111Bancroft, p. 436.↑112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑113Bancroft,p. 510.↑114Ibid., p. 500.↑115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑116Gregg, II p. 243.↑117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑121Bancroft, p. 498.↑122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑129Bancroft, p. 562.↑130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑134Maccauley, p. 526.↑135Gregg, II p. 196.↑136Bancroft, p. 581.↑137Bancroft, p. 629.↑138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑147Martius, p. 693.↑148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑156Ibid., p. 71.↑157Ibid., p. 73.↑158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑159Azara, II p. 146.↑160Boggiani, p. 80.↑161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑168Boggiani, p. 100.↑169Pohl, p. 163.↑170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑172Ibid., p. 265.↑173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑174Simson, p. 505.↑175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑179Azara, II p. 96.↑180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑181Ibid., II p. 166.↑182Ibid., II p. 211.↑183L. c.↑184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑190Heusser and Claraz.↑191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑192Azara, II p. 32.↑193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑194Azara, II p. 38.↑195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑196Molina, p. 74.↑197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑208De Rochas, p. 252.↑209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑211Glaumont, p. 74.↑212Elton, p. 98.↑213Guppy, p. 33.↑214Verguet, p. 205.↑215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑222Guppy. p. 34.↑223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑113Bancroft,p. 510.↑114Ibid., p. 500.↑115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑116Gregg, II p. 243.↑117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑121Bancroft, p. 498.↑122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑129Bancroft, p. 562.↑130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑134Maccauley, p. 526.↑135Gregg, II p. 196.↑136Bancroft, p. 581.↑137Bancroft, p. 629.↑138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑147Martius, p. 693.↑148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑156Ibid., p. 71.↑157Ibid., p. 73.↑158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑159Azara, II p. 146.↑160Boggiani, p. 80.↑161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑168Boggiani, p. 100.↑169Pohl, p. 163.↑170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑172Ibid., p. 265.↑173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑174Simson, p. 505.↑175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑179Azara, II p. 96.↑180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑181Ibid., II p. 166.↑182Ibid., II p. 211.↑183L. c.↑184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑190Heusser and Claraz.↑191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑192Azara, II p. 32.↑193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑194Azara, II p. 38.↑195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑196Molina, p. 74.↑197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑208De Rochas, p. 252.↑209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑211Glaumont, p. 74.↑212Elton, p. 98.↑213Guppy, p. 33.↑214Verguet, p. 205.↑215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑222Guppy. p. 34.↑223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑113Bancroft,p. 510.↑114Ibid., p. 500.↑115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑116Gregg, II p. 243.↑117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑121Bancroft, p. 498.↑122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑129Bancroft, p. 562.↑130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑134Maccauley, p. 526.↑135Gregg, II p. 196.↑136Bancroft, p. 581.↑137Bancroft, p. 629.↑138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑147Martius, p. 693.↑148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑156Ibid., p. 71.↑157Ibid., p. 73.↑158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑159Azara, II p. 146.↑160Boggiani, p. 80.↑161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑168Boggiani, p. 100.↑169Pohl, p. 163.↑170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑172Ibid., p. 265.↑173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑174Simson, p. 505.↑175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑179Azara, II p. 96.↑180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑181Ibid., II p. 166.↑182Ibid., II p. 211.↑183L. c.↑184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑190Heusser and Claraz.↑191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑192Azara, II p. 32.↑193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑194Azara, II p. 38.↑195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑196Molina, p. 74.↑197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑208De Rochas, p. 252.↑209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑211Glaumont, p. 74.↑212Elton, p. 98.↑213Guppy, p. 33.↑214Verguet, p. 205.↑215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑222Guppy. p. 34.↑223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑113Bancroft,p. 510.↑114Ibid., p. 500.↑115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑116Gregg, II p. 243.↑117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑121Bancroft, p. 498.↑122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑129Bancroft, p. 562.↑130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑134Maccauley, p. 526.↑135Gregg, II p. 196.↑136Bancroft, p. 581.↑137Bancroft, p. 629.↑138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑147Martius, p. 693.↑148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑156Ibid., p. 71.↑157Ibid., p. 73.↑158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑159Azara, II p. 146.↑160Boggiani, p. 80.↑161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑168Boggiani, p. 100.↑169Pohl, p. 163.↑170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑172Ibid., p. 265.↑173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑174Simson, p. 505.↑175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑179Azara, II p. 96.