VOCABULARY----ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVA., abbreviation of the Roman praenomenAulus.ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl.; (1) of place,from, away from, out of; (2) of time,from, since, after; (3) of agency,by; (4) of separation, source, cause,from, through, because of; in composition,off, away.abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus[ab+aliēnus],to remove, alienate, estrange.abdicō, seedicō.abditus[orig. part. ofabdō], adj.,hidden, concealed.abdō, seedō.abdūcō, seedūcō.abeō, see(1)eō.abiciō, seeiaciō.abluō, ere, ī, ūtus[ab+luō,to wash],to wash, cleanse, purify.abnuō, see*nuō.abripiō, seerapiō.abrogō, seerogō.abs, seeā.abscēdō, seecēdō.abscindō, seescindō.absēns, entis[orig. part. ofabsum], adj.,absent, away.absistō, seesistō.absolvō, seesolvō.absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus[ab+sorbeō,to swallow],to swallow.abstinentia, ae[abstineō], f.,abstinence, self-restraint, integrity.abstineō, seeteneō.abstrahō, seetrahō.absum, seesum.absūmō, seesūmō.ac, seeatque.Acca, ae, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus.accēdō, seecēdō.accendō, seecandeō.accidō, seecadō.accingō, seecingō.acciō, īre, īvī, ītus[ad+cieō,to set in motion],to summon, invite.accipiō, seecapiō.acclāmō, seeclāmō.accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+commodus],to fit to, adjust, regulate.accumbō, see*cumbō.accurrō, seecurrō.accūsātiō, ōnis[accūsō], f.,accusation, prosecution.accūsātor, ōris[accūsō], m.,accuser, prosecutor.accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+causa],to call to trial, accuse, blame.ācer, ācris, ācre, comp.ācrior, sup.ācerrimus, adj.,sharp, bitter, piercing;keen, eager, vigorous, fierce.acerbē[acerbus,bitter], adv.,bitterly, cruelly, severely.acerbitās, ātis[acerbus,bitter], f.,harshness, severity, unkindness.acētum, ī[cf.ācer], n.,vinegar.aciēs, ēī[cf.ācer], f.,a sharp pointof a sword or dagger;a battle line(conceived of as a sword point);battle.ācriter, comp.ācrius, sup.ācerrimē[ācer], adv.,sharply, spiritedly, fiercely, grievously.Actiacus, adj.,oforat Actium.Actium, ī, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.ad, prep. with accus.; (1) of place,to, towards, to the house of, at, near; (2) of time,up to, towards, until, at;(3)of purpose,to, in order to, for, for the sake of; (4) of other relations,according to, at. In composition, it =to, towards, and also denotesadditionandintensity.adamō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+amō,to love],to love earnestly.addīcō, seedīcō.addō, seedō.addūcō, seedūcō.(1)adeō, see(1)eō.(2)adeō[ad+ (2)eō], adv.,to this point, so very, so, to such a degree, actually;atque adeō,and in fact.adequitō, seeequitō.adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+faciō],to strive after, aspire to.adferō, seeferō.adficiō, seefaciō.adfīnis, is[ad+fīnis], m.,a relative(by marriage).adfīrmō, seefīrmō.adflātus, ūs[adflō], m.,a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation.adflīctus[orig. part. ofadflīgō], adj.,shattered, weakened, wretched.adflīgō, see*flīgō.adflō, seeflō.adhibeō, seehabeō.adhortātiō, ōnis[adhortor,to encourage], f.,encouragement, exhortation.adiciō, seeiaciō.adigō, seeagō.adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum[ad+apīscor,to reach],to gain by effort, get, acquire.aditus, ūs[(1)adeō], m.,approach, access.adiūmentum[orig.adiuvāmentum, fromadiuvō], n.,help, aid, service.adiungō, seeiungō.adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus[ad+iuvō,to help],to aid, help.adliciō, see*laciō.adligō, seeligō.adloquor, seeloquor.administrō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+ministrō,to manage],to manage, direct, govern, regulate.admīrābilis, e[admīror], adj.,admirable, wonderful.admīrandus[admīror], adj.,marvelous, wonderful, strange.admīrātiō, ōnis[admīror], f.,wonder, admiration;surprise.admīrātor, ōris[admīror], m.,admirer.admīror, ārī, ātus sum[ad+mīror,to marvel at],to marvel at, admire.admittō, seemittō.admodum[ad+modus], adv.,up to the full limit, very, exceedingly.admoneō, seemoneō.admoveō, seemoveō.adnuō, see*nuō.adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus[ad+olēscō,to grow],to grow up, become mature, reach manhood.adoperiō, seepariō.adoptō, seeoptō.adōrnō, seeōrnō.adōrō, seeōrō.adquīrō, seequaerō.adripiō, seerapiō.adscrībō, seescrībō.adsentātiō, ōnis[adsentor,to agree with, to flatter], f.,flattery.adsequor, seesequor.adsideō, seesedeō.adsīdō, seesīdō.adsiduus[adsideō], adj.,incessant, repeated, continued.adsīgnō, seesīgnō.adspiciō, see*speciō.adsuēscō, seesuēscō.adsum, seesum.adsūmō, seesūmō.adsurgō, seesurgō.adulēscēns, entis[adolēscō], m. and f.,a young manorwoman(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).adulēscentia, ae[adulēscēns], f.,youth.adulēscentulus, ī[dim. ofadulēscēns], m.,a very young man, stripling.adūlor, ārī, ātus sum,to flatter.adultus[orig. part. ofadolēscō], adj.,grown up, mature, adult.advehō, seevehō.adveniō, seeveniō.adventō, āre, āvī, — [freq. ofadveniō],to advance, approach.adventus, ūs[adveniō], m.,coming, approach, arrival.adversārius, ī[adversor], m.,opponent, enemy.adversor, ārī, ātus sum[adversus],to oppose, withstand, resist.adversus[ad+vertō], adj.,turned towards, facing, in front;opposed, adverse, unfavorable. As noun,adversum, ī, n.,misfortune, calamity.adversusandadversum, prep. with acc.,in opposition to, against, towards.advocātiō, ōnis[advocō], f.,advocacy, legal assistance;in advocātiōnem venīre,to come to one’s aid in court.advocātus, ī[advocō], m.,adviser, advocate.advocō, seevocō.aedēs, seeaedis.aedificium, ī[aedificō], n.,a building.aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus[aedis+faciō],to build.aedīlis, is[aedis], m.,aedile, commissioner of public works, the name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor. They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents, and superintended the performance of certain public games.aedīlitās, ātis[aedīlis], f.,aedileship.aedisoraedēs, is, f., in sing.,temple; in pl.,house, dwelling.aedituus, ī[aedis+tueor], m.,keeper of a temple, sexton.aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj.,sick, ill, feeble.aegrē[aeger], adv.,painfully, with