Chapter 40

[548]Od. x. 190-2.[549]Wood (Genius of Homer, p. 23,) says, ‘only four,’ meaning only four winds. But it is pretty clear that Homer’s four winds were not at anything like ninety degrees from one another. There is in Homer no word meaning strictly either south, or north.Daksha, however, from whence is derivedδεξιὸς, meanssoutherlyas well ason the right: but probably S. E. rather than S. Pott,Etymolog. Forschungen, II. 186, 7.[550]Od. xii. 427.[551]Il. xxiii. 194.[552]Od. iv. 565-9.[553]Il. ix. 4.[554]Il. xxiii. 194, 212.[555]Il. ii. 144-6, 147-9.[556]The arrangement of these similes tells powerfully against the ingenious argument of Mr. Wood concerning the birthplace of Homer. Genius of Homer, pp. 7-33.[557]See General Reid’s Law of Storms and Variable Winds. London. 1849.[558]Buttmann. Lexil. voc.κέλαινος.[559]Il. xxiii. 214.[560]Il. xxiii. 214, as above.[561]Od. xiv. 253.[562]Il. xiv. 255. xv. 26.[563]Od. xix. 200.[564]Od. ix. 81.[565]Il. ii. 144-6. xvi. 765. Od. v. 330. xii. 326.[566]Friedreich has discussed the winds of Homer (Realien der Il. und Od.§. 3). His results are to me unsatisfactory: but the fault seems to lie in his basis. For (1) he fixes the four Winds of Homer as the four cardinal points: and (2) he findsdatafor ascertaining the Winds in the Passages of the Outer Geography, instead of determining those Passages themselves by the Winds, after these latter have been ascertained from evidence belonging to the sphere of Homer’s own experience.[567]Liddell and Scottin voc.[568]Od. xi. 13-16. xii. 1-4.[569]See Friedreich,Realien, §. 9. p. 19.[570]Il. ix. 362.[571]Od. xiv. 301.[572]Ibid. 310-15.[573]Od. v. 249-51.[574]Od. vii. 325.[575]Od. xiii. 81, 86.[576]On this hypothesis is founded the HomericErdkarteof Forbiger,Handbuch der Alt. Geogr.I. 4.[577]Il. xiii. 1.[578]Od. vii. 19-26.[579]Od. v. 43-58.[580]Il. xiv. 225-30.[581]Od. xxiv. 11.[582]Od. iv. 83-5.[583]Od. xii. 325, 427.[584]Od. v. 485. x. 25. xii. 407.[585]Od. xi. 13, 21.[586]Od. X. 507.[587]Od. xii. 3.[588]Ibid. 39, 167.[589]Ibid. 56.[590]Ibid. 109, 10.[591]Od. i. 75. xii. 373et seqq.[592]Od. xi. 104-7.[593]Od. xii. 127.[594]Quart. Rev. vol. 102. p. 324.[595]Od. x. 135-9, and xii. 1-4.[596]Danby Seymour’s Black Sea and Sea of Azof, ch. xvii.[597]Ibid. Theminimumappears to be fourteen feet: but it seems to have been much deeper in old times.[598]Od. xii. 10-13.[599]Müller’s Orchomenos, p. 269.[600]Mimn. Fragm. x. quoted in Strabo, i. p. 67.[601]Müller’s Orchomenos, p. 272. Nitzsch, Od. xii. 361.[602]Od. xii. 325, 6.[603]Od. xii. 380.[604]See Olympus, sect. iii. p. 82.[605]See Achæis, or Ethnology, sect. x; and Olympus, sect. iv. p. 220, on Persephone.[606]Schönemann de Geogr. Hom. p. 20. Nitzsch on Od. v. 50, n.[607]Od. v. 268-75.[608]Od. xiv. 257.[609]Od. i. 50.[610]Od. v. 100-2.[611]Nitzsch on Od. v. 276-8.[612]Od. v. 50.[613]Ibid. 51-3.[614]Cramer’s Greece, i. 204.[615]Il. xiv. 226.[616]Od. xii. 447.[617]Od. xiv. 310-15. 301-4.[618]See sup. p.274.[619]Od. xii. 403-8.[620]Od. xi. 11.[621]Od. xii. 3.[622]In the well known case of a noble description in the Antiquary, Walter Scott has made the sun set on the east coast of Great Britain: butthiswas unawares and not on purpose. Had he recited instead of writing, the error could not have escaped correction.[623]Od. v. 276.[624]Od. v. 160-70.[625]Od. x. 190.[626]See Od. x. 28 and 80.[627]Od. vi. 4.[628]Od. iii. 318.[629]Od. iv. 82.[630]Od. iii. 286-90.[631]Od. xv. 402. Much difficulty has been raised about thisΣυρίη: see Wood on Homer, pp. 9-16; but surely without need. We have no occasion to translateκαθύπερθεintotrans,πέρην, orbeyond. TheΣυρίη νῆσος, or Syros, has the same bearing in respect to Delos, asΨυρίηin respect to Chios, which is calledκαθύπερθε Χίοιο, Od. iii. 170. It may perhaps meanto windward, and this would correspond with the idea ofΖέφυροςas the prevailing wind of the Ægæan. Another difficulty is made about the phraseὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο, which is interpreted as describing the position relatively to Delos. I know not why this should constitute a difficulty at all, if Syros is to the west and north of Delos. But there would be no difficulty, even if Delos were west of Syros: for the wordsὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιοmay apply grammatically to either of the two islands as viewed from the other.