vidēret: subjunctive of cause. Seep. 2, n. 13;p. 4, n. 12; andp. xx, H 2.
14.1quod . . . fīnīsset: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ subjects. Seep. xxi, H 4.
14.2ūnō . . . certāmine: ‘by one contest (only), and that a contest in which but few fought.’ Cf.l. 4.
14.3ut . . . corrigeret: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows.
14.4in auxilium: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. Cf.ad supplicium, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the Curiatii (l. 7).
14.5Quā rē . . . intellēctā(intellegō): ‘when he noticed this state of things.’ Forquā, seep. 4, n. 3.
14.6ait . . . circumvenīrentur: Tullus’ purpose in making this statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery.
14.7abl. of separation (cf.p. 1, n. 6).ligāreand its compounds are construed with either (1) the simple ablative, or (2) the ablative withab,dē, orex.
14.8in . . . est: ‘was torn limb from limb.’
14.9distrahō.
14.10iubeō.
14.11crēscō.
14.12abl. of means.
14.13quō . . . habitārētur: ‘that it might be more densely inhabited,’ i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative,quōis used instead ofut: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317,b: G 545, 2; B 282,a. Thisquōis the abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and =ut eō, ‘that thereby.’
14.14eam . . . cēpit(capiō): ‘Tullus chose it (the mountain) as the site of his palace,’ Why iseamfeminine, although referring tomōns Caelius, which is masculine? Cf.p. 5, n. 14.
14.15Auctārum . . . fīdūciā: ‘because of the confidence (begotten) of his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in his increased strength.’ In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M 553, 571: A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.
14.16efferō.
15.1īnsequor.
15.2bellicōsus= a causal clausequod ipse bellicōsus erat.
15.3mīlitiae quam domī: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258,d: G. 411,R.2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.
15.4= ‘the fighting men,’ becauseiuvenēs(men under 45) were eligible for military duty.
15.5sed ipse quoque: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he too.’
15.6‘so completely.’
15.7frangō.
15.8spīritūs illī ferōcēs: ‘that high spirit of his’;illī= ‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf.l. 2.
15.9fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse=fulmine īctum esse et cōnflagrāsse. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that common subject. Cf.p. 2, n. 8, andp. xxiv, L 5.
Tullō mortuō10Ancum Mārcium rēgem11populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōsAncus Mārcius erat, aequitāte12etreligiōne12avō similis. Tunc Latīnī, cum quibus5Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat,sustulerant13animōs, et incursiōnem in agrumRōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam14eīsbellum indīceret,14lēgātum mīsit, quī15rēsrepeteret, eumque1mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc10modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēsrepetuntur, capite2vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit3“audīte,fīnēs hūius4populī. Ego sum pūblicus5nūntius populī Rōmānī;verbīs6meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn dēdunturrēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque15ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur,Fētiālis7rītusque bellīindīcendīIūs Fētiāleappellātur.
Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum8est ā Latīnīs;quārē bellum hōc9modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitūsee captionCARCER MAMERTĪNUScōnscrīptō, profectus10Latīnōs fūdit et20complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmamtrādūxit11. Cum12autem in tantā hominummultitūdine facinora clandestīnafierent, Ancus carcerem13in mediā urbead14terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit.25Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit,Iāniculum montem ponte15subliciōin Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre1Tiberis Ōstiam urbemcondidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs;immātūrā morte praereptus obiit.
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