1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑7Rink, p. 5.↑8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑12Nansen.↑13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑14Ribbach, p. 286.↑15Hall.↑16Klutschak.↑17Petitot.↑18Turner, Ungava District.↑19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑22Bancroft, p. 92.↑23Petroff, p. 152.↑24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑30Krause, p. 321.↑31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑33Bancroft, p. 217.↑34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑37Hardisty, p. 316.↑38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑41Bancroft, p. 124.↑42Bancroft, p. 135.↑43Allison, p. 316.↑44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑45Loskiel, p. 195.↑46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑48Keating, II p. 168.↑49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑50Kohl, I p. 96.↑51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑61Hoffman, p. 35.↑62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑70Rochefort, p. 412.↑71Loskiel, p. 197.↑72Bartram, p. 38.↑73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑76Strachey, p. 83.↑77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑82Mathews, p. 47.↑83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑84James, p. 299.↑85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑88Gibbs, p. 188.↑89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑94Bancroft, p. 276.↑95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑97Brancroft, p. 269.↑98Powers, p. 248.↑99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑103Bancroft, p. 360.↑104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑106Bancroft, p. 349.↑107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑108Ibid., p. 407.↑109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑110Powers, p. 322.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑7Rink, p. 5.↑8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑12Nansen.↑13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑14Ribbach, p. 286.↑15Hall.↑16Klutschak.↑17Petitot.↑18Turner, Ungava District.↑19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑22Bancroft, p. 92.↑23Petroff, p. 152.↑24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑30Krause, p. 321.↑31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑33Bancroft, p. 217.↑34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑37Hardisty, p. 316.↑38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑41Bancroft, p. 124.↑42Bancroft, p. 135.↑43Allison, p. 316.↑44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑45Loskiel, p. 195.↑46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑48Keating, II p. 168.↑49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑50Kohl, I p. 96.↑51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑61Hoffman, p. 35.↑62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑70Rochefort, p. 412.↑71Loskiel, p. 197.↑72Bartram, p. 38.↑73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑76Strachey, p. 83.↑77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑82Mathews, p. 47.↑83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑84James, p. 299.↑85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑88Gibbs, p. 188.↑89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑94Bancroft, p. 276.↑95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑97Brancroft, p. 269.↑98Powers, p. 248.↑99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑103Bancroft, p. 360.↑104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑106Bancroft, p. 349.↑107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑108Ibid., p. 407.↑109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑110Powers, p. 322.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑7Rink, p. 5.↑8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑12Nansen.↑13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑14Ribbach, p. 286.↑15Hall.↑16Klutschak.↑17Petitot.↑18Turner, Ungava District.↑19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑22Bancroft, p. 92.↑23Petroff, p. 152.↑24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑30Krause, p. 321.↑31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑33Bancroft, p. 217.↑34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑37Hardisty, p. 316.↑38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑41Bancroft, p. 124.↑42Bancroft, p. 135.↑43Allison, p. 316.↑44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑45Loskiel, p. 195.↑46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑48Keating, II p. 168.↑49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑50Kohl, I p. 96.↑51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑61Hoffman, p. 35.↑62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑70Rochefort, p. 412.↑71Loskiel, p. 197.↑72Bartram, p. 38.↑73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑76Strachey, p. 83.↑77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑82Mathews, p. 47.↑83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑84James, p. 299.↑85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑88Gibbs, p. 188.↑89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑94Bancroft, p. 276.↑95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑97Brancroft, p. 269.↑98Powers, p. 248.↑99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑103Bancroft, p. 360.↑104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑106Bancroft, p. 349.↑107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑108Ibid., p. 407.↑109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑110Powers, p. 322.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑7Rink, p. 5.↑8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑12Nansen.↑13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑14Ribbach, p. 286.↑15Hall.↑16Klutschak.↑17Petitot.↑18Turner, Ungava District.↑19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑22Bancroft, p. 92.↑23Petroff, p. 152.↑24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑30Krause, p. 321.↑31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑33Bancroft, p. 217.↑34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑37Hardisty, p. 316.↑38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑41Bancroft, p. 124.↑42Bancroft, p. 135.↑43Allison, p. 316.↑44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑45Loskiel, p. 195.↑46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑48Keating, II p. 168.↑49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑50Kohl, I p. 96.↑51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑61Hoffman, p. 35.↑62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑70Rochefort, p. 412.↑71Loskiel, p. 197.↑72Bartram, p. 38.↑73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑76Strachey, p. 83.↑77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑82Mathews, p. 47.↑83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑84James, p. 299.↑85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑88Gibbs, p. 188.↑89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑94Bancroft, p. 276.↑95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑97Brancroft, p. 269.↑98Powers, p. 248.↑99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑103Bancroft, p. 360.↑104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑106Bancroft, p. 349.↑107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑108Ibid., p. 407.↑109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑110Powers, p. 322.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑7Rink, p. 5.↑8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑12Nansen.↑13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑14Ribbach, p. 286.↑15Hall.↑16Klutschak.↑17Petitot.↑18Turner, Ungava District.↑19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑22Bancroft, p. 92.↑23Petroff, p. 152.↑24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑30Krause, p. 321.↑31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑33Bancroft, p. 217.↑34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑37Hardisty, p. 316.↑38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑41Bancroft, p. 124.↑42Bancroft, p. 135.↑43Allison, p. 316.↑44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑45Loskiel, p. 195.↑46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑48Keating, II p. 168.↑49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑50Kohl, I p. 96.↑51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑61Hoffman, p. 35.↑62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑70Rochefort, p. 412.↑71Loskiel, p. 197.↑72Bartram, p. 38.↑73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑76Strachey, p. 83.↑77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑82Mathews, p. 47.↑83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑84James, p. 299.↑85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑88Gibbs, p. 188.↑89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑94Bancroft, p. 276.↑95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑97Brancroft, p. 269.↑98Powers, p. 248.↑99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑103Bancroft, p. 360.↑104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑106Bancroft, p. 349.↑107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑108Ibid., p. 407.↑109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑110Powers, p. 322.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑
1Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.
