1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑4Dawson, p. 5.↑5Man, p. 109.↑6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑11Tanner, p. 112.↑12Bonwick, p. 62.↑13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑15Dawson, p. 35.↑16Man, p. 109.↑17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑19Gibbs, p. 193.↑20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑21Russell, p. 164.↑22Bossu, p. 247.↑23Fritsch, p. 324.↑24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑26Grinnell, p. 123.↑27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑29Mill, p. 302.↑30Cairnes, p. 46.↑31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑39Crantz, I p. 185.↑40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑41Tanner, p. 98.↑42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑49Bancroft, p. 161.↑50Ibid., p. 122.↑51Ibid., p. 213.↑52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑53Kane, p. 314.↑54Gibbs, p. 197.↑55Bancroft, p. 232.↑56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑62Bancroft, p. 123.↑63Allison, p. 308.↑64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑74Ibid., p. 123.↑75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑76Allison, p. 309.↑77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑78Kane, p. 238.↑79Bancroft, p. 90.↑80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑84Bancroft, p. 135.↑85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑89Gibbs, p. 175.↑90Bancroft, p. 122.↑91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑92Bancroft, p. 195.↑93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑94Kane, p. 220.↑95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑102Bancroft, p. 191.↑103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑104Mayne, p. 263.↑105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑106Gibbs, p. 175.↑107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑4Dawson, p. 5.↑5Man, p. 109.↑6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑11Tanner, p. 112.↑12Bonwick, p. 62.↑13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑15Dawson, p. 35.↑16Man, p. 109.↑17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑19Gibbs, p. 193.↑20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑21Russell, p. 164.↑22Bossu, p. 247.↑23Fritsch, p. 324.↑24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑26Grinnell, p. 123.↑27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑29Mill, p. 302.↑30Cairnes, p. 46.↑31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑39Crantz, I p. 185.↑40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑41Tanner, p. 98.↑42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑49Bancroft, p. 161.↑50Ibid., p. 122.↑51Ibid., p. 213.↑52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑53Kane, p. 314.↑54Gibbs, p. 197.↑55Bancroft, p. 232.↑56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑62Bancroft, p. 123.↑63Allison, p. 308.↑64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑74Ibid., p. 123.↑75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑76Allison, p. 309.↑77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑78Kane, p. 238.↑79Bancroft, p. 90.↑80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑84Bancroft, p. 135.↑85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑89Gibbs, p. 175.↑90Bancroft, p. 122.↑91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑92Bancroft, p. 195.↑93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑94Kane, p. 220.↑95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑102Bancroft, p. 191.↑103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑104Mayne, p. 263.↑105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑106Gibbs, p. 175.↑107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑4Dawson, p. 5.↑5Man, p. 109.↑6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑11Tanner, p. 112.↑12Bonwick, p. 62.↑13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑15Dawson, p. 35.↑16Man, p. 109.↑17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑19Gibbs, p. 193.↑20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑21Russell, p. 164.↑22Bossu, p. 247.↑23Fritsch, p. 324.↑24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑26Grinnell, p. 123.↑27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑29Mill, p. 302.↑30Cairnes, p. 46.↑31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑39Crantz, I p. 185.↑40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑41Tanner, p. 98.↑42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑49Bancroft, p. 161.↑50Ibid., p. 122.↑51Ibid., p. 213.↑52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑53Kane, p. 314.↑54Gibbs, p. 197.↑55Bancroft, p. 232.↑56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑62Bancroft, p. 123.↑63Allison, p. 308.↑64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑74Ibid., p. 123.↑75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑76Allison, p. 309.↑77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑78Kane, p. 238.↑79Bancroft, p. 90.↑80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑84Bancroft, p. 135.↑85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑89Gibbs, p. 175.↑90Bancroft, p. 122.↑91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑92Bancroft, p. 195.↑93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑94Kane, p. 220.↑95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑102Bancroft, p. 191.