108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑109Bancroft, p. 217.↑110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑112Bagehot, p. 72.↑113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑114Niblack, p. 252.↑115Petroff, p. 152.↑116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑119Petroff, p. 152.↑120Bancroft, p. 499.↑121Niblack, p. 252.↑122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑125See above, p. 196.↑126See above, p. 174.↑127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑132Mayne, p. 253.↑133Bancroft, p. 240.↑134Niblack, p. 252.↑135Bancroft, p. 124.↑136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑137Niblack, p. 253.↑138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑142Gibbs, p. 193.↑143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑144Brancroft, p. 196.↑145Ibid., p. 218.↑146Ibid., p. 242.↑147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑148Elliott, p. 164.↑149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑150Bancroft, p. 196.↑151Sproat, p. 95.↑152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑154Ibid., p. 199.↑155Bancroft, p. 218.↑156Ibid., p. 242.↑157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑158Elliott, p. 164.↑159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑161Bancroft, p. 93.↑162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑163Grosse, p. 65.↑164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑165Bancroft, p. 437.↑166Ibid., p. 412.↑167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑168Bancroft, p. 351.↑169Ibid., p. 117.↑170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑172Ibid., p. 169.↑173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑174Grosse, p. 65.↑175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑177Falkner, p. 126.↑178Steller, p. 235 note.↑179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑182Thomas, p. 88.↑183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑184Eylmann, p. 293.↑185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑187Ibid., p. 722.↑188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑190Eylmann, p. 155.↑191Thomas, p. 26.↑192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑195Forrest, p. 318.↑196Thomas, p. 117.↑197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑201Roth, p. 141.↑202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑207Eylmann, p. 172.↑208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑214See above, pp. 10–23.↑215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑109Bancroft, p. 217.↑110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑112Bagehot, p. 72.↑113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑114Niblack, p. 252.↑115Petroff, p. 152.↑116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑119Petroff, p. 152.↑120Bancroft, p. 499.↑121Niblack, p. 252.↑122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑125See above, p. 196.↑126See above, p. 174.↑127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑132Mayne, p. 253.↑133Bancroft, p. 240.↑134Niblack, p. 252.↑135Bancroft, p. 124.↑136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑137Niblack, p. 253.↑138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑142Gibbs, p. 193.↑143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑144Brancroft, p. 196.↑145Ibid., p. 218.↑146Ibid., p. 242.↑147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑148Elliott, p. 164.↑149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑150Bancroft, p. 196.↑151Sproat, p. 95.↑152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑154Ibid., p. 199.↑155Bancroft, p. 218.↑156Ibid., p. 242.↑157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑158Elliott, p. 164.↑159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑161Bancroft, p. 93.↑162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑163Grosse, p. 65.↑164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑165Bancroft, p. 437.↑166Ibid., p. 412.↑167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑168Bancroft, p. 351.↑169Ibid., p. 117.↑170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑172Ibid., p. 169.↑173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑174Grosse, p. 65.↑175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑177Falkner, p. 126.↑178Steller, p. 235 note.↑179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑182Thomas, p. 88.↑183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑184Eylmann, p. 293.↑185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑187Ibid., p. 722.↑188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑190Eylmann, p. 155.↑191Thomas, p. 26.↑192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑195Forrest, p. 318.↑196Thomas, p. 117.↑197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑201Roth, p. 141.↑202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑207Eylmann, p. 172.↑208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑214See above, pp. 10–23.↑215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑109Bancroft, p. 217.↑110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑112Bagehot, p. 72.↑113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑114Niblack, p. 252.↑115Petroff, p. 152.↑116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑119Petroff, p. 152.↑120Bancroft, p. 499.↑121Niblack, p. 252.↑122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑125See above, p. 196.↑126See above, p. 174.↑127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑132Mayne, p. 253.↑133Bancroft, p. 240.↑134Niblack, p. 252.↑135Bancroft, p. 124.↑136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑137Niblack, p. 253.↑138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑142Gibbs, p. 193.↑143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑144Brancroft, p. 196.↑145Ibid., p. 218.↑146Ibid., p. 242.↑147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑148Elliott, p. 164.↑149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑150Bancroft, p. 196.↑151Sproat, p. 95.↑152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑154Ibid., p. 199.↑155Bancroft, p. 218.↑156Ibid., p. 242.↑157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑158Elliott, p. 164.↑159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑161Bancroft, p. 93.↑162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑163Grosse, p. 65.↑164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑165Bancroft, p. 437.↑166Ibid., p. 412.↑167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑168Bancroft, p. 351.↑169Ibid., p. 117.↑170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑172Ibid., p. 169.↑173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑174Grosse, p. 65.↑175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑177Falkner, p. 126.↑178Steller, p. 235 note.↑179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑182Thomas, p. 88.↑183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑184Eylmann, p. 293.↑185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑187Ibid., p. 722.↑188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑190Eylmann, p. 155.↑191Thomas, p. 26.↑192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑195Forrest, p. 318.↑196Thomas, p. 117.