The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded.↑
2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑
2Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adoptedchildren.↑
3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑
3See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq.↑
4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑
4The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part.↑
5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑
5Hanoteau et Letourneux,La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles.↑
6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑
6When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz,Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141.↑
7Rink, p. 5.↑
7Rink, p. 5.↑
8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑
8Ibid., pp. 24, 25.↑
9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑
9Ibid, pp. 24–34.↑
10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑
10Crantz I. pp. 178, 186.↑
11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑
11Ibid., pp. 211, 215.↑
12Nansen.↑
12Nansen.↑
13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑
13Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581.↑
14Ribbach, p. 286.↑
14Ribbach, p. 286.↑
15Hall.↑
15Hall.↑
16Klutschak.↑
16Klutschak.↑
17Petitot.↑
17Petitot.↑
18Turner, Ungava District.↑
18Turner, Ungava District.↑
19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑
19Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott.↑
20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑
20Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419.↑
21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑
21See Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 268.↑
22Bancroft, p. 92.↑
22Bancroft, p. 92.↑
23Petroff, p. 152.↑
23Petroff, p. 152.↑
24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑
24Petroff, pp. 158, 159.↑
25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑
25Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79.↑
26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑
26Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165;Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46.↑
27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑
27Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168.↑
28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑
28Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A.↑
29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑
29Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338.↑
30Krause, p. 321.↑
30Krause, p. 321.↑
31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑
31Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑
32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑
32Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35.↑
33Bancroft, p. 217.↑
33Bancroft, p. 217.↑
34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑
34Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc.↑
35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑
35Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252.↑
36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑
36Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325.↑
37Hardisty, p. 316.↑
37Hardisty, p. 316.↑
38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑
38Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft.↑
39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑
39Mackenzie, I p. 152.↑
40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑
40Hearne, II pp. 87, 179.↑
41Bancroft, p. 124.↑
41Bancroft, p. 124.↑
42Bancroft, p. 135.↑
42Bancroft, p. 135.↑
43Allison, p. 316.↑
43Allison, p. 316.↑
44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑
44Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie.↑
45Loskiel, p. 195.↑
45Loskiel, p. 195.↑
46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑
46Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape.↑
47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑
47Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245.↑
48Keating, II p. 168.↑
48Keating, II p. 168.↑
49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑
49Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109.↑
50Kohl, I p. 96.↑
50Kohl, I p. 96.↑
51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑
51Carver, pp. 325, 326.↑
52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑
52Tanner, pp.17, 112, 114.↑
53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑
53Tanner, pp. 11–16.↑
54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑
54Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt.↑
55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑
55McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie.↑
56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑
56Dodge, pp. 266, 267.↑
57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑
57Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99.↑
58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑
58Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123.↑
59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑
59Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied,Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑
60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑
60Maurault, pp. 26—28.↑
61Hoffman, p. 35.↑
61Hoffman, p. 35.↑
62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑
62Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69.↑
63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑
63Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 245.↑
64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑
64Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1.↑
65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑
65Lafitau, II p. 308.↑
66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑
66Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq.↑
67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑
67Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68.↑
68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑
68Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287.↑
69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑
69Roosevelt, I p. 50.↑
70Rochefort, p. 412.↑
70Rochefort, p. 412.↑
71Loskiel, p. 197.↑
71Loskiel, p. 197.↑
72Bartram, p. 38.↑
72Bartram, p. 38.↑
73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑
73Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64.↑
74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑
74Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see alsoLettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133.↑
75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑
75Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249.↑
76Strachey, p. 83.↑
76Strachey, p. 83.↑
77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑
77Ibid., pp. 101, 108.↑
78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑
78Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261.↑
79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑
79Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215.↑
80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑
80Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft.↑
81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑
81Eastman, Indian Wars, p.412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526.↑
82Mathews, p. 47.↑
82Mathews, p. 47.↑
83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑
83Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332.↑
84James, p. 299.↑
84James, p. 299.↑
85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑
85Hunter,Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271.↑
86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑
86Reports of Expl.,Vol. XII Part I p. 76.↑
87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑
87Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233.↑
88Gibbs, p. 188.↑
88Gibbs, p. 188.↑
89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑
89Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54.↑
90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑
90The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181).↑
91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑
91Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182.↑
92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑
92Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc.↑
93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑
93Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314.↑
94Bancroft, p. 276.↑
94Bancroft, p. 276.↑
95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑
95Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c.↑
96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑
96Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263.↑
97Brancroft, p. 269.↑
97Brancroft, p. 269.↑
98Powers, p. 248.↑
98Powers, p. 248.↑
99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑
99Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320.↑
100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑
100Bancroft, pp. 349, 351.↑
101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑
101Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76.↑
102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑
102Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348.↑
103Bancroft, p. 360.↑
103Bancroft, p. 360.↑
104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑
104This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑
105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑
105Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16.↑
106Bancroft, p. 349.↑
106Bancroft, p. 349.↑
107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑
107Ibid., pp. 388, 381.↑
108Ibid., p. 407.↑
108Ibid., p. 407.↑
109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑
109Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309.↑
110Powers, p. 322.↑
110Powers, p. 322.↑