_#_Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
_#_Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
_#_Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble
_#_Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%
_#_Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes
_#_Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
_*People#_Population: 10,387,617 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Portuguese
_#_Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%
_#_Language: Portuguese
_#_Literacy: 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)
_#_Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers—Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents less than half of unionized labor
_*Government#_Long-form name: Portuguese Republic
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Lisbon
_#_Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular—distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular—regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
_#_Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999)
_#_Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910
_#_Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989
_#_Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
_#_Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6November 1985)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva;Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO;Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio MARTINHO;Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL;Social Democratic Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim);National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President—last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held February1996);results—Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, CarlosCARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%;
Assembly of the Republic—last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held October 1995); results—Social Democrats 50.4%, Socialists 29.3%, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 8.8%, Christian Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party 1.7%, Democratic Renewal 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats—(230 total) Social Democrats 132, Socialists 70, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 17, Christian Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1; after absentee ballots counted five seats to be allocated
_#_Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)
_#_Member of: AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE,ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer),OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);
US—Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das ForcasArmadas, 1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002);telephone [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there is a USConsulate in Ponta Delgada (Azores)
_#_Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
_*Economy#_Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 14% during the 1987-89 period, largely because of strong domestic consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times the European Community average. The government is pushing economic restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992 European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.
_#_GDP: $57.8 billion, per capita $5,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.4% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $21.6 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990)
_#_Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities—cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances;
partners—EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5%
_#_Imports: $24.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities—petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
partners—EC 69%, other developed countries 11%, less developed countries 13%, US 4%
_#_External debt: $18.4 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1989); accounts for 40% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops—grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector—sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.13 billion
_#_Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural—escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
_#_Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1—134.46 (January 1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned
_#_Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)
_#_Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km
_#_Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines
_#_Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,350 GRT/1,190,454 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note—Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years
_#_Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 69 total, 63 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,690,000 telephones; stations—57 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and Azores)
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,621,116; 2,131,628 fit for military service; 88,718 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)%@Puerto Rico (commonwealth associated with the US)*Geography#_Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 501 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast
_#_Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil
_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and woodland 20%; other 22%
_#_Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north
_#_Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group along the Mona Passage—a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
_*People#_Population: 3,294,997 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Puerto Rican(s); adjective—Puerto Rican
_#_Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%
_#_Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood
_#_Literacy: 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
_#_Labor force: 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, other 40% (1990)
_#_Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
_*Government#_Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
_#_Type: commonwealth associated with the US
_#_Capital: San Juan
_#_Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
_#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil code
_#_Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2January 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon;New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo;Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and CarlosGALLISA;Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez;Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
_#_Elections:
Governor—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November1992);results—Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio(PNP) 45.8%, Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;
Senate—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;
House of Representatives—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2;
US House of Representatives—last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results—Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative
_#_Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities—Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular Resistance
_#_Member of: ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
_*Economy#_Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island. The economy is slowly recovering from the disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism infrastructure was especially hard hit.
_#_GNP: $20.1 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (October 1989-90)
_#_Unemployment rate: 14.9% (October 1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $5.5 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (FY89)
_#_Exports: $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89);
commodities—pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments;
partners—US 87%
_#_Imports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., FY89);
commodities—chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products;
partners—US 60%
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (FY89)
_#_Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 3% of labor force; crops—sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock—cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: US currency is used
_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads
_#_Highways: 13,762 km paved
_#_Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
_#_Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 900,000 or 99% of total households with TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); stations—50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service
_#Note: defense is the responsibility of the US%@Qatar*Geography#_Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut
_#_Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km
_#_Coastline: 563 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
_#_Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands
_#_Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
_#_Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish
_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95%
_#_Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities
_#_Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources
_*People#_Population: 518,478 (July 1991), growth rate 5.3% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 35 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Qatari(s); adjective—Qatari
_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
_#_Religion: Muslim 95%
_#_Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language
_#_Literacy: 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)
_#_Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
_#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
_*Government#_Long-form name: State of Qatar
_#_Type: traditional monarchy
_#_Capital: Doha
_#_Administrative divisions: none
_#_Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
_#_Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
_#_Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: none
_#_Elections:
Advisory Council—constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats—(30 total)
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
US—Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399, Doha); telephone [0974] 864701 through 864703
_#_Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side
_*Economy#_Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $12,500, among the highest in the world outside the OECD countries.