difficulty, scarcely;aegrē ferre,to be vexed at, take amiss.aegritūdō, inis[aeger], f.,sickness;grief, vexation, mortification.aegrōtō, āre, āvī, — [aeger],to be illorfeeble, lie sick.Aegyptus, ī, m.,Egypt.Aemilius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. SeePaulus.aemulātiō, ōnis[aemulor,to rival], f.,rivalry, competition.aequālis, e[aequus], adj.,equal, like(esp. in age). As noun, m.,comrade, companion.aequē[aequus], adv.,equally.aequitās, ātis[aequus], f.,evenness, fairness, justice.aequō, āre, āvī, ātus[aequus],to make even, place on an equality.aequus, adj.,even, level;fair, just;aequō animō,patiently.aerārium, ī[aes], n.,state treasury;public money.aes, aeris, n.,copper, bronze;money(first coined of bronze);aes aliēnum,debt.aestās, ātis, f.,summer.aestīvus[aestās], adj.,of summer, summer.aetās, ātis, f.,time of life, life, age, youth, old age;period, time.aeternum[acc. sing. neut. ofaeternus,eternal], adv.,eternally, forever.Āfer, Āfrī, m.,an African, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.Āfrica, ae, f.,Africa, esp. that part of it which lay near Carthage.Āfricānus, adj.,African. As noun,Āfricānus, ī, m., the cognomen bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. SeeScīpiō.agedum, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,come on! come! quick!agellus, ī[dim. ofager], m.,a little field, small estate.ager, agrī, m.,field, farm, estate;territory, land, district;the country.agger, eris[ad+gerō], m.,mass(esp. of earth and brushwood),mound, rampart.aggredior, seegradior.agitō, āre, āvī, ātus[freq. ofagō],drive violently hither and thither;discuss, consider, meditate.con—cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think, reflect, consider;plan.ex+con—excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think out, devise.āgmen, inis[agō], n.,an army(on the march),marching column;troop, array.āgnōscō, seenōscō.agō, agere, ēgī, āctus,to set in motion, drive, lead;act, do, perform;treat, deal, arrange;spend, pass(of time);āctum est dē,it was all up with;augurium agere,to perform the augural ceremonies;cōnsulem agere,to act the consul,dēlēctum agere,to hold a levy;grātiās agere,to feel thankful;triumphum agere,to celebrate a triumph.ad—adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,drive, urge, compel, constrain.con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus,drive together, collect;compel, force.dē—dēgō, ere, dēgī, ——,pass, spend(of time).ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive out;finish;pass, spend.per—peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, accomplish, play(a part);set forth, relate, describe.re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive back, force, reduce, bring.sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive under, conquer, subdue.trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, settle, perform.agrestis, e[ager], adj.,of the fields;rustic;countrified, rude, uncouth.āiō, ais, ait, āiunt[def. verb],to say.alacer, cris, cre, adj.,lively, nimble, quick; often = an adv.,eagerly.alacritās, ātis[alacer], f.,liveliness, eagerness, spirit.AlbaorAlba Longa(sc.urbs), f., an ancient town of the Latins.Albānus, adj.,pertaining to Alba, Alban. As noun,Albānus, ī, m.,an inhabitant of Alba.ālea, ae, f.,game of dice;die.Alexander, drī, m.,Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia from 336 to 323B.C., and conqueror of Persia.Alexandrēa, ae, f.,Alexandria, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.aliās[alius], adv.,at another time, under other circumstances.alibī[alius+ibi], adv.,elsewhere, in other places.aliēnus[alius], adj.,belonging to another, another’s;aes aliēnum,debt.alimentum, ī[alō], n.,nourishment; in plur.,food, provisions.aliōquī, adv.,in other respects, otherwise.aliquamdiū[aliquis+diū], adv.,for a while, for some time.aliquandō[aliquis], adv.,at some time or other, once, on a certain occasion;at length, at last.aliquantus, adj.,some, considerable. As noun,aliquantum, ī, n.,a little, something.aliquī, aliqua, aliquod[alius+quī], indef. pron. adj.,some one or other, some, any.aliquis, qua, quid[alius+quis], indef. pron.,some one, something;any one, anything;some, any. As noun,aliquid, n.,something, anything.aliquot[alius+quot], indef. indecl. adj.,some, several.aliquotiēns[aliquot], adv.,several times.aliter[alius], adv.,otherwise, differently.alius, a, ud(gen.alīus, dat.aliī), pron. adj.,another, other, different;alius . . . alius,one . . . one, one . . . another;aliī . . . aliī,some . . . others.alō, ere, uī, tus,to feed, nourish, support, keep.Alpēs, ium, f.,the Alps.altāria, ium, pl. n.,an altar.alter, altera, alterum(gen.alterīus, dat.alterī), pron. adj.,one of two, the other, the second;alter . . . alter,the one . . . the other.altercor, ārī, ātus sum[alter],to dispute, wrangle.alteruter, utra, utrum(gen.alterutrīus, dat.alterutrī), pron. adj.,one or the other of two, one(only)of two.altus[alō], adj.,high, lofty;deep. Asnoun,altum, ī, n.,the deep sea, the deep; sup.altissimum, ī, n.,top.alveus, ī, m.,a basket, trough.am, amb, ambi, insep. prefix (seen inamputō),around, on both sides.amāns, antis[part. ofamō,to love], adj.,loving, fond; with gen.,fond of, devoted to.ambitiō, ōnis[ambiō,to go around], f.,canvassing for public office, ambition.ambō, ae, ō, adj.,both.ambulātiō, ōnis[ambulō], f.,a walk, promenade.ambulō, āre, āvī, —,to walk, stroll.dē—deambulō, āre, —, —,to walk, stroll, promenade.in—inambulō, āre, —, —,to walk up and down, stroll.amīcitia, ae[amīcus], f.,friendship.amictus[orig. part. ofamiciō,to wrap about], adj.,clothed in, clad in.amīcus[amō,to love], adj.,friendly.amīcus, ī[amō,to love], m.,a friend.āmittō, seemittō.amnis, is, m.,river, torrent, stream.amor, ōris[amō,to love], m.,love, passion.āmoveō, seemoveō.amphora, ae, f.,a two-handled jar. It held about six gallons.amplector, ī, amplexus sum,to twine around, embrace.ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus[amplus],to enlarge, widen, extend.amplius[comp. ofamplus], indecl. adj. and adv.,further, more, besides.amplus, adj.,great, large;noble, distinguished.amputō, seeputō.Amūlius, ī, m.,Amūlius, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba Longa.anceps, ancipitis[ambi+caput], adj.,two-headed;doubtful, hazardous.ancīle, is, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a guitar.ancilla, ae, f.,a maid-servant, maid.Ancus, ī, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.angō, ere, —, —,squeeze, choke;vex, annoy.angor, ōris[angō], m.,vexation, sorrow, anguish.anguis, is[angō], m. and f.,a snake.angulus, ī[angō], m.,corner, nook.angustiae, ārum[angustus], f.,narrowness, narrow place, narrow pass.angustus[angō], adj.,narrow.anima, ae, f.,air, breath, soul, life.animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus[animus+advertō],to turn the mind to, perceive, notice;in aliquem animadvertere,to punish.animal, ālis[anima], n.,a living thing, an animal.animus, ī, m.,mind, soul, reason;courage, spirit;temper, disposition; in plur.,affections, allegiance.Aniō, Aniēnis, m., a tributary of the Tiber.annālis, is[annus], adj.,yearly, annual. As noun,Annālēs(sc.librī),year-books, records; strictly brief abstracts of contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official residence.Annālēsis a frequent title of Latin historical works.annōna, ae[annus], f.,the year’s crop, esp. of grain;corn supply.annus, ī, m.,a year.ante(1) adv.; of space,before, in front of; of time,before, previously, ago; (2) prep. with acc., both of space and time,in front of, before.anteā[ante], adv.,before, formerly.antecēdō, seecēdō.anteeō, see(1)eō.antequamorante . . . quam, conj.,before, until.Antiochus, ī, m.,Antiochus.1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187B.C., conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190.2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero heard at Athens in 79B.C.antīquus, adj.,ancient.Antōnius, ī, m., a Roman gentile name.1.M. Antōnius, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31B.C., and killed himself the following year.2.C. Antōnius Hybrida, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with Cicero,B.C.63.ānulus, ī[dim. ofānus,a circle], m.,a finger ring.anus, ūs, f.,an old woman.anxius[angō], adj.,anxious, troubled.aper, aprī, m.,a wild boar.aperiō, seepariō.apertē[apertus], adv.,openly, plainly.apertus[orig. part. ofaperiō], adj.,open, manifest.Apollō, inis, m.,Apollo, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was at Delphi, in Greece.Apollōnia, ae, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the Adriatic. Toward the close of the first centuryB.C.it was a famous seat of learning.Apollōnius, ī, m.,Apollōnius, surnamedMolō, under whom Cicero studied rhetoric at Rhodes.apparātus, ūs, m.,equipment, preparation;splendor, pomp.appāreō, seepāreō.appellātiō, ōnis[(2)appellō], f.,name, title.(1)appellō, seepellō.(2)appellō, seepellō.Appennīnus, ī, m.,the Apennines, a range of mountains in Italy.Appius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus[ad+plaudō,to clap the hands],to applaud.appōnō, seepōnō.apprehendō, seeprehendō.approbō, seeprobō.appropinquō, āre, āvī, —[ad+propinquus],to draw near, approach.aptē[aptus], adv.,fitly, neatly.aptus, adj.,fitted, suited for, adapted to.apud, prep. with acc.; of place,near; of persons,with, among, in the presence of, at the house of; with the name of an author,in the works of.Āpūlia, ae, f.,Apulia, a district in the southeastern part of Italy.aqua, ae, f.,water.aquila, ae, f.,an eagle;standard(a metal eagle, elevated upon a pole).aquilifer, ferī[aquila+ferō], m.,standard bearer.āra, ae, f.,an altar.arbiter, trī, m.,witness, judge, umpire.arbitrium, ī[arbiter], n.,judgment, decision;will, caprice.arbitror, ārī, ātus sum[arbiter],to think, believe, consider.arbor, oris, f.,a tree.arca, ae[arceō], f.,chest, box.arceō, ēre, uī, —,to shut up, inclose;hinder, prevent.con—coerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to confine closely, shut in;restrain, check.ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to exercise, drill, employ;lēgem exercēre,to enforce a law.arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus,to cause to come, summon, send for.Ardea, ae, f.,Ardea, a town in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.ārdēns, entis[orig. part. ofārdeō,to burn, glow], adj.,glowing, fiery, bright.ārdor, ōris[ārdeō,to burn, glow], m.,heat, glow;zeal, enthusiasm, fire.argentum, ī, n.,silver;money.Argī, ōrum, m.,Argos, a city in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus.Argīvus, adj., ofArgos, Argive.arguō, ere, ī, ūtus,to show, prove;charge, accuse, blame.āridus[āreō,to be dry], adj.,dry, arid.arma, ōrum, n. pl.,arms, weapons(esp. for defense);warfare.armātus[orig. part. ofarmō], adj.,armed, in full armor. As noun,armātī, ōrum, m. pl.,armed men, soldiers.Armenia, ae, f.,Armenia, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black Sea.armilla, ae[armus,shoulder, arm], f.,a bracelet, armlet.armō, āre, āvī, ātus[arma],to arm, equip.Arpīnum, ī, n.,Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.ars, artis, f.,skill, art, knowledge;accomplishment, esp. in pl.;device, stratagem.artifex, icis[ars+faciō], m.,workman, artist, builder.artūs, uum, m. pl.,joints, limbs.Ārūns, untis, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.arx, arcis[arceō], f.,citadel, stronghold.ās, assis, m.,an as, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a cent.āscendō, seescandō.Asia, ae, f.,Asia, esp. Asia Minor.Asiāticus, adj.,Asiatic. As noun,Asiāticus, ī, m., (cognomen of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.asper, aspera, asperum, adj.,rough, bitter, sharp;harsh, violent, severe.asperitās, ātis[asper], f.,roughness, harshness;acidity(of vinegar).āspernor, seespernō.aspis, idis, f.,an asp, viper.āstūtia, ae[āstūtus], f.,shrewdness, smartness, cleverness.