15.10What is the force of this abl. abs.?15.11rēgem populus creāvit: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king aninterrēx, or regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate.15.12abl. of specification.15.13sustulerant(tollō)animōs: ‘had plucked up courage.’15.14Cf.priusquam . . . posset, IV, 25, and note.15.15quī . . . repeteret: relative clause of purpose.Rēs repetere= ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase of war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The opposite isrēs reddere, orrēs dēdere, as inl. 13.16.1eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt: ‘that custom posterity (the Romans of later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign of Augustus.16.2While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. Thelēgātushere covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter and to thefīnēs, which are personified.16.3This word, rather thandīxit, is used with direct discourse, and regularly stands, as here,withinthe quotation.16.4Thelēgātus, of course, saidfīnēs Albānōrum, orVēientium, as the case might be.16.5‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.16.6verbīs . . . sit=verbīs meīs crēdite. Cf. II, 48,cuī reī fidem fēcit.sitis a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.16.7See Vocab.,fētiālis.16.8respōnsum . . . Latīnīs=Latīnī respondērunt. The impersonal passive is common.16.9hōc: ‘describedabove,’ in lines 9-16. Inl. 9hōc= ‘describedbelow.’Hīcmore often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what follows.16.10profectus . . . fūdit(fundō): cf.p. 15, n. 9.16.11‘transferred, removed.’16.12Cum . . . fierent: a causal clause; cf.p. 13, n. 20.16.13See Vocab.,carcer.16.14ad . . . audāciae=ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret. Cf.p. 3, n. 8, andad congressum deae, III, 33.audāciaeis objective genitive: cf.p. 14, n. 15.16.15ponte subliciō: abl. abs., withfactō, expressing means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood and supported on piles (sublicae). It is this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.17.1in ōre: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from its positionin ōre Tiberis. It was the port of Rome, and thus attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.Text-only versionVI.Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus, Rōmānōrum rēx quīntus616-578B.C.Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,2ex Etrūriae urbe,profectus,3cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit.Additur haec fābula: advenientī4aquila pilleum sustulit5et supercarpentum,6cuī7Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre volitāns5rūrsus8capitī9aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis10abiit. Tanaquilconiux, caelestium11prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum12eī portendīintellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa13et alta13spērāreeum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbemingressī1sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā et10indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātemcōnsecūtus2est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus3rēgnum intercēpit et itaadministrāvit, quasi4iūre adeptus5esset.Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum6Māximumaedificāvit; dē7Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum8lapideum urbīsee captionAUGUR15circumdedit. Equitum centuriās9duplicāvit,nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt,Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eātempestāte10augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat,nisi11avēs addīxissent11; īrātus rēx in1220experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset13quod ipse mente concēpisset14; Attus auguriōāctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”15inquitrēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secārenovāculā possem.”13“Potes16ergō” inquit25augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecimannōrum,17quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,18praetextā19bullāque1dōnāvit; unde2haec3ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia essecoepērunt.Supererant4duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō530rēgnō fraudātōs esse,6rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribusduōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātārixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum7clāmor cum8penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmōuterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim9alter alterī obstrepere.35Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex10compositō remōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alterēlātam11secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō12in vulneretēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt.Skip tonext selection.17.2Tarquiniīs . . . urbe: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria.’ Cf.p. 8, n. 5.17.3proficīscor.17.4Sc.Rōmam: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle agrees witheīunderstood, which is a dat. of separation, or disadvantage, withsustulit: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229: G 345,R.1: B 188, 2,d.17.5tollō.17.6A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.17.7cuī: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?17.8rūrsus . . . reposuit: sincerepōnō= ‘to putback,’ or ‘to placeagain,’rūrsusis unnecessary.17.9More oftenrepōnōis followed byinwith the abl., or the acc.17.10sublīmis abiit: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’17.11caelestium . . . perīta: ‘skilled in (interpreting) portents from heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1 (399, I, 2). M 573: A 218,a: G 374: B 204, 1.17.12rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit: ‘perceived that the sign indicated that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east); it concerned hishead, thesupremepart of his being; hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ‘king of gods and men,’ and its restoration, implied that hiscapwas to be removed and replaced by acrown.17.13neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted destiny.’18.1ingredior.18.2cōnsequor.18.3relinquō.18.4H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, andN.1: G 602 andR.: B 307.18.5adipīscor.18.6Circum Māximum: see map,p. xxviii. In its final form it could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew Wallace’sBen Hur, Book V, Chap. XII.18.7dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got a triumph out of.’ See Vocab.,triumphus.18.8mūrum . . . circumdedit: ‘he built a stone wall round the city.’ According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.18.9Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of horsemen he called oneRamnēs, after his own name, anotherTitiēnsēs, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new centuries after himself.18.10=tempore.18.11nisi . . . addīxissent: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ i.e. without taking theauspiciaand finding them favorable. Cf. I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, seep. 6, n. 1.18.12in experīmentum artis: ‘to test his art.’ Cf.p. 14, n. 4.18.13Cf.p. 3, n. 2.18.14Cf.p. 6, n. 1. The king said ‘Potestne fierī quod in mente concēpī?’18.15hōcis emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind wasthis.’18.16Potes ergō: ‘well, you can.’18.17descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: B 203.18.18Cf.p. 14, n. 1.18.19Sc.togā.19.1See Vocab.,bulla.19.2=ex quō: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’19.3Cf.p. 5, n. 14, andp. 16, n. 9.19.4‘were still alive.’19.5=patris. Cf. the use ofrēgius, I, 17.19.6The infinitive depends onaegrē ferentēs. Phrases expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the infinitive with subject accus.19.7Cf.p. 4, n. 3.19.8The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.19.9certātim . . . obstrepere: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (ob) the other.’ Why isalterīdative?19.10ex compositō: ‘according to previous agreement.’19.11ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit=extulit(‘raised’)et dēiēcit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.19.12relīctō . . . tēlō: we say, ‘leaving the weapon—they flee,’ i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans say more exactly: ‘having left—they flee,’ i.e. the act of leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.Text-only versionVII.Servius Tullius, Rōmānōrum rēx sextus578-534B.C.Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilīfēminā,13captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō TarquiniīPrīscī ēducārētur, ferunt14prōdigium15vīsū ēventūque mīrābileaccidisse. Flammae1speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est.5Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam2eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxitsee captionSIGNUMconiugīque suāsit ut3eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs4ēducāret.3Is postquam adolēvit, et fortitūdine et cōnsiliōīnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,5in quō rēx Tarquiniusadversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus6sēgnius10dīmicantibus, raptum7sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius8recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut etsīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō generadsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil,Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque15ex superiōre9parte aedium adlocūta10ait rēgem gravequidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, utinterim dum convalēsceret,11Serviō Tulliō12dictō audientēs essent.Sīc13Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium administrāvit.Sabīnōs subēgit14; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum20urbī adiūnxit; fossās15circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum16ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs17et centuriās18distribuit.Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam1tuminclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.2Id commūniter3ā cīvitātibussee captionDIANA OF EPHESUSAsiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum25populīs suāsit ut et4ipsī fānum Diānaecum5populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monteaedificārent. Quō6factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis7cuīdam Latīnō nāta8dīcitur, et respōnsum somniōdatum8eum populum summam imperiī habitūrum,830cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.9Latīnus10bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causamsacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus11dīxitprius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre.Latīnus dum ad Tiberim12dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit.35Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit.Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,13cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō14vidēret, ferōcem15mītī,mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingeniamātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt;40ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquiniussee captionSACRIFICEā Tulliā1incitātus advocātō2senātū rēgnumpaternum repetere coepit. Quā3rēaudītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit,iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs4dēiectus et45domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tulliacarpentō vecta in Forum properāvit etcōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgemsalūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā actumultū dēcessisset5domumque redīret,50vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentemsuper ipsum6corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde7vīcus illeScelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor etquadrāgintā.Skip tonext selection.19.13Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius’ father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tarquin’s household.19.14ferunt . . . accidisse: in English, the verb corresponding toferuntwould be parenthetical, thus: ‘a prodigy,they say, happened.’19.15prōdigium . . . mīrābile: ‘a prodigy, strange to look upon, and marvelously fulfilled.’vīsūandēventūare ablatives of specification tomīrābile: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: B 226, 1.20.1Flammae speciēs: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render the whole sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.20.2summam . . . intellēxit: cf.p. 17, n. 12.20.3Cf.p. 1, n. 5.20.4governed byēducābatunderstood.20.5quīdamandūnusoften have no more force than