↑103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑104Mayne, p. 263.↑105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑106Gibbs, p. 175.↑107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑4Dawson, p. 5.↑5Man, p. 109.↑6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑11Tanner, p. 112.↑12Bonwick, p. 62.↑13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑15Dawson, p. 35.↑16Man, p. 109.↑17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑19Gibbs, p. 193.↑20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑21Russell, p. 164.↑22Bossu, p. 247.↑23Fritsch, p. 324.↑24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑26Grinnell, p. 123.↑27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑29Mill, p. 302.↑30Cairnes, p. 46.↑31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑39Crantz, I p. 185.↑40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑41Tanner, p. 98.↑42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑49Bancroft, p. 161.↑50Ibid., p. 122.↑51Ibid., p. 213.↑52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑53Kane, p. 314.↑54Gibbs, p. 197.↑55Bancroft, p. 232.↑56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑62Bancroft, p. 123.↑63Allison, p. 308.↑64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑74Ibid., p. 123.↑75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑76Allison, p. 309.↑77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑78Kane, p. 238.↑79Bancroft, p. 90.↑80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑84Bancroft, p. 135.↑85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑89Gibbs, p. 175.↑90Bancroft, p. 122.↑91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑92Bancroft, p. 195.↑93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑94Kane, p. 220.↑95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑102Bancroft, p. 191.↑103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑104Mayne, p. 263.↑105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑106Gibbs, p. 175.↑107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑4Dawson, p. 5.↑5Man, p. 109.↑6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑11Tanner, p. 112.↑12Bonwick, p. 62.↑13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑15Dawson, p. 35.↑16Man, p. 109.↑17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑19Gibbs, p. 193.↑20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑21Russell, p. 164.↑22Bossu, p. 247.↑23Fritsch, p. 324.↑24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑26Grinnell, p. 123.↑27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑29Mill, p. 302.↑30Cairnes, p. 46.↑31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑39Crantz, I p. 185.↑40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑41Tanner, p. 98.↑42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑49Bancroft, p. 161.↑50Ibid., p. 122.↑51Ibid., p. 213.↑52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑53Kane, p. 314.↑54Gibbs, p. 197.↑55Bancroft, p. 232.↑56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑62Bancroft, p. 123.↑63Allison, p. 308.↑64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑74Ibid., p. 123.↑75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑76Allison, p. 309.↑77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑78Kane, p. 238.↑79Bancroft, p. 90.↑80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑84Bancroft, p. 135.↑85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑89Gibbs, p. 175.↑90Bancroft, p. 122.↑91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑92Bancroft, p. 195.↑93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑94Kane, p. 220.↑95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑102Bancroft, p. 191.↑103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑104Mayne, p. 263.↑105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑106Gibbs, p. 175.↑107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑
1Thomson, Through Massailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑
2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑
2See above, pp. 53, 58, 80, 81, 124, 52, 74. The Montagnais seem also sometimes to have adopted prisoners. Le Jeune observed a young Iroquois, whom they had adopted, Jesuit relations, VI p. 259.↑
3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑
3Spencer, Ind. Inst., p. 459.↑
4Dawson, p. 5.↑
4Dawson, p. 5.↑
5Man, p. 109.↑
5Man, p. 109.↑
6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑
6Another instance of people providing for the wants of others is the marriage by service, the young man serving the parents of his bride, sometimes for several years. This even occurs among the Ainu, Bushmen, and Fuegians; see Westermarck, Human marriage, pp. 390, 391.↑
7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑
7Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 1, 2.↑
8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑
8Sutherland, I p. 360.↑
9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑
9Social institutions are sometimes made; but this is the exception: generally they grow.↑
10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑
10See Ferrero’s beautiful exposition of this character.↑
11Tanner, p. 112.↑
11Tanner, p. 112.↑
12Bonwick, p. 62.↑
12Bonwick, p. 62.↑
13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑
13Blumentritt, Negritos, p. 65.↑