āstūtus[āstū,cunning], adj.,smart, clever, shrewd, cunning.asȳlum, ī, n.,place of refuge, asylum.at, conj.,but, but yet, nevertheless.Athēnae, ārum, f. plur.,Athens, the chief city of Greece, situated in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.Athesis, is, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated the Cimbri in 101B.C.Atīlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. SeeRēgulus.atque, ac, conj.,and, and also.atquī, conj.,and yet, but yet, yet.atrōciter[atrōx], adv.,fiercely, cruelly.atrōx, ōcis, adj.,savage, fierce, cruel, horrible.attentus, adj.,attentive.attonitus[attonō,to thunder at], adj.,thunder-struck, awe-struck, overwhelmed.Attus, ī, m.,Attus Nāvius, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.auctor, ōris[augeō], m.,producer, originator, cause.auctōritās, ātis[auctor], f.,authority, power;influence, weight, dignity.aucupium, ī[avis+capiō], n.,bird-catching, fowling.audācia, ae[audāx,bold], f.,boldness, daring;rashness, presumption.audeō, ēre, ausus sum,to venture, dare.audiō, īre, īvī, ītus,to hear, listen to;dictō audiēns esse,to obey.ex—exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus,to hear clearly, distinguish.auferō, seeferō.aufugiō, seefugiō.augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus,to increase, enlarge.augur, uris[avis], m.,an augur, soothsayer, a priest whose business it was to take theauspicia. Seeauspicium.augurium, ī[augur], n.,observance of omens, divination;augurium agere,to perform the augural ceremonies.augustus[augeō], adj.,majestic, venerable, imposing.Augustus, ī[augustus], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus inB.C.27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.aureus[aurum], adj.,golden.auris, is, f.,ear.aurum, ī, n.,gold.auspicium, ī[avis+*speciō], n.,divinationby noting the flight or cries of birds. In taking theauspicia,auspices, the augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed course of conduct.aut, conj.,or;aut . . . aut,either . . . or.autem, conj., always postpositive,but, however, moreover.auxilium, ī[augeō], n.,help, aid; plur.,auxiliary troops(usually foreign and light-armed troops).avāritia, ae[avārus], f.,greed, avarice.avārus, adj.,greedy, grasping, covetous.āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus[ab+vellō,to pluck],to tear offoraway, sever.Aventīnus, ī, m. (sc.mōns),the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome.Aventīnus, adj.,oforon the Aventine.aveō, ēre, —, —,to fare well, used only in the imperativeavē!hail! welcome! greetings!āversor, ārī, ātus sum[āvertō],to scorn, repulse.āvertō, seevertō.avidē[avidus], adv.,eagerly, greedily.avidus, adj.,desirous, eager, greedy.avis, is, f.,bird;sign, omen.avītus[avus], adj.,ancestral.āvocō, seevocō.āvolō, see(2)volō.avunculus[dim. ofavus], m.,uncle, mother’s brother.avus, ī, m.,grandfather, ancestor.Bbaculum, ī, n.,a staff, stick.Bagrada(s), ae, m., a river near Carthage.ballista, ae, f.,the ballista, a military engine for hurling stones.balneum, ī, n.,bath, bathing-place.barba, ae, f.,beard.barbarus, adj.,foreign, uncivilized, barbarous. As noun,barbarī, ōrum, pl. m.,foreigners, barbarians.bellātor, ōris[bellō], m.,fighter, brawler;warrior, soldier.bellicōsus[bellicus,warlike], adj.,warlike.bellō, āre, āvī, ātum[bellum],to wage war, fight.re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum,to wage war again, rebel.bellum, ī(orig.duellum, fromduo), n.,war, warfare.bēlua, ae, f.,a wild beast; of a person,beast, brute, monster.bene[bonus], adv.,well, successfully; comp.melius, sup.optimē.beneficium, ī[bene+faciō], n.,favor, kindness, service.benevolentia, ae[bene+ (1)volō], f.,good will, kindly feeling;favor.benīgnē[benīgnus], adv.,kindly, courteously.benīgnus, adj.,kind, favorable.bibliothēca, ae, f.,library.bibō, ere, ī, —,to drink.Bibulus, ī, m.,L. Calpurnius, consul with Julius Caesar in 59B.C.bīduum, ī[bis+diēs], n.,a period of two days, two days’ time.bis[orig.duis; cf.duo],num. adv.,twice.blanditia, ae, f.,flattery; in pl.,blandishments, allurements.Blosius, ī, m., gentile name ofC. Blosius Cūmānus, a friend of C. Gracchus.Bocchus, ī, m.,Bocchus, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.Boiorix, icis, m.,Boiorix, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius, 101B.C.bonus, comp.melior, sup.optimus, adj.,good; as noun,bonī, ōrum, m. pl.,good men, loyal citizens;bona, ōrum, n. pl.,goods, possessions.bōs, bovis, m. and f.,ox, cow; pl.,cattle.bracchium, ī, n.,forearm, arm.brevī, seebrevis.brevis, e, adj.,short;brevī(sc.tempore), adv.,in a little while, soon.Britannī, ōrum, m. pl.,the inhabitants of England, the Britons.Brundisium, ī, n.,Brundisium, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the regular point of embarkation for Greece.Brūtus, ī, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.1.L. Iūnius Brūtus, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, and consul with Collatinus in 509B.C.2.M. Iūnius Brūtus, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44B.C.3.D. Iūnius Brūtus, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but afterwards one of his murderers.bulla, ae, f., anamuletorcharmfor the neck, commonly of gold, though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid aside with thetoga praetexta(seepraetextus), and consecrated to theLarēs, or gods of the hearth.CC, orig. = EnglishG, later = bothCandG, finally =Calone; with proper names =Gāius, a Roman praenomen.cadāver, eris[cadō], n.,a corpse.cadō, ere, cecidī, cāsūrus,to fall;fall dead, be killed, die;happen.
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ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUV
A., abbreviation of the Roman praenomenAulus.
ā, ab, abs, prep. with abl.; (1) of place,from, away from, out of; (2) of time,from, since, after; (3) of agency,by; (4) of separation, source, cause,from, through, because of; in composition,off, away.
abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus[ab+aliēnus],to remove, alienate, estrange.
abdicō, seedicō.
abditus[orig. part. ofabdō], adj.,hidden, concealed.
abdō, seedō.
abdūcō, seedūcō.
abeō, see(1)eō.
abiciō, seeiaciō.
abluō, ere, ī, ūtus[ab+luō,to wash],to wash, cleanse, purify.
abnuō, see*nuō.
abripiō, seerapiō.
abrogō, seerogō.
abs, seeā.
abscēdō, seecēdō.
abscindō, seescindō.
absēns, entis[orig. part. ofabsum], adj.,absent, away.
absistō, seesistō.
absolvō, seesolvō.
absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus[ab+sorbeō,to swallow],to swallow.
abstinentia, ae[abstineō], f.,abstinence, self-restraint, integrity.
abstineō, seeteneō.
abstrahō, seetrahō.
absum, seesum.
absūmō, seesūmō.
ac, seeatque.