the English indefinite article.20.6mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus: causal.20.7raptum . . . mīsit: cf.p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.20.8Cūius . . . grātiā: an expression of purpose =quod ut reciperet.20.9Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.20.10Cf.p. 19, n. 12.20.11H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, andp. xx, G 3.20.12dat. withdictō audientēs essent, which together =pārērent: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 andN.2: G 346 andN.5: B 187, II.dictōis dat. withaudientēs, which here itself = ‘obeying.’20.13i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (p. 15, n. 11).20.14subigō.20.15fossās . . . dūxit: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills.20.16The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them according to property for purposes of taxation and military service. Hence the clausein . . . distribuitis in part an explanation ofcēnsum ōrdināvit.20.17These classes were six in number.20.18According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a majority.21.1Iam tum: ‘even in those early days.’21.2This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts xix, 24 f.21.3commūniter . . . factum(esse): ‘that the states of Asia had united in building it.’ How literally?21.4et ipsī=etiam ipsī, oripsī quoque: ‘they too,’ i.e. as well as thecīvitātēs Asiae.21.5‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed thus:ut illī(i.e. theLatīnī)et populus Rōmānus . . . aedificārent. Cf. lines 23, 24.21.6Quō factō=postquam hōc(i.e. the building of the temple)factum est.21.7Cf.p. 18, n. 17.21.8Sc.esse. For the personal constructiondīcitur, see H 611, 1 (534, I andN.1): M 962: A 330,b, 1: G 528, 1: B 332.21.9Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. For the tense, cf.p. 6, n. 1.21.10‘The(aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned inl. 28. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite article.21.11‘cunningly.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 4.21.12The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (l. 26) the temple of Diana stood.21.13=cum habēret, ‘since he had.’cum . . . vidēretis also causal.21.14abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.21.15ferōcem . . . ferōcī: note that the order in the second of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. Cf.l. 36,alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram. This arrangement is calledChiasmus: H 666, 2 (562): M 1150: A 344,f, andN.: G 682, andR.: B 350, II,c).22.1The daughter of Tullius.22.2advocātō . . . coepit=senātum advocāvit et . . . coepit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.22.3quā rē . . . contendit: ‘while Servius, after he had heard of this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense ofcontendit, seep. 3, n. 14.22.4Sc.Cūriae.22.5dēcessisset . . . redīret: ‘had departed . . . andwasreturning.’22.6super ipsum corpus: ‘over theverybody’;ipsumemphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead.22.7Used here as in VI, 27.Text-only versionVIII.Tarquinius Superbus, Rōmānōrum rēx septimus et ūltimus534-510B.C.Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē8occupāvit.9Tamen bellōstrēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātemredēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbemā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,10ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris saevitiam5in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātimeōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs adliciēns,ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,1et ad postrēmum dux bellīēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum2quidnam sē3facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit, sed10velut dēlīberābundus4in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulānssequente nūntiō altissima5papāverum capita baculō dēcussit.Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitōsilentiō patris et factō,6intellēxit7quid vellet pater. Prīmōrēscīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne15trādidit.Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent,Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre8rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apudSextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus9rēgiīs. Incidit10dēuxōribusmentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī.20Itaque citātīs11equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās12nurūs in convīviō13et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam14; Lucrētiam,Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae15dēditam inveniunt. Eaergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus SextusCollātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim16attulit. Illa posterō diē, advocātīs25patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub vesteabditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in1exitiumrēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō2Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunturbis portae et exsilium indictum.3In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.4Anus30hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgemadiit,5novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula: eōssē velle6vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est: muliernimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi7anus aetāte dēsiperet,dērīsit.8Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs35ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō9emerevellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis,dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statimtrēs aliōs librōs exūssit10; atque id11ipsum dēnuō placidē rogat,ut12trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius ōre13iam40sēriō atque attentiōre animō13fit; eam14cōnstantiam cōnfīdentiamquenōn neglegendam15intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercāturnihilō minōre pretiō9quam quod erat petītum prō omnibus. Sedeam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam16posteā nūsquam locīvīsam15cōnstitit. Librī17trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque45appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cumdiī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.Skip tonext selection.