14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑
14Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 79, 80.↑
15Dawson, p. 35.↑
15Dawson, p. 35.↑
16Man, p. 109.↑
16Man, p. 109.↑
17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑
17Jesuit Relations, VII p. 173.↑
18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑
18Histoire de Kamtschatka, I p. 287.↑
19Gibbs, p. 193.↑
19Gibbs, p. 193.↑
20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑
20Muratori, pp. 28, 33.↑
21Russell, p. 164.↑
21Russell, p. 164.↑
22Bossu, p. 247.↑
22Bossu, p. 247.↑
23Fritsch, p. 324.↑
23Fritsch, p. 324.↑
24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑
24As to Australia, see Steinmetz,Strafe, I pp. 430, 431.↑
25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑
25Members of despised classes are often excluded from the occupations considered noble by the community. So the Jews in the Middle Ages were not allowed to hold real property (except in some periods in the South of France and Spain), nor to enter into corporations and trades. (Nys, p. 136). Mr. A. C. Kruijt tells us that, in Central Celebes, slaves who excel in those qualities which are highly valued in free men,i.e.bravery or oratorical power, are practically no longer regarded as slaves.↑
26Grinnell, p. 123.↑
26Grinnell, p. 123.↑
27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑
27See Charlevoix,Nouv. France, III p. 246 (about the Hurons and Iroquois); in the same sense Lery, p. 225, about the Tupinambas of Brazil. These tribes are not hunters proper, butJägerbauern; but this is rather a proofa fortiori.↑
28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑
28Mr. Westermarck observes: “The prevalence of slavery in a savage tribe and the extent to which it is practised must also depend upon the ability of the tribe to procure slaves from foreign communities and upon its willingness to allow its own members to be kept as slaves within the tribe. It may be very useful for a group to have a certain number of slaves, and yet they may not have them, for the reason that no slaves are to be had” (Moral Ideas, I p. 674). It will be seen from what we have just said, that we fully agree with this. For some hunting tribes it might be very useful, in an economic sense, to keep slaves; but there is a series of social and psychical factors that render the subjection of men as slaves impossible. We do not think, therefore, that Mr. Westermarck is quite right in remarking that in our book “the influence of economic conditions upon the institution of slavery has perhaps been emphasised too much at the cost of other factors” (Ibid.).↑
29Mill, p. 302.↑
29Mill, p. 302.↑
30Cairnes, p. 46.↑
30Cairnes, p. 46.↑
31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑
31Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX p. 122.↑
32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑
32Schurtz,Das Afrikanische Gewerbe, p. 142.↑
33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑
33See Wagner, p. 389. Schmoller (Grundriss, I p. 340) also remarks that slaves have no interest in the result of their work.↑
34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑
34See Bücher, p. 9, and Fritsch’s beautiful description of Bushman hunting, Fritsch, pp. 424 sqq.↑
35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑
35See the exposition of the causes and development of this mitigation by Wagner, pp. 390–405.↑
36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑
36The assertion of some writers (e.g.Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 767, 796), that the Australians have declined from a higher state of culture, seems to us quite unfounded.↑
37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑
37This description, given by Dawson (p. 37) of female labour in Western Victoria, may be taken as a fair type of female labour among hunters in general.↑
38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑
38See Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 96 sqq.↑
39Crantz, I p. 185.↑
39Crantz, I p. 185.↑
40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑
40Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 580.↑
41Tanner, p. 98.↑
41Tanner, p. 98.↑
42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑
42Crantz, I p. 211, 215.↑
43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑
43Such men, treated as wives and performing female labour, were very numerous in Kamchatka; see Steller, p. 350 note.↑
44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑
44Sutherland (I p. 379) remarks that “when a slave has to be fed by the huntsman skill of his master, he is a burden rather than a help, and amid roving habits it is difficult to see how there can be enough of drudgery to made it convenient to feed him.”↑
45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑
45The Germans call such peopleSammler.↑
46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
46Bancroft, p. 118; see also Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑
47The positive cases here are 5 + 14 = 19, instead of 18, because the Indians about Puget Sound count double, some of them being hunters and others fishers. The negative cases are 54 + 15 = 69, instead of 70, because we have omitted the Chepewyans.↑
48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑
48Wemiaminow, p. 214.↑
49Bancroft, p. 161.↑
49Bancroft, p. 161.↑