Acca, ae, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus.
accēdō, seecēdō.
accendō, seecandeō.
accidō, seecadō.
accingō, seecingō.
acciō, īre, īvī, ītus[ad+cieō,to set in motion],to summon, invite.
accipiō, seecapiō.
acclāmō, seeclāmō.
accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+commodus],to fit to, adjust, regulate.
accumbō, see*cumbō.
accurrō, seecurrō.
accūsātiō, ōnis[accūsō], f.,accusation, prosecution.
accūsātor, ōris[accūsō], m.,accuser, prosecutor.
accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+causa],to call to trial, accuse, blame.
ācer, ācris, ācre, comp.ācrior, sup.ācerrimus, adj.,sharp, bitter, piercing;keen, eager, vigorous, fierce.
acerbē[acerbus,bitter], adv.,bitterly, cruelly, severely.
acerbitās, ātis[acerbus,bitter], f.,harshness, severity, unkindness.
acētum, ī[cf.ācer], n.,vinegar.
aciēs, ēī[cf.ācer], f.,a sharp pointof a sword or dagger;a battle line(conceived of as a sword point);battle.
ācriter, comp.ācrius, sup.ācerrimē[ācer], adv.,sharply, spiritedly, fiercely, grievously.
Actiacus, adj.,oforat Actium.
Actium, ī, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.
ad, prep. with accus.; (1) of place,to, towards, to the house of, at, near; (2) of time,up to, towards, until, at;(3)of purpose,to, in order to, for, for the sake of; (4) of other relations,according to, at. In composition, it =to, towards, and also denotesadditionandintensity.
adamō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+amō,to love],to love earnestly.
addīcō, seedīcō.
addō, seedō.
addūcō, seedūcō.
(1)adeō, see(1)eō.
(2)adeō[ad+ (2)eō], adv.,to this point, so very, so, to such a degree, actually;atque adeō,and in fact.
adequitō, seeequitō.
adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+faciō],to strive after, aspire to.
adferō, seeferō.
adficiō, seefaciō.
adfīnis, is[ad+fīnis], m.,a relative(by marriage).
adfīrmō, seefīrmō.
adflātus, ūs[adflō], m.,a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation.
adflīctus[orig. part. ofadflīgō], adj.,shattered, weakened, wretched.
adflīgō, see*flīgō.
adflō, seeflō.
adhibeō, seehabeō.
adhortātiō, ōnis[adhortor,to encourage], f.,encouragement, exhortation.
adiciō, seeiaciō.
adigō, seeagō.
adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum[ad+apīscor,to reach],to gain by effort, get, acquire.
aditus, ūs[(1)adeō], m.,approach, access.
adiūmentum[orig.adiuvāmentum, fromadiuvō], n.,help, aid, service.
adiungō, seeiungō.
adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus[ad+iuvō,to help],to aid, help.
adliciō, see*laciō.
adligō, seeligō.
adloquor, seeloquor.
administrō, āre, āvī, ātus[ad+ministrō,to manage],to manage, direct, govern, regulate.
admīrābilis, e[admīror], adj.,admirable, wonderful.
admīrandus[admīror], adj.,marvelous, wonderful, strange.
admīrātiō, ōnis[admīror], f.,wonder, admiration;surprise.
admīrātor, ōris[admīror], m.,admirer.
admīror, ārī, ātus sum[ad+mīror,to marvel at],to marvel at, admire.
admittō, seemittō.
admodum[ad+modus], adv.,up to the full limit, very, exceedingly.
admoneō, seemoneō.
admoveō, seemoveō.
adnuō, see*nuō.
adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus[ad+olēscō,to grow],to grow up, become mature, reach manhood.
adoperiō, seepariō.
adoptō, seeoptō.
adōrnō, seeōrnō.
adōrō, seeōrō.
adquīrō, seequaerō.
adripiō, seerapiō.
adscrībō, seescrībō.
adsentātiō, ōnis[adsentor,to agree with, to flatter], f.,flattery.
adsequor, seesequor.
adsideō, seesedeō.
adsīdō, seesīdō.
adsiduus[adsideō], adj.,incessant, repeated, continued.
adsīgnō, seesīgnō.
adspiciō, see*speciō.
adsuēscō, seesuēscō.
adsum, seesum.
adsūmō, seesūmō.
adsurgō, seesurgō.
adulēscēns, entis[adolēscō], m. and f.,a young manorwoman(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).
adulēscentia, ae[adulēscēns], f.,youth.
adulēscentulus, ī[dim. ofadulēscēns], m.,a very young man, stripling.
adūlor, ārī, ātus sum,to flatter.
adultus[orig. part. ofadolēscō], adj.,grown up, mature, adult.
advehō, seevehō.
adveniō, seeveniō.
adventō, āre, āvī, — [freq. ofadveniō],to advance, approach.
adventus, ūs[adveniō], m.,coming, approach, arrival.
adversārius, ī[adversor], m.,opponent, enemy.
adversor, ārī, ātus sum[adversus],to oppose, withstand, resist.
adversus[ad+vertō], adj.,turned towards, facing, in front;opposed, adverse, unfavorable. As noun,adversum, ī, n.,misfortune, calamity.
adversusandadversum, prep. with acc.,in opposition to, against, towards.
advocātiō, ōnis[advocō], f.,advocacy, legal assistance;in advocātiōnem venīre,to come to one’s aid in court.
advocātus, ī[advocō], m.,adviser, advocate.
advocō, seevocō.
aedēs, seeaedis.
aedificium, ī[aedificō], n.,a building.
aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus[aedis+faciō],to build.
aedīlis, is[aedis], m.,aedile, commissioner of public works, the name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor. They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents, and superintended the performance of certain public games.
aedīlitās, ātis[aedīlis], f.,aedileship.
aedisoraedēs, is, f., in sing.,temple; in pl.,house, dwelling.
aedituus, ī[aedis+tueor], m.,keeper of a temple, sexton.
aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj.,sick, ill, feeble.
aegrē[aeger], adv.,painfully, with difficulty, scarcely;aegrē ferre,to be vexed at, take amiss.
aegritūdō, inis[aeger], f.,sickness;grief, vexation, mortification.
aegrōtō, āre, āvī, — [aeger],to be illorfeeble, lie sick.
Aegyptus, ī, m.,Egypt.