15.10What is the force of this abl. abs.?15.11rēgem populus creāvit: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king aninterrēx, or regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate.15.12abl. of specification.15.13sustulerant(tollō)animōs: ‘had plucked up courage.’15.14Cf.priusquam . . . posset, IV, 25, and note.15.15quī . . . repeteret: relative clause of purpose.Rēs repetere= ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase of war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The opposite isrēs reddere, orrēs dēdere, as inl. 13.16.1eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt: ‘that custom posterity (the Romans of later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign of Augustus.16.2While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. Thelēgātushere covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter and to thefīnēs, which are personified.16.3This word, rather thandīxit, is used with direct discourse, and regularly stands, as here,withinthe quotation.16.4Thelēgātus, of course, saidfīnēs Albānōrum, orVēientium, as the case might be.16.5‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.16.6verbīs . . . sit=verbīs meīs crēdite. Cf. II, 48,cuī reī fidem fēcit.sitis a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.16.7See Vocab.,fētiālis.16.8respōnsum . . . Latīnīs=Latīnī respondērunt. The impersonal passive is common.16.9hōc: ‘describedabove,’ in lines 9-16. Inl. 9hōc= ‘describedbelow.’Hīcmore often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what follows.16.10profectus . . . fūdit(fundō): cf.p. 15, n. 9.16.11‘transferred, removed.’16.12Cum . . . fierent: a causal clause; cf.p. 13, n. 20.16.13See Vocab.,carcer.16.14ad . . . audāciae=ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret. Cf.p. 3, n. 8, andad congressum deae, III, 33.audāciaeis objective genitive: cf.p. 14, n. 15.16.15ponte subliciō: abl. abs., withfactō, expressing means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood and supported on piles (sublicae). It is this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.17.1in ōre: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from its positionin ōre Tiberis. It was the port of Rome, and thus attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.
15.10What is the force of this abl. abs.?
15.11rēgem populus creāvit: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king aninterrēx, or regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate.
15.12abl. of specification.
15.13sustulerant(tollō)animōs: ‘had plucked up courage.’
15.14Cf.priusquam . . . posset, IV, 25, and note.
15.15quī . . . repeteret: relative clause of purpose.Rēs repetere= ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase of war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The opposite isrēs reddere, orrēs dēdere, as inl. 13.
16.1eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt: ‘that custom posterity (the Romans of later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign of Augustus.
16.2While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. Thelēgātushere covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter and to thefīnēs, which are personified.
16.3This word, rather thandīxit, is used with direct discourse, and regularly stands, as here,withinthe quotation.
16.4Thelēgātus, of course, saidfīnēs Albānōrum, orVēientium, as the case might be.
16.5‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.
16.6verbīs . . . sit=verbīs meīs crēdite. Cf. II, 48,cuī reī fidem fēcit.sitis a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.
16.7See Vocab.,fētiālis.
16.8respōnsum . . . Latīnīs=Latīnī respondērunt. The impersonal passive is common.
16.9hōc: ‘describedabove,’ in lines 9-16. Inl. 9hōc= ‘describedbelow.’Hīcmore often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what follows.
16.10profectus . . . fūdit(fundō): cf.p. 15, n. 9.
16.11‘transferred, removed.’
16.12Cum . . . fierent: a causal clause; cf.p. 13, n. 20.
16.13See Vocab.,carcer.
16.14ad . . . audāciae=ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret. Cf.p. 3, n. 8, andad congressum deae, III, 33.audāciaeis objective genitive: cf.p. 14, n. 15.
16.15ponte subliciō: abl. abs., withfactō, expressing means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood and supported on piles (sublicae). It is this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay’sLays of Ancient Rome, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.
17.1in ōre: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from its positionin ōre Tiberis. It was the port of Rome, and thus attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.
Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,2ex Etrūriae urbe,profectus,3cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit.Additur haec fābula: advenientī4aquila pilleum sustulit5et supercarpentum,6cuī7Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre volitāns5rūrsus8capitī9aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis10abiit. Tanaquilconiux, caelestium11prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum12eī portendīintellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa13et alta13spērāreeum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbemingressī1sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā et10indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātemcōnsecūtus2est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus3rēgnum intercēpit et itaadministrāvit, quasi4iūre adeptus5esset.
Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum6Māximumaedificāvit; dē7Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum8lapideum urbīsee captionAUGUR15circumdedit. Equitum centuriās9duplicāvit,nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt,Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eātempestāte10augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat,nisi11avēs addīxissent11; īrātus rēx in1220experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset13quod ipse mente concēpisset14; Attus auguriōāctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”15inquitrēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secārenovāculā possem.”13“Potes16ergō” inquit25augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecimannōrum,17quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,18praetextā19bullāque1dōnāvit; unde2haec3ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia essecoepērunt.
Supererant4duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō530rēgnō fraudātōs esse,6rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribusduōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātārixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum7clāmor cum8penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmōuterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim9alter alterī obstrepere.35Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex10compositō remōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alterēlātam11secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō12in vulneretēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt.
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17.2Tarquiniīs . . . urbe: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria.’ Cf.p. 8, n. 5.17.3proficīscor.17.4Sc.Rōmam: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle agrees witheīunderstood, which is a dat. of separation, or disadvantage, withsustulit: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229: G 345,R.1: B 188, 2,d.17.5tollō.17.6A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.17.7cuī: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?17.8rūrsus . . . reposuit: sincerepōnō= ‘to putback,’ or ‘to placeagain,’rūrsusis unnecessary.17.9More oftenrepōnōis followed byinwith the abl., or the acc.17.10sublīmis abiit: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’17.11caelestium . . . perīta: ‘skilled in (interpreting) portents from heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1 (399, I, 2). M 573: A 218,a: G 374: B 204, 1.17.12rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit: ‘perceived that the sign indicated that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east); it concerned hishead, thesupremepart of his being; hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ‘king of gods and men,’ and its restoration, implied that hiscapwas to be removed and replaced by acrown.17.13neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted destiny.’18.1ingredior.18.2cōnsequor.18.3relinquō.18.4H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, andN.1: G 602 andR.: B 307.18.5adipīscor.18.6Circum Māximum: see map,p. xxviii. In its final form it could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew Wallace’sBen Hur, Book V, Chap. XII.18.7dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got a triumph out of.’ See Vocab.,triumphus.18.8mūrum . . . circumdedit: ‘he built a stone wall round the city.’ According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.18.9Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of horsemen he called oneRamnēs, after his own name, anotherTitiēnsēs, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new centuries after himself.18.10=tempore.18.11nisi . . . addīxissent: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ i.e. without taking theauspiciaand finding them favorable. Cf. I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, seep. 6, n. 1.18.12in experīmentum artis: ‘to test his art.’ Cf.p. 14, n. 4.18.13Cf.p. 3, n. 2.18.14Cf.p. 6, n. 1. The king said ‘Potestne fierī quod in mente concēpī?’18.15hōcis emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind wasthis.’18.16Potes ergō: ‘well, you can.’18.17descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: B 203.18.18Cf.p. 14, n. 1.18.19Sc.togā.19.1See Vocab.,bulla.19.2=ex quō: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’19.3Cf.p. 5, n. 14, andp. 16, n. 9.19.4‘were still alive.’19.5=patris. Cf. the use ofrēgius, I, 17.19.6The infinitive depends onaegrē ferentēs. Phrases expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the infinitive with subject accus.19.7Cf.p. 4, n. 3.19.8The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.19.9certātim . . . obstrepere: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (ob) the other.’ Why isalterīdative?19.10ex compositō: ‘according to previous agreement.’19.11ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit=extulit(‘raised’)et dēiēcit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.19.12relīctō . . . tēlō: we say, ‘leaving the weapon—they flee,’ i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans say more exactly: ‘having left—they flee,’ i.e. the act of leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.
17.2Tarquiniīs . . . urbe: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria.’ Cf.p. 8, n. 5.
17.3proficīscor.
