442Mason, p. 159.↑443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑447Svoboda, p. 191.↑448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑449Shaw, p. 89.↑450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑451Macrae, p. 188.↑452Lewin, p. 89.↑453Dalton, p. 46.↑454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑458Dalton, p. 114.↑459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑460Dalton, p. 57.↑461Ibid., p. 254.↑462Ibid., p. 230.↑463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑465Dalton, p. 36.↑466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑468Sarasin, p. 488.↑469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑474Levchine, p. 305.↑475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑483Ibid., I p. 320.↑484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑486Ibid., p. 380.↑487Ibid., p. 410.↑488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑489Stein; Weil.↑490Letourneau, p. 227.↑491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑512Batchelor, p. 288.↑513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑521Telfer, p. 113.↑522Klaproth.↑523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑524Ibid., p. 129.↑525Ibid., p. 136.↑526Ibid., p. 192.↑527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑528Doughty.↑529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑530Theal, p. 72.↑531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑538Kerr, I p. 20.↑539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑543Conder, p. 89.↑544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑548Ibid., p. 235.↑549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑552Junod, p. 96.↑553Beuster, p. 239.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑447Svoboda, p. 191.↑448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑449Shaw, p. 89.↑450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑451Macrae, p. 188.↑452Lewin, p. 89.↑453Dalton, p. 46.↑454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑458Dalton, p. 114.↑459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑460Dalton, p. 57.↑461Ibid., p. 254.↑462Ibid., p. 230.↑463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑465Dalton, p. 36.↑466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑468Sarasin, p. 488.↑469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑474Levchine, p. 305.↑475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑483Ibid., I p. 320.↑484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑486Ibid., p. 380.↑487Ibid., p. 410.↑488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑489Stein; Weil.↑490Letourneau, p. 227.↑491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑512Batchelor, p. 288.↑513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑521Telfer, p. 113.↑522Klaproth.↑523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑524Ibid., p. 129.↑525Ibid., p. 136.↑526Ibid., p. 192.↑527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑528Doughty.↑529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑530Theal, p. 72.↑531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑538Kerr, I p. 20.↑539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑543Conder, p. 89.↑544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑548Ibid., p. 235.↑549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑552Junod, p. 96.↑553Beuster, p. 239.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑447Svoboda, p. 191.↑448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑449Shaw, p. 89.↑450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑451Macrae, p. 188.↑452Lewin, p. 89.↑453Dalton, p. 46.↑454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑458Dalton, p. 114.↑459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑460Dalton, p. 57.↑461Ibid., p. 254.↑462Ibid., p. 230.↑463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑465Dalton, p. 36.↑466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑468Sarasin, p. 488.↑469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑474Levchine, p. 305.↑475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑483Ibid., I p. 320.↑484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑486Ibid., p. 380.↑487Ibid., p. 410.↑488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑489Stein; Weil.↑490Letourneau, p. 227.↑491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑512Batchelor, p. 288.↑513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑521Telfer, p. 113.↑522Klaproth.↑523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑524Ibid., p. 129.↑525Ibid., p. 136.↑526Ibid., p. 192.↑527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑528Doughty.↑529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑530Theal, p. 72.↑531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑538Kerr, I p. 20.↑539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑543Conder, p. 89.↑544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑548Ibid., p. 235.↑549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑552Junod, p. 96.↑553Beuster, p. 239.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑447Svoboda, p. 191.↑448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑449Shaw, p. 89.↑450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑451Macrae, p. 188.↑452Lewin, p. 89.↑453Dalton, p. 46.↑454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑458Dalton, p. 114.↑459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑460Dalton, p. 57.↑461Ibid., p. 254.↑462Ibid., p. 230.↑463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑465Dalton, p. 36.↑466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑468Sarasin, p. 488.↑469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑474Levchine, p. 305.↑475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑483Ibid., I p. 320.↑484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑486Ibid., p. 380.↑487Ibid., p. 410.↑488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑489Stein; Weil.↑490Letourneau, p. 227.↑491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑512Batchelor, p. 288.↑513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑521Telfer, p. 113.↑522Klaproth.↑523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑524Ibid., p. 129.↑525Ibid., p. 136.↑526Ibid., p. 192.↑527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑528Doughty.↑529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑530Theal, p. 72.↑531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑538Kerr, I p. 20.↑539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑543Conder, p. 89.↑544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑548Ibid., p. 235.↑549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑552Junod, p. 96.↑553Beuster, p. 239.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑447Svoboda, p. 191.↑448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑449Shaw, p. 89.↑450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑451Macrae, p. 188.↑452Lewin, p. 89.↑453Dalton, p. 46.↑454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑458Dalton, p. 114.↑459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑460Dalton, p. 57.↑461Ibid., p. 254.↑462Ibid., p. 230.↑463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑465Dalton, p. 36.↑466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑468Sarasin, p. 488.↑469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑474Levchine, p. 305.↑475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑483Ibid., I p. 320.↑484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑486Ibid., p. 380.↑487Ibid., p. 410.↑488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑489Stein; Weil.↑490Letourneau, p. 227.↑491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑512Batchelor, p. 288.↑513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑521Telfer, p. 113.↑522Klaproth.↑523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑524Ibid., p. 129.↑525Ibid., p. 136.↑526Ibid., p. 192.↑527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑528Doughty.↑529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑530Theal, p. 72.↑531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑538Kerr, I p. 20.↑539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑543Conder, p. 89.↑544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑548Ibid., p. 235.↑549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑552Junod, p. 96.↑553Beuster, p. 239.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑
442Mason, p. 159.↑
443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑
443Colquhoun, p. 69.↑
444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑
444Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70.↑
445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑
445Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167.↑
446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑
446Man, pp. 109, 356.↑
447Svoboda, p. 191.↑
447Svoboda, p. 191.↑
448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑
448Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑
449Shaw, p. 89.↑
449Shaw, p. 89.↑
450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑
450Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28.↑
451Macrae, p. 188.↑
451Macrae, p. 188.↑
452Lewin, p. 89.↑
452Lewin, p. 89.↑
453Dalton, p. 46.↑
453Dalton, p. 46.↑
454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑
454Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14.↑
455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑
455Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V.↑
456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑
456Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218.↑
457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑
457Campbell, pp. 53, 79.↑
458Dalton, p. 114.↑
458Dalton, p. 114.↑
459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑
459Dalton, p. 51; Watt.↑
460Dalton, p. 57.↑
460Dalton, p. 57.↑
461Ibid., p. 254.↑
461Ibid., p. 254.↑
462Ibid., p. 230.↑
462Ibid., p. 230.↑
463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑
463Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223.↑
464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑
464Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery.↑
465Dalton, p. 36.↑
465Dalton, p. 36.↑
466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑
466Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184.↑
467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑
467Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7.↑
468Sarasin, p. 488.↑
468Sarasin, p. 488.↑
469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑
469Pallas,Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15.↑
470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑
470Levchine, pp. 341, 354.↑
471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑
471Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502.↑
472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑
472Ibid., pp. 347, 430.↑
473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑
473Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way.↑
474Levchine, p. 305.↑
474Levchine, p. 305.↑
475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑
475Radloff,Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168.↑
476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑
476Radloff,Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534.↑
477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑
477Koehne, pp. 458, 459.↑
478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑
478Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑
479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑
479Pallas,Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265.↑
480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑
480Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67.↑
481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑
481Radloff,Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330.↑
482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑
482Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315.↑
483Ibid., I p. 320.↑
483Ibid., I p. 320.↑
484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑
484Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405.↑
485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑
485Vambéry,Das Türkenvolk, p. 356.↑
486Ibid., p. 380.↑
486Ibid., p. 380.↑
487Ibid., p. 410.↑
487Ibid., p. 410.↑
488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑
488Vambéry,Skizzen, p. 64.↑
489Stein; Weil.↑
489Stein; Weil.↑
490Letourneau, p. 227.↑
490Letourneau, p. 227.↑
491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑
491Obrutschew, I p. 37.↑
492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑
492Ujfalvy,Expéd. scient., p. 84.↑
493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑
493Ujfalvy,Aryens, p. 145.↑
494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑
494Von Stenin,Kurden, p. 221.↑
495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑
495Pallas,Reise, III p. 51.↑
496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑
496Ibid., pp. 25, 26.↑
497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑
497Ibid., pp. 72–74.↑
498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑
498Islawin; Finsch,West-Sibirien.↑
499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑
499Von Stenin,Samojeden, see especially p. 187.↑
500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑
500Déniker,Les Ghiliaks, p. 309.↑
501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑
501Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten.↑
502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑
502Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c.↑
503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑
503Laufer, see especially p. 318.↑
504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑
504Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note.↑
505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑
505Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156.↑
506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑
506Nordenskiöld, II p. 124.↑
507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑
507Erman, pp. 379, 380.↑
508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑
508Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan.↑
509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑
509Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑
510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑
510Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239.↑
511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑
511Melnikow, pp. 194, 206.↑
512Batchelor, p. 288.↑
512Batchelor, p. 288.↑
513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑
513Savage Landor, p. 59.↑
514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑
514Hitchcock, p. 467.↑
515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑
515Joest,Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland.↑
516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑
516Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas,Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky,Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347.↑
517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑
517Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573.↑
518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑
518Radde, pp. 425, 426.↑
519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑
519Bodenstedt, I p. 283.↑
520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑
520See Von Haxthausen; Telfer.↑
521Telfer, p. 113.↑
521Telfer, p. 113.↑
522Klaproth.↑
522Klaproth.↑
523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑
523Chantre, IV p. 79.↑
524Ibid., p. 129.↑
524Ibid., p. 129.↑
525Ibid., p. 136.↑
525Ibid., p. 136.↑
526Ibid., p. 192.↑
526Ibid., p. 192.↑
527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑
527Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175.↑
528Doughty.↑
528Doughty.↑
529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑
529Geoffroy, p. 428.↑
530Theal, p. 72.↑
530Theal, p. 72.↑
531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑
531Tromp,De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes.↑
532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑
532Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398.↑
533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑
533Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147.↑
534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑
534Kropf, pp. 180, 170.↑
535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑
535Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386.↑
536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑
536Fritsch, pp. 145, 146.↑
537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑
537Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263.↑
538Kerr, I p. 20.↑
538Kerr, I p. 20.↑
539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑
539Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434.↑
540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑
540Schurtz,Katechismus, p. 169.↑
541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑
541Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑
542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑
542Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10.↑
543Conder, p. 89.↑
543Conder, p. 89.↑
544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑
544Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 432.↑
545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑
545Casalis, pp. 197, 236.↑
546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑
546Passarge,Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711.↑
547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑
547Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93.↑
548Ibid., p. 235.↑
548Ibid., p. 235.↑
549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑
549Holub,Süd-Afrika, I p. 397.↑
550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑
550Joest,Weltfahrten, I p. 253.↑
551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑
551Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129.↑
552Junod, p. 96.↑
552Junod, p. 96.↑
553Beuster, p. 239.↑
553Beuster, p. 239.↑