Aemilius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. SeePaulus.
aemulātiō, ōnis[aemulor,to rival], f.,rivalry, competition.
aequālis, e[aequus], adj.,equal, like(esp. in age). As noun, m.,comrade, companion.
aequē[aequus], adv.,equally.
aequitās, ātis[aequus], f.,evenness, fairness, justice.
aequō, āre, āvī, ātus[aequus],to make even, place on an equality.
aequus, adj.,even, level;fair, just;aequō animō,patiently.
aerārium, ī[aes], n.,state treasury;public money.
aes, aeris, n.,copper, bronze;money(first coined of bronze);aes aliēnum,debt.
aestās, ātis, f.,summer.
aestīvus[aestās], adj.,of summer, summer.
aetās, ātis, f.,time of life, life, age, youth, old age;period, time.
aeternum[acc. sing. neut. ofaeternus,eternal], adv.,eternally, forever.
Āfer, Āfrī, m.,an African, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.
Āfrica, ae, f.,Africa, esp. that part of it which lay near Carthage.
Āfricānus, adj.,African. As noun,Āfricānus, ī, m., the cognomen bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. SeeScīpiō.
agedum, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,come on! come! quick!
agellus, ī[dim. ofager], m.,a little field, small estate.
ager, agrī, m.,field, farm, estate;territory, land, district;the country.
agger, eris[ad+gerō], m.,mass(esp. of earth and brushwood),mound, rampart.
aggredior, seegradior.
agitō, āre, āvī, ātus[freq. ofagō],drive violently hither and thither;discuss, consider, meditate.
con—cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think, reflect, consider;plan.ex+con—excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think out, devise.
con—cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think, reflect, consider;plan.
ex+con—excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus,to think out, devise.
āgmen, inis[agō], n.,an army(on the march),marching column;troop, array.
āgnōscō, seenōscō.
agō, agere, ēgī, āctus,to set in motion, drive, lead;act, do, perform;treat, deal, arrange;spend, pass(of time);āctum est dē,it was all up with;augurium agere,to perform the augural ceremonies;cōnsulem agere,to act the consul,dēlēctum agere,to hold a levy;grātiās agere,to feel thankful;triumphum agere,to celebrate a triumph.
ad—adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,drive, urge, compel, constrain.con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus,drive together, collect;compel, force.dē—dēgō, ere, dēgī, ——,pass, spend(of time).ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive out;finish;pass, spend.per—peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, accomplish, play(a part);set forth, relate, describe.re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive back, force, reduce, bring.sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive under, conquer, subdue.trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, settle, perform.
ad—adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,drive, urge, compel, constrain.
con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus,drive together, collect;compel, force.
dē—dēgō, ere, dēgī, ——,pass, spend(of time).
ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive out;finish;pass, spend.
per—peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, accomplish, play(a part);set forth, relate, describe.
re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive back, force, reduce, bring.
sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to drive under, conquer, subdue.
trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus,to finish, settle, perform.
agrestis, e[ager], adj.,of the fields;rustic;countrified, rude, uncouth.
āiō, ais, ait, āiunt[def. verb],to say.
alacer, cris, cre, adj.,lively, nimble, quick; often = an adv.,eagerly.
alacritās, ātis[alacer], f.,liveliness, eagerness, spirit.
AlbaorAlba Longa(sc.urbs), f., an ancient town of the Latins.
Albānus, adj.,pertaining to Alba, Alban. As noun,Albānus, ī, m.,an inhabitant of Alba.
ālea, ae, f.,game of dice;die.
Alexander, drī, m.,Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia from 336 to 323B.C., and conqueror of Persia.
Alexandrēa, ae, f.,Alexandria, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.
aliās[alius], adv.,at another time, under other circumstances.
alibī[alius+ibi], adv.,elsewhere, in other places.
aliēnus[alius], adj.,belonging to another, another’s;aes aliēnum,debt.
alimentum, ī[alō], n.,nourishment; in plur.,food, provisions.
aliōquī, adv.,in other respects, otherwise.
aliquamdiū[aliquis+diū], adv.,for a while, for some time.
aliquandō[aliquis], adv.,at some time or other, once, on a certain occasion;at length, at last.
aliquantus, adj.,some, considerable. As noun,aliquantum, ī, n.,a little, something.
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod[alius+quī], indef. pron. adj.,some one or other, some, any.
aliquis, qua, quid[alius+quis], indef. pron.,some one, something;any one, anything;some, any. As noun,aliquid, n.,something, anything.
aliquot[alius+quot], indef. indecl. adj.,some, several.
aliquotiēns[aliquot], adv.,several times.
aliter[alius], adv.,otherwise, differently.
alius, a, ud(gen.alīus, dat.aliī), pron. adj.,another, other, different;alius . . . alius,one . . . one, one . . . another;aliī . . . aliī,some . . . others.
alō, ere, uī, tus,to feed, nourish, support, keep.
Alpēs, ium, f.,the Alps.
altāria, ium, pl. n.,an altar.
alter, altera, alterum(gen.alterīus, dat.alterī), pron. adj.,one of two, the other, the second;alter . . . alter,the one . . . the other.
altercor, ārī, ātus sum[alter],to dispute, wrangle.
alteruter, utra, utrum(gen.alterutrīus, dat.alterutrī), pron. adj.,one or the other of two, one(only)of two.
altus[alō], adj.,high, lofty;deep. Asnoun,altum, ī, n.,the deep sea, the deep; sup.altissimum, ī, n.,top.
alveus, ī, m.,a basket, trough.
am, amb, ambi, insep. prefix (seen inamputō),around, on both sides.
amāns, antis[part. ofamō,to love], adj.,loving, fond; with gen.,fond of, devoted to.
ambitiō, ōnis[ambiō,to go around], f.,canvassing for public office, ambition.
ambō, ae, ō, adj.,both.
ambulātiō, ōnis[ambulō], f.,a walk, promenade.
ambulō, āre, āvī, —,to walk, stroll.
dē—deambulō, āre, —, —,to walk, stroll, promenade.in—inambulō, āre, —, —,to walk up and down, stroll.
dē—deambulō, āre, —, —,to walk, stroll, promenade.
in—inambulō, āre, —, —,to walk up and down, stroll.
amīcitia, ae[amīcus], f.,friendship.
amictus[orig. part. ofamiciō,to wrap about], adj.,clothed in, clad in.
amīcus[amō,to love], adj.,friendly.
amīcus, ī[amō,to love], m.,a friend.
āmittō, seemittō.
amnis, is, m.,river, torrent, stream.
amor, ōris[amō,to love], m.,love, passion.