_#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $12,500 (1989 est.); real growth rate 5.0% (1988)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1988 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $400 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers;
partners—Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore
_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.), excluding military equipment;
commodities—foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and equipment;
partners—Japan, UK, US, Italy
_#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil
_#_Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced, 8,540 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, cement
_#_Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported
_#_Economic aid: donor—pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)
_#_Currency: Qatari riyal (plural—riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
_#_Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1—3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km
_#_Ports: Doha, Umm Said, Halul Island
_#_Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 465,371 GRT/707,089 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; stations—2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 235,516; 125,591 fit for military service; 4,243 reach military age (18) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $500 million, 8% of GDP (1989)%@Reunion (overseas department of France)*Geography#_Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 201 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
_#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
_#_Natural resources: fish, arable land
_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%
_#_Environment: periodic devastating cyclones
_#_Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
_*People#_Population: 607,086 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Reunionese
_#_Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 94%
_#_Language: French (official); Creole widely used
_#_Literacy: 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
_#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of working age (1983)
_#_Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
_*Government#_Long-form name: Department of Reunion
_#_Type: overseas department of France
_#_Capital: Saint-Denis
_#_Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)
_#_Independence: none (overseas department of France)
_#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
_#_Legal system: French law
_#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
_#_Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the Republic
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional Council
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
Head of Government—Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS;Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD;Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON;Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU;Social Democrats (CDS), other small parties
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections: General Council—last held March 1986 (next to be held 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(36 total) number of seats by party NA;
Regional Council—last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held March 1991); results—RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; seats—(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;
French Senate—last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;
French National Assembly—last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1
_#_Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district of Le Port
_#_Member of: FZ, WFTU
_#_Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in the US by France
_#_Flag: the flag of France is used
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, adding to the social tensions generated by poverty and unemployment. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
_#_GDP: $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1988)
_#_Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991)
_#_Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986)
_#_Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities—sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%;
partners—France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
_#_Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
commodities—manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products;
partners—France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
_#_External debt: NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops—sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops—tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $14.1 billion
_#_Currency: French franc (plural—francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1—5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
_#_Ports: Pointe des Galets
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; stations—3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 162,017; 83,959 fit for military service; 5,979 reach military age (18) annually
_#Note: defense is the responsibility of France%@Romania*Geography#_Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
_#_Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
_#_Coastline: 225 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
_#_Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
_#_Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
_#_Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
_#_Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
_#_Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans and western USSR
_*People#_Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Romanian(s); adjective—Romanian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%; Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
_#_Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
_#_Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
_#_Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
_#_Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38% (1987)
_#_Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow, newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three umbrella organizations—Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been formed
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
_#_Capital: Bucharest
_#_Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular—judet)and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara,Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt,Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea,Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
_#_Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
_#_Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
_#_Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised
_#_National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA;Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU;National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), CorneliuCOPOSU;Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA;Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA;there are now more than 100 other parties; note—although the CommunistParty has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the SocialistLabor Party, has been formed
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%;
Senate—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—FSN 67%, other 33%; seats—(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, other 1;
House of Deputies—last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results—FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%, other 15%; seats—(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, AUR 9, other 33
_#_Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased to exist
_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC,ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747;
US—Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
_*Economy#_Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20% drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990 contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings instead of lifting them entirely.
_#_GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989)
_#_Exports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
partners—USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
_#_Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
partners—Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
_#_External debt: $400 million (mid-1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1990 est.)
_#_Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products—sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
_#_Economic aid: donor—$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)
_#_Currency: leu (plural—lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
_#_Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1—60.00 (June 1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned (1987)
_#_Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
_#_Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
_#_Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural gas
_#_Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
_#_Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465 GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil
_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990); stations—39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990)
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: French—Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); note—conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results%@Rwanda*Geography#_Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
_#_Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
_#_Coastline: none—landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked
_#_Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
_#_Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
_#_Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower
_#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
_#_Note: landlocked
_*People#_Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun and adjective—Rwandan(s)
_#_Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%
_#_Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers
_#_Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
_#_Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991
_#_Capital: Kigali
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular—prefecture in French; plural—NA, singular—prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
_#_Constitution: 17 December 1978
_#_Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
_#_Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
_#_Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—President Maj. Gen.Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; note—the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party
_#_Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
_#_Elections:
President—last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results—President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected;
National Development Council—last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results—MRND is the only party; seats—(70 total); MRND 70
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77,GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;
US—Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
_*Economy#_Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any prospects for economic improvement.