[632]Od. xix. 172.[633]Il. iii. 2-6.[634]Il. xviii. 607.[635]Il. xix. 374.[636]Il. v. 433.[637]Tyrt. ii. 24. Also Anthol. Græc.[638]Plut. Lacon. Instit. (Opp. vi. 898.) ed. Reiske; Potter’s Greek. Antiq. B. iii. ch. iv.[639]Il. x. 24, 178.[640]Il. xiii. 130. ix. 537. x. 15.[641]Il. iii. 5.[642]Il. xxiii. 205. i. 423. Od. v. 282, 3.[643]Od. v. 275. Il. xviii. 489.[644]Od. iv. 561-9.[645]Voyages de Pallas, vol. i. p. 320, Paris 1805.[646]Od. x. 507.[647]Od. x. 508-12.[648]Welsford on Engl. Language, pp. 75, 76, 88. Bleek’s Persian Vocabulary, (Grammar, p. 170.)[649]See Achæis, sect. iii.[650]Od. i. 24.[651]Od. xi. 15.[652]Achæis or Ethnology, sect. iii.[653]Ibid. sect. iv.[654]Obss.in loc.[655]Ver. 317.[656]Ver. 319.[657]Ver. 321.[658]See Jelf’s Gr. Gramm. 103.[659]Od. v. 276, 7.[660]Liddell and Scott.[661]Il. ii. 341. x. 542.[662]Od. ix. 25, 6.[663]Compare the use of the wordεὐώνυμος.[664]Il. xii. 238-40.[665]Jelf’s Gr. Gr. Nos. 633-5.[666]Od. ii. 421.[667]Od. vi. 117. Il. v. 101.[668]Od. iv. 132.[669]Il. i. 350.[670]Od. iii. 3.[671]Od. iv. 417.[672]Od. vii. 332.[673]Il. ix. 415.[674]Il. i. 350.[675]Il. ii. 308.[676]Ibid. 318.[677]Ibid. 765.[678]Od. xvii. 365.[679]Soτήν δε, Il. i. 127, and particularlyτὴνin Il. i. 389, meaning Chryseis, who has not been named since v. 372.[680]Hymn. Merc. 153. Cf. 418, 424, 499.[681]Hecuba 1127.[682]I have observed thatδεξιὸς ὄρνιςmeans a bird flying from the left towards the right, andἀριστερὸς ὄρνις, the reverse. Here however the force of the epithet is derived from immediate connection with the motion implied, and with the doctrine of omens:δεξιὸς ὦμοςwould of course be the right shoulder, andδεξιή, as we have seen, may stand alone to signify the right hand. And so in general with these words, when used as epithets, apart from a preposition implying motion, and from any relation to omens.[683]Grote’s Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 258 n.[684]Ibid. p. 241 n.[685]Ibid. p. 244 n.[686]Ibid. p. 247.[687]Grote’s History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 210.[688]Ibid. p. 178.[689]Ibid. p. 260, 236, 267.[690]Ibid. p. 269.[691]Ibid.[692]Note, pp. 240-4.[693]ὕβρις, Il. i. 203, 214.ἐφυβρίζων, Il. ix. 368, also 646-8.[694]Il. ix. 370-6: when he returns again and again to the word:ἐξαπατήσειν, 371;ἀπάτησε, 375;ἐξαπάφοιτο, 376.[695]Il. i. 152.[696]Ibid. 165-8.[697]Il. v. 789.[698]Il. i. 225-8.[699]Theἄλλα, v. 300, must mean what he had not acquired by gift of the army; since in Il. 9. 335, as well as in i. 167, 356, he apparently speaks of Briseis as the only prize he had received.[700]Il. v. 605, 702.[701]Il. ix. 26.[702]Il. xix. 67.[703]Ibid. 134-8.[704]Od. viii. 390-415.[705]Il. ix. 336.[706]Il. i. 352-4.[707]Il. ix. 624-42. Sup. Agorè, p.111.[708]Ibid. 237-43, and 304-6.[709]Ibid. 357.[710]Ibid. 617.[711]Il. ix. 649-55.[712]On the character of Achilles, I recommend reference to Colonel Mure, Lit. Greece, i. 273-91, and 304-14. In no part of his treatment of the poems has that excellent Homerist (if I may presume to say so) done better service. See likewise Professor Wilson’s Essays, Critique iv: and the Prælections of the Rev. J. Keble, i. 90-104. This refined work, which criticizes the poems in the spirit of a Bard, set an early example, at least to England, of elevating the tone of Homeric study.[713]Il. xvi. 780.[714]Il. vii. 93.[715]Since the first portion of this work went to press, I have found from the recent and still unfinished work of Welcher,Griechische Götterlehre, i. 2. n., that philological evidence appears to have been recently obtained of a close relationship between the Lycians and the Greeks.[716]Il. xii. 397-9.