17.4Sc.Rōmam: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle agrees witheīunderstood, which is a dat. of separation, or disadvantage, withsustulit: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229: G 345,R.1: B 188, 2,d.
17.5tollō.
17.6A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.
17.7cuī: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?
17.8rūrsus . . . reposuit: sincerepōnō= ‘to putback,’ or ‘to placeagain,’rūrsusis unnecessary.
17.9More oftenrepōnōis followed byinwith the abl., or the acc.
17.10sublīmis abiit: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’
17.11caelestium . . . perīta: ‘skilled in (interpreting) portents from heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1 (399, I, 2). M 573: A 218,a: G 374: B 204, 1.
17.12rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit: ‘perceived that the sign indicated that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east); it concerned hishead, thesupremepart of his being; hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ‘king of gods and men,’ and its restoration, implied that hiscapwas to be removed and replaced by acrown.
17.13neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted destiny.’
18.1ingredior.
18.2cōnsequor.
18.3relinquō.
18.4H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, andN.1: G 602 andR.: B 307.
18.5adipīscor.
18.6Circum Māximum: see map,p. xxviii. In its final form it could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew Wallace’sBen Hur, Book V, Chap. XII.
18.7dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got a triumph out of.’ See Vocab.,triumphus.
18.8mūrum . . . circumdedit: ‘he built a stone wall round the city.’ According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.
18.9Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of horsemen he called oneRamnēs, after his own name, anotherTitiēnsēs, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new centuries after himself.
18.10=tempore.
18.11nisi . . . addīxissent: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ i.e. without taking theauspiciaand finding them favorable. Cf. I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, seep. 6, n. 1.
18.12in experīmentum artis: ‘to test his art.’ Cf.p. 14, n. 4.
18.13Cf.p. 3, n. 2.
18.14Cf.p. 6, n. 1. The king said ‘Potestne fierī quod in mente concēpī?’
18.15hōcis emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind wasthis.’
18.16Potes ergō: ‘well, you can.’
18.17descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: B 203.
18.18Cf.p. 14, n. 1.
18.19Sc.togā.
19.1See Vocab.,bulla.
19.2=ex quō: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’
19.3Cf.p. 5, n. 14, andp. 16, n. 9.
19.4‘were still alive.’
19.5=patris. Cf. the use ofrēgius, I, 17.
19.6The infinitive depends onaegrē ferentēs. Phrases expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the infinitive with subject accus.
19.7Cf.p. 4, n. 3.
19.8The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.
19.9certātim . . . obstrepere: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (ob) the other.’ Why isalterīdative?
19.10ex compositō: ‘according to previous agreement.’
19.11ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit=extulit(‘raised’)et dēiēcit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.
19.12relīctō . . . tēlō: we say, ‘leaving the weapon—they flee,’ i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans say more exactly: ‘having left—they flee,’ i.e. the act of leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.
Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilīfēminā,13captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō TarquiniīPrīscī ēducārētur, ferunt14prōdigium15vīsū ēventūque mīrābileaccidisse. Flammae1speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est.5Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam2eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxitsee captionSIGNUMconiugīque suāsit ut3eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs4ēducāret.3Is postquam adolēvit, et fortitūdine et cōnsiliōīnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,5in quō rēx Tarquiniusadversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus6sēgnius10dīmicantibus, raptum7sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius8recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut etsīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō generadsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil,Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque15ex superiōre9parte aedium adlocūta10ait rēgem gravequidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, utinterim dum convalēsceret,11Serviō Tulliō12dictō audientēs essent.Sīc13Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium administrāvit.Sabīnōs subēgit14; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum20urbī adiūnxit; fossās15circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum16ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs17et centuriās18distribuit.
Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam1tuminclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.2Id commūniter3ā cīvitātibussee captionDIANA OF EPHESUSAsiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum25populīs suāsit ut et4ipsī fānum Diānaecum5populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monteaedificārent. Quō6factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis7cuīdam Latīnō nāta8dīcitur, et respōnsum somniōdatum8eum populum summam imperiī habitūrum,830cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.9Latīnus10bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causamsacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus11dīxitprius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre.Latīnus dum ad Tiberim12dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit.35Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit.
Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,13cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō14vidēret, ferōcem15mītī,mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingeniamātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt;40ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquiniussee captionSACRIFICEā Tulliā1incitātus advocātō2senātū rēgnumpaternum repetere coepit. Quā3rēaudītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit,iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs4dēiectus et45domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tulliacarpentō vecta in Forum properāvit etcōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgemsalūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā actumultū dēcessisset5domumque redīret,50vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentemsuper ipsum6corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde7vīcus illeScelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor etquadrāgintā.
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19.13Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius’ father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tarquin’s household.19.14ferunt . . . accidisse: in English, the verb corresponding toferuntwould be parenthetical, thus: ‘a prodigy,they say, happened.’19.15prōdigium . . . mīrābile: ‘a prodigy, strange to look upon, and marvelously fulfilled.’vīsūandēventūare ablatives of specification tomīrābile: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: B 226, 1.20.1Flammae speciēs: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render the whole sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.20.2summam . . . intellēxit: cf.p. 17, n. 12.20.3Cf.p. 1, n. 5.20.4governed byēducābatunderstood.20.5quīdamandūnusoften have no more force than the English indefinite article.20.6mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus: causal.20.7raptum . . . mīsit: cf.p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.20.8Cūius . . . grātiā: an expression of purpose =quod ut reciperet.20.9Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.20.10Cf.p. 19, n. 12.20.11H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, andp. xx, G 3.20.12dat. withdictō audientēs essent, which together =pārērent: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 andN.2: G 346 andN.5: B 187, II.dictōis dat. withaudientēs, which here itself = ‘obeying.’20.13i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (p. 15, n. 11).20.14subigō.20.15fossās . . . dūxit: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills.20.16The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them according to property for purposes of taxation and military service. Hence the clausein . . . distribuitis in part an explanation ofcēnsum ōrdināvit.20.17These classes were six in number.20.18According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a majority.21.1Iam tum: ‘even in those early days.’21.2This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts xix, 24 f.21.3commūniter . . . factum(esse): ‘that the states of Asia had united in building it.’ How literally?21.4et ipsī=etiam ipsī, oripsī quoque: ‘they too,’ i.e. as well as thecīvitātēs Asiae.21.5‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed thus:ut illī(i.e. theLatīnī)et populus Rōmānus . . . aedificārent. Cf. lines 23, 24.21.6Quō factō=postquam hōc(i.e. the building of the temple)factum est.21.7Cf.p. 18, n. 17.21.8Sc.esse. For the personal constructiondīcitur, see H 611, 1 (534, I andN.1): M 962: A 330,b, 1: G 528, 1: B 332.21.9Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. For the tense, cf.p. 6, n. 1.21.10‘The(aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned inl. 28. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite article.21.11‘cunningly.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 4.21.12The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (l. 26) the temple of Diana stood.21.13=cum habēret, ‘since he had.’cum . . . vidēretis also causal.21.14abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.21.15ferōcem . . . ferōcī: note that the order in the second of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. Cf.l. 36,alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram. This arrangement is calledChiasmus: H 666, 2 (562): M 1150: A 344,f, andN.: G 682, andR.: B 350, II,c).22.1The daughter of Tullius.22.2advocātō . . . coepit=senātum advocāvit et . . . coepit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.22.3quā rē . . . contendit: ‘while Servius, after he had heard of this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense ofcontendit, seep. 3, n. 14.22.4Sc.Cūriae.22.5dēcessisset . . . redīret: ‘had departed . . . andwasreturning.’22.6super ipsum corpus: ‘over theverybody’;ipsumemphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead.22.7Used here as in VI, 27.
19.13Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius’ father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tarquin’s household.
19.14ferunt . . . accidisse: in English, the verb corresponding toferuntwould be parenthetical, thus: ‘a prodigy,they say, happened.’
19.15prōdigium . . . mīrābile: ‘a prodigy, strange to look upon, and marvelously fulfilled.’vīsūandēventūare ablatives of specification tomīrābile: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: B 226, 1.
20.1Flammae speciēs: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render the whole sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.
20.2summam . . . intellēxit: cf.p. 17, n. 12.
20.3Cf.p. 1, n. 5.
20.4governed byēducābatunderstood.
20.5quīdamandūnusoften have no more force than the English indefinite article.