50Ibid., p. 122.↑
50Ibid., p. 122.↑
51Ibid., p. 213.↑
51Ibid., p. 213.↑
52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑
52Holmberg, I p. 17; see also p. 22.↑
53Kane, p. 314.↑
53Kane, p. 314.↑
54Gibbs, p. 197.↑
54Gibbs, p. 197.↑
55Bancroft, p. 232.↑
55Bancroft, p. 232.↑
56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑
56Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 151.↑
57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑
57Ibid., pp. 76–78.↑
58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑
58Krause, pp. 155, 159, 181. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22–24.↑
59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑
59Bancroft, pp. 161–163.↑
60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑
60Ibid., pp. 212, 213.↑
61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑
61Sproat, pp. 53, 89.↑
62Bancroft, p. 123.↑
62Bancroft, p. 123.↑
63Allison, p. 308.↑
63Allison, p. 308.↑
64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑
64Gibbs, pp. 193–195.↑
65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑
65Bancroft, pp. 232–234.↑
66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑
66See Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 724.↑
67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑
67Bancroft, pp. 74, 75; Holmberg, I p. 90.↑
68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑
68Krause, pp. 123, 155; Bancroft, p. 104. See also Holmberg, I pp. 22, 24.↑
69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑
69Krause, p. 307; Bancroft, p. 163.↑
70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑
70Bancroft, pp 183–187.↑
71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑
71Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 132, 134, 151. See also Sproat, p. 37.↑
72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑
72Gibbs, pp. 194–196.↑
73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑
73Bancroft, pp. 211–213.↑
74Ibid., p. 123.↑
74Ibid., p. 123.↑
75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑
75Ibid., pp. 231, 233; Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 161.↑
76Allison, p. 309.↑
76Allison, p. 309.↑
77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑
77Gibbs remarks: “East of the Cascades, though it [slavery] exists, it is not so common; the equestrian habits of the tribes living there probably rendering it less profitable or convenient than among the more settled inhabitants of the coast.” (Gibbs, p. 188).↑
78Kane, p. 238.↑
78Kane, p. 238.↑
79Bancroft, p. 90.↑
79Bancroft, p. 90.↑
80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑
80Ibid., p. 86; Holmberg, I pp. 99–103, 79.↑
81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑
81Krause, pp. 159, 173, 181, 183, 186. See also Holmberg, I pp. 26–29.↑
82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑
82Krause, pp. 306, 307, 313; Swan, Haidah Indians, pp. 2, 3; Bancroft, p. 165.↑
83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑
83Niblack, p. 252; Bancroft, p. 166.↑
84Bancroft, p. 135.↑
84Bancroft, p. 135.↑
85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑
85Gibbs, pp. 195, 193, 188, 189.↑
86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑
86Bancroft, pp. 211, 216–218.↑
87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑
87Ibid., pp. 192, 187, 194.↑
88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑
88Sproat, pp. 38, 97; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 123, 115, 137.↑
89Gibbs, p. 175.↑
89Gibbs, p. 175.↑
90Bancroft, p. 122.↑
90Bancroft, p. 122.↑
91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑
91Ibid., pp. 238–240; Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 164, 158, 166.↑
92Bancroft, p. 195.↑
92Bancroft, p. 195.↑
93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑
93Holmberg, I p. 79.↑
94Kane, p. 220.↑
94Kane, p. 220.↑
95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑
95Trading itself is not a drudgery, but a highly agreeable occupation. “Most of the Africans” says Livingstone (Zambesi, p. 50) “are natural-born traders; they love trade more for the sake of trading, than for what they make by it.” Bücher decidedly underrates the significance of trade among savages.↑
96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑
96So Bancroft (p. 91) says of the Aleuts: “Notwithstanding their peaceful character, the occupants of the several islands were almost constantly at war.” This is far from clear; for we can hardly imagine peaceful people being always at war with each other.↑
97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑
97Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 195.↑
98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑
98Bancroft, p. 84; Holmberg, I p. 112.↑
99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑
99Krause, pp. 167, 122.↑
100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑
100Bancroft, p. 167; Swan, p. 3.↑
101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑
101Kane, pp. 220, 221.↑
102Bancroft, p. 191.↑
102Bancroft, p. 191.↑
103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑
103Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 216.↑
104Mayne, p. 263.↑
104Mayne, p. 263.↑
105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑
105Boas, Kwakiutl, p. 341.↑
106Gibbs, p. 175.↑
106Gibbs, p. 175.↑
107Bancroft, p. 123.↑
107Bancroft, p. 123.↑