[548]Od. x. 190-2.

[549]Wood (Genius of Homer, p. 23,) says, ‘only four,’ meaning only four winds. But it is pretty clear that Homer’s four winds were not at anything like ninety degrees from one another. There is in Homer no word meaning strictly either south, or north.Daksha, however, from whence is derivedδεξιὸς, meanssoutherlyas well ason the right: but probably S. E. rather than S. Pott,Etymolog. Forschungen, II. 186, 7.

[550]Od. xii. 427.

[551]Il. xxiii. 194.

[552]Od. iv. 565-9.

[553]Il. ix. 4.

[554]Il. xxiii. 194, 212.

[555]Il. ii. 144-6, 147-9.

[556]The arrangement of these similes tells powerfully against the ingenious argument of Mr. Wood concerning the birthplace of Homer. Genius of Homer, pp. 7-33.

[557]See General Reid’s Law of Storms and Variable Winds. London. 1849.

[558]Buttmann. Lexil. voc.κέλαινος.

[559]Il. xxiii. 214.

[560]Il. xxiii. 214, as above.

[561]Od. xiv. 253.

[562]Il. xiv. 255. xv. 26.

[563]Od. xix. 200.

[564]Od. ix. 81.

[565]Il. ii. 144-6. xvi. 765. Od. v. 330. xii. 326.

[566]Friedreich has discussed the winds of Homer (Realien der Il. und Od.§. 3). His results are to me unsatisfactory: but the fault seems to lie in his basis. For (1) he fixes the four Winds of Homer as the four cardinal points: and (2) he findsdatafor ascertaining the Winds in the Passages of the Outer Geography, instead of determining those Passages themselves by the Winds, after these latter have been ascertained from evidence belonging to the sphere of Homer’s own experience.

[567]Liddell and Scottin voc.

[568]Od. xi. 13-16. xii. 1-4.

[569]See Friedreich,Realien, §. 9. p. 19.

[570]Il. ix. 362.

[571]Od. xiv. 301.

[572]Ibid. 310-15.

[573]Od. v. 249-51.

[574]Od. vii. 325.

[575]Od. xiii. 81, 86.

[576]On this hypothesis is founded the HomericErdkarteof Forbiger,Handbuch der Alt. Geogr.I. 4.

[577]Il. xiii. 1.

[578]Od. vii. 19-26.