↑197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑201Roth, p. 141.↑202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑207Eylmann, p. 172.↑208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑214See above, pp. 10–23.↑215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑109Bancroft, p. 217.↑110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑112Bagehot, p. 72.↑113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑114Niblack, p. 252.↑115Petroff, p. 152.↑116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑119Petroff, p. 152.↑120Bancroft, p. 499.↑121Niblack, p. 252.↑122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑125See above, p. 196.↑126See above, p. 174.↑127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑132Mayne, p. 253.↑133Bancroft, p. 240.↑134Niblack, p. 252.↑135Bancroft, p. 124.↑136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑137Niblack, p. 253.↑138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑142Gibbs, p. 193.↑143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑144Brancroft, p. 196.↑145Ibid., p. 218.↑146Ibid., p. 242.↑147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑148Elliott, p. 164.↑149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑150Bancroft, p. 196.↑151Sproat, p. 95.↑152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑154Ibid., p. 199.↑155Bancroft, p. 218.↑156Ibid., p. 242.↑157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑158Elliott, p. 164.↑159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑161Bancroft, p. 93.↑162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑163Grosse, p. 65.↑164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑165Bancroft, p. 437.↑166Ibid., p. 412.↑167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑168Bancroft, p. 351.↑169Ibid., p. 117.↑170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑172Ibid., p. 169.↑173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑174Grosse, p. 65.↑175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑177Falkner, p. 126.↑178Steller, p. 235 note.↑179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑182Thomas, p. 88.↑183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑184Eylmann, p. 293.↑185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑187Ibid., p. 722.↑188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑190Eylmann, p. 155.↑191Thomas, p. 26.↑192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑195Forrest, p. 318.↑196Thomas, p. 117.↑197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑201Roth, p. 141.↑202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑207Eylmann, p. 172.↑208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑214See above, pp. 10–23.↑215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑109Bancroft, p. 217.↑110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑112Bagehot, p. 72.↑113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑114Niblack, p. 252.↑115Petroff, p. 152.↑116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑119Petroff, p. 152.↑120Bancroft, p. 499.↑121Niblack, p. 252.↑122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑125See above, p. 196.↑126See above, p. 174.↑127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑132Mayne, p. 253.↑133Bancroft, p. 240.↑134Niblack, p. 252.↑135Bancroft, p. 124.↑136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑137Niblack, p. 253.↑138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑142Gibbs, p. 193.↑143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑144Brancroft, p. 196.↑145Ibid., p. 218.↑146Ibid., p. 242.↑147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑148Elliott, p. 164.↑149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑150Bancroft, p. 196.↑151Sproat, p. 95.↑152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑154Ibid., p. 199.↑155Bancroft, p. 218.↑156Ibid., p. 242.↑157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑158Elliott, p. 164.↑159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑161Bancroft, p. 93.↑162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑163Grosse, p. 65.↑164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑165Bancroft, p. 437.↑166Ibid., p. 412.↑167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑168Bancroft, p. 351.↑169Ibid., p. 117.↑170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑172Ibid., p. 169.↑173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑174Grosse, p. 65.↑175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑177Falkner, p. 126.↑178Steller, p. 235 note.↑179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑182Thomas, p. 88.↑183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑184Eylmann, p. 293.↑185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑187Ibid., p. 722.↑188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑190Eylmann, p. 155.↑191Thomas, p. 26.↑192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑195Forrest, p. 318.↑196Thomas, p. 117.↑197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑201Roth, p. 141.↑202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑207Eylmann, p. 172.↑208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑214See above, pp. 10–23.↑215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑
108Gibbs, p. 185, 187.↑
109Bancroft, p. 217.↑
109Bancroft, p. 217.↑
110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑
110Ibid., pp. 239, 240.↑
111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑
111Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14.↑
112Bagehot, p. 72.↑
112Bagehot, p. 72.↑
113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑
113Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315.↑
114Niblack, p. 252.↑
114Niblack, p. 252.↑
115Petroff, p. 152.↑
115Petroff, p. 152.↑
116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑
116Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252.↑
117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑
117Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244.↑
118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑
118Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑
119Petroff, p. 152.↑
119Petroff, p. 152.↑
120Bancroft, p. 499.↑
120Bancroft, p. 499.↑
121Niblack, p. 252.↑
121Niblack, p. 252.↑
122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑
122Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237.↑
123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑
123Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188.↑
124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑
124Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201.↑
125See above, p. 196.↑
125See above, p. 196.↑
126See above, p. 174.↑
126See above, p. 174.↑
127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑
127Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnologicalpons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America?↑
128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑
128Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130.↑
129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑
129Boas,Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240.↑
130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑
130Bancroft, pp. 196, 195.↑
131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑
131Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131.↑
132Mayne, p. 253.↑
132Mayne, p. 253.↑
133Bancroft, p. 240.↑
133Bancroft, p. 240.↑
134Niblack, p. 252.↑
134Niblack, p. 252.↑
135Bancroft, p. 124.↑
135Bancroft, p. 124.↑
136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑
136Holmberg, I p. 78.↑
137Niblack, p. 253.↑
137Niblack, p. 253.↑
138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑
138Bancroft, pp. 239, 234.↑
139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑
139Lewis and Clark, III p. 38.↑
140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑
140Krause, pp. 186, 159.↑
141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑
141Sproat, pp. 97, 38.↑
142Gibbs, p. 193.↑
142Gibbs, p. 193.↑
143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑
143Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161.↑
144Brancroft, p. 196.↑
144Brancroft, p. 196.↑
145Ibid., p. 218.↑
145Ibid., p. 218.↑
146Ibid., p. 242.↑
146Ibid., p. 242.↑
147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑
147Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241.↑
148Elliott, p. 164.↑
148Elliott, p. 164.↑
149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑
149Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109.↑
150Bancroft, p. 196.↑
150Bancroft, p. 196.↑
151Sproat, p. 95.↑
151Sproat, p. 95.↑
152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑
152Holmberg, I p. 119.↑
153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑
153Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187.↑
154Ibid., p. 199.↑
154Ibid., p. 199.↑
155Bancroft, p. 218.↑
155Bancroft, p. 218.↑
156Ibid., p. 242.↑
156Ibid., p. 242.↑
157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑
157Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160.↑
158Elliott, p. 164.↑
158Elliott, p. 164.↑
159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑
159Mackenzie, II p. 268.↑
160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑
160A writer of the 18thcentury tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are[222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.”Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.
In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.).↑
161Bancroft, p. 93.↑
161Bancroft, p. 93.↑
162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑
162Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335.↑
163Grosse, p. 65.↑
163Grosse, p. 65.↑
164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑
164Ibid., pp. 74–78.↑
165Bancroft, p. 437.↑
165Bancroft, p. 437.↑
166Ibid., p. 412.↑
166Ibid., p. 412.↑
167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑
167Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351.↑
168Bancroft, p. 351.↑
168Bancroft, p. 351.↑
169Ibid., p. 117.↑
169Ibid., p. 117.↑
170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑
170Ibid., pp. 117–119.↑
171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑
171Ibid., pp. 131, 132.↑
172Ibid., p. 169.↑
172Ibid., p. 169.↑
173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑
173Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325.↑
174Grosse, p. 65.↑
174Grosse, p. 65.↑
175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑
175Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152.↑
176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑
176Ibid., pp. 119, 120.↑
177Falkner, p. 126.↑
177Falkner, p. 126.↑
178Steller, p. 235 note.↑
178Steller, p. 235 note.↑
179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑
179Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318.↑
180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑
180Ibid., pp. 210 sqq.↑
181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑
181Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑
182Thomas, p. 88.↑
182Thomas, p. 88.↑
183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑
183Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725.↑
184Eylmann, p. 293.↑
184Eylmann, p. 293.↑
185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑
185Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21.↑
186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑
186Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738.↑
187Ibid., p. 722.↑
187Ibid., p. 722.↑
188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑
188Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8.↑
189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑
189Brough Smyth, I p. 123.↑
190Eylmann, p. 155.↑
190Eylmann, p. 155.↑
191Thomas, p. 26.↑
191Thomas, p. 26.↑
192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑
192Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53.↑
193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑
193Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references.↑
194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑
194Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188.↑
195Forrest, p. 318.↑
195Forrest, p. 318.↑
196Thomas, p. 117.↑
196Thomas, p. 117.↑
197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑
197Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36.↑
198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑
198Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 27, 29.↑
199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑
199See Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 333.↑
200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑
200Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 20–34.↑
201Roth, p. 141.↑
201Roth, p. 141.↑
202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑
202Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204.↑
203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑
203Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173.↑
204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑
204The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179.↑
205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑
205Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189.↑
206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑
206Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10.↑
207Eylmann, p. 172.↑
207Eylmann, p. 172.↑
208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑
208Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197.↑
209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑
209Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320.↑
210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑
210Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue,i.e.that show on what qualities influence and power depend.↑
211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑
211Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 28.↑
212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑
212Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171.↑
213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑
213Steinmetz,Strafe, II p. 20.↑
214See above, pp. 10–23.↑
214See above, pp. 10–23.↑
215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑
215Steinmetz,Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq.↑
216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑
216Jes. Rel., VI p. 277.↑
217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑
217Mackenzie, I p. 151.↑