↑180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑181Ibid., II p. 166.↑182Ibid., II p. 211.↑183L. c.↑184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑190Heusser and Claraz.↑191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑192Azara, II p. 32.↑193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑194Azara, II p. 38.↑195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑196Molina, p. 74.↑197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑208De Rochas, p. 252.↑209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑211Glaumont, p. 74.↑212Elton, p. 98.↑213Guppy, p. 33.↑214Verguet, p. 205.↑215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑222Guppy. p. 34.↑223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑113Bancroft,p. 510.↑114Ibid., p. 500.↑115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑116Gregg, II p. 243.↑117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑121Bancroft, p. 498.↑122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑129Bancroft, p. 562.↑130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑134Maccauley, p. 526.↑135Gregg, II p. 196.↑136Bancroft, p. 581.↑137Bancroft, p. 629.↑138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑147Martius, p. 693.↑148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑156Ibid., p. 71.↑157Ibid., p. 73.↑158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑159Azara, II p. 146.↑160Boggiani, p. 80.↑161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑168Boggiani, p. 100.↑169Pohl, p. 163.↑170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑172Ibid., p. 265.↑173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑174Simson, p. 505.↑175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑179Azara, II p. 96.↑180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑181Ibid., II p. 166.↑182Ibid., II p. 211.↑183L. c.↑184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑190Heusser and Claraz.↑191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑192Azara, II p. 32.↑193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑194Azara, II p. 38.↑195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑196Molina, p. 74.↑197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑208De Rochas, p. 252.↑209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑211Glaumont, p. 74.↑212Elton, p. 98.↑213Guppy, p. 33.↑214Verguet, p. 205.↑215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑222Guppy. p. 34.↑223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑
111Bancroft, p. 436.↑
112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑
112Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120.↑
113Bancroft,p. 510.↑
113Bancroft,p. 510.↑
114Ibid., p. 500.↑
114Ibid., p. 500.↑
115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑
115Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235.↑
116Gregg, II p. 243.↑
116Gregg, II p. 243.↑
117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑
117Cessac, pp. 115, 116.↑
118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑
118Ten Kate,Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384.↑
119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑
119Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31.↑
120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑
120Möllhausen, p. 137.↑
121Bancroft, p. 498.↑
121Bancroft, p. 498.↑
122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑
122Schoolcraft, V p. 210.↑
123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑
123Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150.↑
124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑
124Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510.↑
125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑
125Stratton, as quotedbyBancroft, p. 511.↑
126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑
126Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos.↑
127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑
127Parker Winship, p. 548.↑
128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑
128Ten Kate.Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III.↑
129Bancroft, p. 562.↑
129Bancroft, p. 562.↑
130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑
130The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46).↑
131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑
131Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes.↑
132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑
132Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277.↑
133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑
133Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c.↑
134Maccauley, p. 526.↑
134Maccauley, p. 526.↑
135Gregg, II p. 196.↑
135Gregg, II p. 196.↑
136Bancroft, p. 581.↑
136Bancroft, p. 581.↑
137Bancroft, p. 629.↑
137Bancroft, p. 629.↑
138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑
138So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252.↑
139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑
139Bancroft, pp. 656, 663.↑
140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑
140Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham.↑
141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑
141Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50.↑
142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑
142Pinart, see pp. 33, 48.↑
143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑
143Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde.↑
144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑
144Gumilla, II p. 255.↑
145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑
145Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272.↑
146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑
146Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll.↑
147Martius, p. 693.↑
147Martius, p. 693.↑
148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑
148Gumilla, II p. 254.↑
149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑
149Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons.↑
150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑
150De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80.↑
151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑
151Sievers,Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382.↑
152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑
152De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88.↑
153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑
153D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54.↑
154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑
154Martius, pp. 71, 74.↑
155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑
155Ibid., pp. 206, 207.↑
156Ibid., p. 71.↑
156Ibid., p. 71.↑
157Ibid., p. 73.↑
157Ibid., p. 73.↑
158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑
158Keane; von Tschudi;Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied,Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied.↑
159Azara, II p. 146.↑
159Azara, II p. 146.↑
160Boggiani, p. 80.↑
160Boggiani, p. 80.↑
161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑
161Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71.↑
162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑
162Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297.↑
163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑
163Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq.↑
164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑
164See Steinmetz,Strafe, I p. 174 note 1.↑
165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑
165Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119.↑
166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑
166Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316.↑
167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑
167Boggiani, pp. 305, 310.↑
168Boggiani, p. 100.↑
168Boggiani, p. 100.↑
169Pohl, p. 163.↑
169Pohl, p. 163.↑
170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑
170Von den Steinen,Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel.↑
171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑
171Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211.↑
172Ibid., p. 265.↑
172Ibid., p. 265.↑
173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑
173Ehrenreich,Beiträge, pp. 28, 29.↑
174Simson, p. 505.↑
174Simson, p. 505.↑
175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑
175Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273.↑
176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑
176Ibid., pp. 308, 309.↑
177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑
177Skinner, II pp. 113, 114.↑
178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑
178Smyth and Lowe, p. 226.↑
179Azara, II p. 96.↑
179Azara, II p. 96.↑
180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑
180D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372.↑
181Ibid., II p. 166.↑
181Ibid., II p. 166.↑
182Ibid., II p. 211.↑
182Ibid., II p. 211.↑
183L. c.↑
183L. c.↑
184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑
184Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129.↑
185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑
185Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152.↑
186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑
186Azara, II pp. 145, 132.↑
187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑
187Ibid., pp. 159, 157.↑
188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑
188D’Orbigny, II p. 89.↑
189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑
189Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20.↑
190Heusser and Claraz.↑
190Heusser and Claraz.↑
191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑
191Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical.↑
192Azara, II p. 32.↑
192Azara, II p. 32.↑
193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑
193Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123.↑
194Azara, II p. 38.↑
194Azara, II p. 38.↑
195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑
195D’Orbigny, I p. 401.↑
196Molina, p. 74.↑
196Molina, p. 74.↑
197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑
197Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters.↑
198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑
198Hyades et Déniker, p. 242.↑
199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑
199Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan.↑
200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑
200The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods.↑
201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑
201Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better.↑
202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑
202E.g.Grosse and Letourneau.↑
203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑
203Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship,Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34).↑
204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑
204Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland.↑
205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑
205Brough Smyth, I p. 127.↑
206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑
206Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764.↑
207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑
207Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion.↑
208De Rochas, p. 252.↑
208De Rochas, p. 252.↑
209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑
209Lambert, pp. 79, 177.↑
210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑
210Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand.↑
211Glaumont, p. 74.↑
211Glaumont, p. 74.↑
212Elton, p. 98.↑
212Elton, p. 98.↑
213Guppy, p. 33.↑
213Guppy, p. 33.↑
214Verguet, p. 205.↑
214Verguet, p. 205.↑
215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑
215Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46.↑
216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑
216Guppy, pp. 35, 36.↑
217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑
217Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400.↑
218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑
218Ribbe, pp. 248, 276.↑
219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑
219Woodford, pp. 154, 155.↑
220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑
220Parkinson,N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10.↑
221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑
221Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110.↑
222Guppy. p. 34.↑
222Guppy. p. 34.↑
223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑
223Sorge, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 414.↑