[579]Od. v. 43-58.

[580]Il. xiv. 225-30.

[581]Od. xxiv. 11.

[582]Od. iv. 83-5.

[583]Od. xii. 325, 427.

[584]Od. v. 485. x. 25. xii. 407.

[585]Od. xi. 13, 21.

[586]Od. X. 507.

[587]Od. xii. 3.

[588]Ibid. 39, 167.

[589]Ibid. 56.

[590]Ibid. 109, 10.

[591]Od. i. 75. xii. 373et seqq.

[592]Od. xi. 104-7.

[593]Od. xii. 127.

[594]Quart. Rev. vol. 102. p. 324.

[595]Od. x. 135-9, and xii. 1-4.

[596]Danby Seymour’s Black Sea and Sea of Azof, ch. xvii.

[597]Ibid. Theminimumappears to be fourteen feet: but it seems to have been much deeper in old times.

[598]Od. xii. 10-13.

[599]Müller’s Orchomenos, p. 269.

[600]Mimn. Fragm. x. quoted in Strabo, i. p. 67.

[601]Müller’s Orchomenos, p. 272. Nitzsch, Od. xii. 361.

[602]Od. xii. 325, 6.

[603]Od. xii. 380.

[604]See Olympus, sect. iii. p. 82.

[605]See Achæis, or Ethnology, sect. x; and Olympus, sect. iv. p. 220, on Persephone.

[606]Schönemann de Geogr. Hom. p. 20. Nitzsch on Od. v. 50, n.

[607]Od. v. 268-75.

[608]Od. xiv. 257.

[609]Od. i. 50.

[610]Od. v. 100-2.

[611]Nitzsch on Od. v. 276-8.

[612]Od. v. 50.

[613]Ibid. 51-3.

[614]Cramer’s Greece, i. 204.

[615]Il. xiv. 226.

[616]Od. xii. 447.

[617]Od. xiv. 310-15. 301-4.

[618]See sup. p.274.

[619]Od. xii. 403-8.

[620]Od. xi. 11.

[621]Od. xii. 3.

[622]In the well known case of a noble description in the Antiquary, Walter Scott has made the sun set on the east coast of Great Britain: butthiswas unawares and not on purpose. Had he recited instead of writing, the error could not have escaped correction.

[623]Od. v. 276.

[624]Od. v. 160-70.

[625]Od. x. 190.

[626]See Od. x. 28 and 80.

[627]Od. vi. 4.

[628]Od. iii. 318.

[629]Od. iv. 82.

[630]Od. iii. 286-90.

[631]Od. xv. 402. Much difficulty has been raised about thisΣυρίη: see Wood on Homer, pp. 9-16; but surely without need. We have no occasion to translateκαθύπερθεintotrans,πέρην, orbeyond. TheΣυρίη νῆσος, or Syros, has the same bearing in respect to Delos, asΨυρίηin respect to Chios, which is calledκαθύπερθε Χίοιο, Od. iii. 170. It may perhaps meanto windward, and this would correspond with the idea ofΖέφυροςas the prevailing wind of the Ægæan. Another difficulty is made about the phraseὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο, which is interpreted as describing the position relatively to Delos. I know not why this should constitute a difficulty at all, if Syros is to the west and north of Delos. But there would be no difficulty, even if Delos were west of Syros: for the wordsὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιοmay apply grammatically to either of the two islands as viewed from the other.

[632]Od. xix. 172.

[633]Il. iii. 2-6.

[634]Il. xviii. 607.

[635]Il. xix. 374.

[636]Il. v. 433.

[637]Tyrt. ii. 24. Also Anthol. Græc.

[638]Plut. Lacon. Instit. (Opp. vi. 898.) ed. Reiske; Potter’s Greek. Antiq. B. iii. ch. iv.

[639]Il. x. 24, 178.

[640]Il. xiii. 130. ix. 537. x. 15.

[641]Il. iii. 5.

[642]Il. xxiii. 205. i. 423. Od. v. 282, 3.

[643]Od. v. 275. Il. xviii. 489.

[644]Od. iv. 561-9.

[645]Voyages de Pallas, vol. i. p. 320, Paris 1805.

[646]Od. x. 507.

[647]Od. x. 508-12.