āmoveō, seemoveō.
amphora, ae, f.,a two-handled jar. It held about six gallons.
amplector, ī, amplexus sum,to twine around, embrace.
ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus[amplus],to enlarge, widen, extend.
amplius[comp. ofamplus], indecl. adj. and adv.,further, more, besides.
amplus, adj.,great, large;noble, distinguished.
amputō, seeputō.
Amūlius, ī, m.,Amūlius, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba Longa.
anceps, ancipitis[ambi+caput], adj.,two-headed;doubtful, hazardous.
ancīle, is, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of a guitar.
ancilla, ae, f.,a maid-servant, maid.
Ancus, ī, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.
angō, ere, —, —,squeeze, choke;vex, annoy.
angor, ōris[angō], m.,vexation, sorrow, anguish.
anguis, is[angō], m. and f.,a snake.
angulus, ī[angō], m.,corner, nook.
angustiae, ārum[angustus], f.,narrowness, narrow place, narrow pass.
angustus[angō], adj.,narrow.
anima, ae, f.,air, breath, soul, life.
animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus[animus+advertō],to turn the mind to, perceive, notice;in aliquem animadvertere,to punish.
animal, ālis[anima], n.,a living thing, an animal.
animus, ī, m.,mind, soul, reason;courage, spirit;temper, disposition; in plur.,affections, allegiance.
Aniō, Aniēnis, m., a tributary of the Tiber.
annālis, is[annus], adj.,yearly, annual. As noun,Annālēs(sc.librī),year-books, records; strictly brief abstracts of contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official residence.Annālēsis a frequent title of Latin historical works.
annōna, ae[annus], f.,the year’s crop, esp. of grain;corn supply.
annus, ī, m.,a year.
ante(1) adv.; of space,before, in front of; of time,before, previously, ago; (2) prep. with acc., both of space and time,in front of, before.
anteā[ante], adv.,before, formerly.
antecēdō, seecēdō.
anteeō, see(1)eō.
antequamorante . . . quam, conj.,before, until.
Antiochus, ī, m.,Antiochus.
1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187B.C., conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190.2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero heard at Athens in 79B.C.
1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187B.C., conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190.
2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero heard at Athens in 79B.C.
antīquus, adj.,ancient.
Antōnius, ī, m., a Roman gentile name.
1.M. Antōnius, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31B.C., and killed himself the following year.2.C. Antōnius Hybrida, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with Cicero,B.C.63.
1.M. Antōnius, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31B.C., and killed himself the following year.
2.C. Antōnius Hybrida, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with Cicero,B.C.63.
ānulus, ī[dim. ofānus,a circle], m.,a finger ring.
anus, ūs, f.,an old woman.
anxius[angō], adj.,anxious, troubled.
aper, aprī, m.,a wild boar.
aperiō, seepariō.
apertē[apertus], adv.,openly, plainly.
apertus[orig. part. ofaperiō], adj.,open, manifest.
Apollō, inis, m.,Apollo, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was at Delphi, in Greece.
Apollōnia, ae, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the Adriatic. Toward the close of the first centuryB.C.it was a famous seat of learning.
Apollōnius, ī, m.,Apollōnius, surnamedMolō, under whom Cicero studied rhetoric at Rhodes.
apparātus, ūs, m.,equipment, preparation;splendor, pomp.
appāreō, seepāreō.
appellātiō, ōnis[(2)appellō], f.,name, title.
(1)appellō, seepellō.
(2)appellō, seepellō.
Appennīnus, ī, m.,the Apennines, a range of mountains in Italy.
Appius, ī, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.
applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus[ad+plaudō,to clap the hands],to applaud.
appōnō, seepōnō.
apprehendō, seeprehendō.
approbō, seeprobō.
appropinquō, āre, āvī, —[ad+propinquus],to draw near, approach.
aptē[aptus], adv.,fitly, neatly.
aptus, adj.,fitted, suited for, adapted to.
apud, prep. with acc.; of place,near; of persons,with, among, in the presence of, at the house of; with the name of an author,in the works of.
Āpūlia, ae, f.,Apulia, a district in the southeastern part of Italy.
aqua, ae, f.,water.
aquila, ae, f.,an eagle;standard(a metal eagle, elevated upon a pole).
aquilifer, ferī[aquila+ferō], m.,standard bearer.
āra, ae, f.,an altar.
arbiter, trī, m.,witness, judge, umpire.
arbitrium, ī[arbiter], n.,judgment, decision;will, caprice.
arbitror, ārī, ātus sum[arbiter],to think, believe, consider.
arbor, oris, f.,a tree.
arca, ae[arceō], f.,chest, box.
arceō, ēre, uī, —,to shut up, inclose;hinder, prevent.
con—coerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to confine closely, shut in;restrain, check.ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to exercise, drill, employ;lēgem exercēre,to enforce a law.
con—coerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to confine closely, shut in;restrain, check.
ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus,to exercise, drill, employ;lēgem exercēre,to enforce a law.
arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus,to cause to come, summon, send for.
Ardea, ae, f.,Ardea, a town in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.
ārdēns, entis[orig. part. ofārdeō,to burn, glow], adj.,glowing, fiery, bright.
ārdor, ōris[ārdeō,to burn, glow], m.,heat, glow;zeal, enthusiasm, fire.
argentum, ī, n.,silver;money.
Argī, ōrum, m.,Argos, a city in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus.
Argīvus, adj., ofArgos, Argive.
arguō, ere, ī, ūtus,to show, prove;charge, accuse, blame.
āridus[āreō,to be dry], adj.,dry, arid.
arma, ōrum, n. pl.,arms, weapons(esp. for defense);warfare.
armātus[orig. part. ofarmō], adj.,armed, in full armor. As noun,armātī, ōrum, m. pl.,armed men, soldiers.
Armenia, ae, f.,Armenia, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black Sea.
armilla, ae[armus,shoulder, arm], f.,a bracelet, armlet.
armō, āre, āvī, ātus[arma],to arm, equip.
Arpīnum, ī, n.,Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.
ars, artis, f.,skill, art, knowledge;accomplishment, esp. in pl.;device, stratagem.
artifex, icis[ars+faciō], m.,workman, artist, builder.
artūs, uum, m. pl.,joints, limbs.
Ārūns, untis, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.
arx, arcis[arceō], f.,citadel, stronghold.
ās, assis, m.,an as, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a cent.
āscendō, seescandō.
Asia, ae, f.,Asia, esp. Asia Minor.