20.6mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus: causal.
20.7raptum . . . mīsit: cf.p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.
20.8Cūius . . . grātiā: an expression of purpose =quod ut reciperet.
20.9Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.
20.10Cf.p. 19, n. 12.
20.11H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, andp. xx, G 3.
20.12dat. withdictō audientēs essent, which together =pārērent: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 andN.2: G 346 andN.5: B 187, II.dictōis dat. withaudientēs, which here itself = ‘obeying.’
20.13i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (p. 15, n. 11).
20.14subigō.
20.15fossās . . . dūxit: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills.
20.16The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them according to property for purposes of taxation and military service. Hence the clausein . . . distribuitis in part an explanation ofcēnsum ōrdināvit.
20.17These classes were six in number.
20.18According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a majority.
21.1Iam tum: ‘even in those early days.’
21.2This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts xix, 24 f.
21.3commūniter . . . factum(esse): ‘that the states of Asia had united in building it.’ How literally?
21.4et ipsī=etiam ipsī, oripsī quoque: ‘they too,’ i.e. as well as thecīvitātēs Asiae.
21.5‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed thus:ut illī(i.e. theLatīnī)et populus Rōmānus . . . aedificārent. Cf. lines 23, 24.
21.6Quō factō=postquam hōc(i.e. the building of the temple)factum est.
21.7Cf.p. 18, n. 17.
21.8Sc.esse. For the personal constructiondīcitur, see H 611, 1 (534, I andN.1): M 962: A 330,b, 1: G 528, 1: B 332.
21.9Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. For the tense, cf.p. 6, n. 1.
21.10‘The(aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned inl. 28. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite article.
21.11‘cunningly.’ Cf.p. 4, n. 4.
21.12The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (l. 26) the temple of Diana stood.
21.13=cum habēret, ‘since he had.’cum . . . vidēretis also causal.
21.14abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.
21.15ferōcem . . . ferōcī: note that the order in the second of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. Cf.l. 36,alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram. This arrangement is calledChiasmus: H 666, 2 (562): M 1150: A 344,f, andN.: G 682, andR.: B 350, II,c).
22.1The daughter of Tullius.
22.2advocātō . . . coepit=senātum advocāvit et . . . coepit. Cf.p. 2, n. 8.
22.3quā rē . . . contendit: ‘while Servius, after he had heard of this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense ofcontendit, seep. 3, n. 14.
22.4Sc.Cūriae.
22.5dēcessisset . . . redīret: ‘had departed . . . andwasreturning.’
22.6super ipsum corpus: ‘over theverybody’;ipsumemphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead.
22.7Used here as in VI, 27.
Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē8occupāvit.9Tamen bellōstrēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātemredēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbemā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,10ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris saevitiam5in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātimeōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs adliciēns,ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,1et ad postrēmum dux bellīēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum2quidnam sē3facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit, sed10velut dēlīberābundus4in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulānssequente nūntiō altissima5papāverum capita baculō dēcussit.Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitōsilentiō patris et factō,6intellēxit7quid vellet pater. Prīmōrēscīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne15trādidit.
Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent,Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre8rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apudSextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus9rēgiīs. Incidit10dēuxōribusmentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī.20Itaque citātīs11equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās12nurūs in convīviō13et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam14; Lucrētiam,Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae15dēditam inveniunt. Eaergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus SextusCollātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim16attulit. Illa posterō diē, advocātīs25patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub vesteabditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in1exitiumrēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō2Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunturbis portae et exsilium indictum.3
In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.4Anus30hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgemadiit,5novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula: eōssē velle6vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est: muliernimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi7anus aetāte dēsiperet,dērīsit.8Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs35ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō9emerevellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis,dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statimtrēs aliōs librōs exūssit10; atque id11ipsum dēnuō placidē rogat,ut12trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius ōre13iam40sēriō atque attentiōre animō13fit; eam14cōnstantiam cōnfīdentiamquenōn neglegendam15intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercāturnihilō minōre pretiō9quam quod erat petītum prō omnibus. Sedeam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam16posteā nūsquam locīvīsam15cōnstitit. Librī17trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque45appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cumdiī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.
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