[648]Welsford on Engl. Language, pp. 75, 76, 88. Bleek’s Persian Vocabulary, (Grammar, p. 170.)

[649]See Achæis, sect. iii.

[650]Od. i. 24.

[651]Od. xi. 15.

[652]Achæis or Ethnology, sect. iii.

[653]Ibid. sect. iv.

[654]Obss.in loc.

[655]Ver. 317.

[656]Ver. 319.

[657]Ver. 321.

[658]See Jelf’s Gr. Gramm. 103.

[659]Od. v. 276, 7.

[660]Liddell and Scott.

[661]Il. ii. 341. x. 542.

[662]Od. ix. 25, 6.

[663]Compare the use of the wordεὐώνυμος.

[664]Il. xii. 238-40.

[665]Jelf’s Gr. Gr. Nos. 633-5.

[666]Od. ii. 421.

[667]Od. vi. 117. Il. v. 101.

[668]Od. iv. 132.

[669]Il. i. 350.

[670]Od. iii. 3.

[671]Od. iv. 417.

[672]Od. vii. 332.

[673]Il. ix. 415.

[674]Il. i. 350.

[675]Il. ii. 308.

[676]Ibid. 318.

[677]Ibid. 765.

[678]Od. xvii. 365.

[679]Soτήν δε, Il. i. 127, and particularlyτὴνin Il. i. 389, meaning Chryseis, who has not been named since v. 372.

[680]Hymn. Merc. 153. Cf. 418, 424, 499.

[681]Hecuba 1127.

[682]I have observed thatδεξιὸς ὄρνιςmeans a bird flying from the left towards the right, andἀριστερὸς ὄρνις, the reverse. Here however the force of the epithet is derived from immediate connection with the motion implied, and with the doctrine of omens:δεξιὸς ὦμοςwould of course be the right shoulder, andδεξιή, as we have seen, may stand alone to signify the right hand. And so in general with these words, when used as epithets, apart from a preposition implying motion, and from any relation to omens.

[683]Grote’s Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 258 n.

[684]Ibid. p. 241 n.

[685]Ibid. p. 244 n.

[686]Ibid. p. 247.

[687]Grote’s History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 210.

[688]Ibid. p. 178.

[689]Ibid. p. 260, 236, 267.

[690]Ibid. p. 269.

[691]Ibid.

[692]Note, pp. 240-4.

[693]ὕβρις, Il. i. 203, 214.ἐφυβρίζων, Il. ix. 368, also 646-8.

[694]Il. ix. 370-6: when he returns again and again to the word:ἐξαπατήσειν, 371;ἀπάτησε, 375;ἐξαπάφοιτο, 376.

[695]Il. i. 152.

[696]Ibid. 165-8.

[697]Il. v. 789.

[698]Il. i. 225-8.

[699]Theἄλλα, v. 300, must mean what he had not acquired by gift of the army; since in Il. 9. 335, as well as in i. 167, 356, he apparently speaks of Briseis as the only prize he had received.

[700]Il. v. 605, 702.

[701]Il. ix. 26.

[702]Il. xix. 67.

[703]Ibid. 134-8.

[704]Od. viii. 390-415.

[705]Il. ix. 336.

[706]Il. i. 352-4.

[707]Il. ix. 624-42. Sup. Agorè, p.111.

[708]Ibid. 237-43, and 304-6.

[709]Ibid. 357.

[710]Ibid. 617.

[711]Il. ix. 649-55.

[712]On the character of Achilles, I recommend reference to Colonel Mure, Lit. Greece, i. 273-91, and 304-14. In no part of his treatment of the poems has that excellent Homerist (if I may presume to say so) done better service. See likewise Professor Wilson’s Essays, Critique iv: and the Prælections of the Rev. J. Keble, i. 90-104. This refined work, which criticizes the poems in the spirit of a Bard, set an early example, at least to England, of elevating the tone of Homeric study.

[713]Il. xvi. 780.

[714]Il. vii. 93.

[715]Since the first portion of this work went to press, I have found from the recent and still unfinished work of Welcher,Griechische Götterlehre, i. 2. n., that philological evidence appears to have been recently obtained of a close relationship between the Lycians and the Greeks.

[716]Il. xii. 397-9.

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