Asiāticus, adj.,Asiatic. As noun,Asiāticus, ī, m., (cognomen of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.
asper, aspera, asperum, adj.,rough, bitter, sharp;harsh, violent, severe.
asperitās, ātis[asper], f.,roughness, harshness;acidity(of vinegar).
āspernor, seespernō.
aspis, idis, f.,an asp, viper.
āstūtia, ae[āstūtus], f.,shrewdness, smartness, cleverness.
āstūtus[āstū,cunning], adj.,smart, clever, shrewd, cunning.
asȳlum, ī, n.,place of refuge, asylum.
at, conj.,but, but yet, nevertheless.
Athēnae, ārum, f. plur.,Athens, the chief city of Greece, situated in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.
Athesis, is, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated the Cimbri in 101B.C.
Atīlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. SeeRēgulus.
atque, ac, conj.,and, and also.
atquī, conj.,and yet, but yet, yet.
atrōciter[atrōx], adv.,fiercely, cruelly.
atrōx, ōcis, adj.,savage, fierce, cruel, horrible.
attentus, adj.,attentive.
attonitus[attonō,to thunder at], adj.,thunder-struck, awe-struck, overwhelmed.
Attus, ī, m.,Attus Nāvius, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.
auctor, ōris[augeō], m.,producer, originator, cause.
auctōritās, ātis[auctor], f.,authority, power;influence, weight, dignity.
aucupium, ī[avis+capiō], n.,bird-catching, fowling.
audācia, ae[audāx,bold], f.,boldness, daring;rashness, presumption.
audeō, ēre, ausus sum,to venture, dare.
audiō, īre, īvī, ītus,to hear, listen to;dictō audiēns esse,to obey.
ex—exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus,to hear clearly, distinguish.
auferō, seeferō.
aufugiō, seefugiō.
augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus,to increase, enlarge.
augur, uris[avis], m.,an augur, soothsayer, a priest whose business it was to take theauspicia. Seeauspicium.
augurium, ī[augur], n.,observance of omens, divination;augurium agere,to perform the augural ceremonies.
augustus[augeō], adj.,majestic, venerable, imposing.
Augustus, ī[augustus], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus inB.C.27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.
aureus[aurum], adj.,golden.
auris, is, f.,ear.
aurum, ī, n.,gold.
auspicium, ī[avis+*speciō], n.,divinationby noting the flight or cries of birds. In taking theauspicia,auspices, the augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed course of conduct.
aut, conj.,or;aut . . . aut,either . . . or.
autem, conj., always postpositive,but, however, moreover.
auxilium, ī[augeō], n.,help, aid; plur.,auxiliary troops(usually foreign and light-armed troops).
avāritia, ae[avārus], f.,greed, avarice.
avārus, adj.,greedy, grasping, covetous.
āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus[ab+vellō,to pluck],to tear offoraway, sever.
Aventīnus, ī, m. (sc.mōns),the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome.
Aventīnus, adj.,oforon the Aventine.
aveō, ēre, —, —,to fare well, used only in the imperativeavē!hail! welcome! greetings!
āversor, ārī, ātus sum[āvertō],to scorn, repulse.
āvertō, seevertō.
avidē[avidus], adv.,eagerly, greedily.
avidus, adj.,desirous, eager, greedy.
avis, is, f.,bird;sign, omen.
avītus[avus], adj.,ancestral.
āvocō, seevocō.
āvolō, see(2)volō.
avunculus[dim. ofavus], m.,uncle, mother’s brother.
avus, ī, m.,grandfather, ancestor.
B
baculum, ī, n.,a staff, stick.
Bagrada(s), ae, m., a river near Carthage.
ballista, ae, f.,the ballista, a military engine for hurling stones.
balneum, ī, n.,bath, bathing-place.
barba, ae, f.,beard.
barbarus, adj.,foreign, uncivilized, barbarous. As noun,barbarī, ōrum, pl. m.,foreigners, barbarians.
bellātor, ōris[bellō], m.,fighter, brawler;warrior, soldier.
bellicōsus[bellicus,warlike], adj.,warlike.
bellō, āre, āvī, ātum[bellum],to wage war, fight.
re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum,to wage war again, rebel.
bellum, ī(orig.duellum, fromduo), n.,war, warfare.
bēlua, ae, f.,a wild beast; of a person,beast, brute, monster.
bene[bonus], adv.,well, successfully; comp.melius, sup.optimē.
beneficium, ī[bene+faciō], n.,favor, kindness, service.
benevolentia, ae[bene+ (1)volō], f.,good will, kindly feeling;favor.
benīgnē[benīgnus], adv.,kindly, courteously.
benīgnus, adj.,kind, favorable.
bibliothēca, ae, f.,library.
bibō, ere, ī, —,to drink.
Bibulus, ī, m.,L. Calpurnius, consul with Julius Caesar in 59B.C.
bīduum, ī[bis+diēs], n.,a period of two days, two days’ time.
bis[orig.duis; cf.duo],num. adv.,twice.
blanditia, ae, f.,flattery; in pl.,blandishments, allurements.
Blosius, ī, m., gentile name ofC. Blosius Cūmānus, a friend of C. Gracchus.
Bocchus, ī, m.,Bocchus, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.
Boiorix, icis, m.,Boiorix, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius, 101B.C.
bonus, comp.melior, sup.optimus, adj.,good; as noun,bonī, ōrum, m. pl.,good men, loyal citizens;bona, ōrum, n. pl.,goods, possessions.
bōs, bovis, m. and f.,ox, cow; pl.,cattle.
bracchium, ī, n.,forearm, arm.
brevī, seebrevis.
brevis, e, adj.,short;brevī(sc.tempore), adv.,in a little while, soon.
Britannī, ōrum, m. pl.,the inhabitants of England, the Britons.
Brundisium, ī, n.,Brundisium, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the regular point of embarkation for Greece.
Brūtus, ī, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.
1.L. Iūnius Brūtus, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, and consul with Collatinus in 509B.C.
2.M. Iūnius Brūtus, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44B.C.
3.D. Iūnius Brūtus, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but afterwards one of his murderers.
bulla, ae, f., anamuletorcharmfor the neck, commonly of gold, though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid aside with thetoga praetexta(seepraetextus), and consecrated to theLarēs, or gods of the hearth.
C
C, orig. = EnglishG, later = bothCandG, finally =Calone; with proper names =Gāius, a Roman praenomen.
cadāver, eris[cadō], n.,a corpse.
cadō, ere, cecidī, cāsūrus,to fall;fall dead, be killed, die;happen.