_#_Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red
_*Economy#_Overview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a year of 9% growth in 1990, although down from the double-digit rates of 1987-89. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, but the agricultural sector contracted 2%, primarily because of weaker demand in Thailand's major overseas markets for commodities such as rice. The trade deficit almost doubled in 1990, to $9 billion, but earnings from tourism ($4.7 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows helped keep the balance of payments in surplus. The government has followed fairly sound fiscal and monetary policies, aided by increased tax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1990 the government approved new projects—especially for telecommunications and roads—needed to refurbish the country's now overtaxed infrastructure. Although growth in 1991 will slow further, Thailand's economic outlook remains good, assuming the continuation of prudent government policies in the wake of the 23 February 1991 military coup.
_#_GNP: $79 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate 10% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $15.2 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.1 billion (FY91)
_#_Exports: $23.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—light manufactures 66%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, manufactured gas, corn, tin;
partners—US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7%, Netherlands, FRG, Hong Kong, UK, Malaysia, China (1989)
_#_Imports: $32.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities—machinery and parts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical appliances;
partners—Japan 30%, US 11%, Singapore 8%, FRG 5%, Taiwan, South Korea, China, Malaysia, UK (1989)
_#_External debt: $26.9 billion (end 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 27% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 7,270,000 kW capacity; 29,000 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 62% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops—rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 2.8 million tons (1989)
_#_Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $8.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
_#_Currency: baht (plural—baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
_#_Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1—25.224 (January 1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
_*Communications#_Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
_#_Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under development
_#_Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
_#_Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km
_#_Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
_#_Merchant marine: 136 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 521,565 GRT/791,570 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 9 container, 29 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 combination bulk
_#_Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); stations—over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,028,159; 9,778,003 fit for military service; 604,483 reach military age (18) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $2.4 billion, 3% of GNP (1990 est.)%@Togo*Geography#_Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
_#_Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
_#_Coastline: 56 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 30 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
_#_Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
_#_Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
_*People#_Population: 3,810,616 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Togolese
_#_Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
_#_Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
_#_Literacy: 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
_#_Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese Workers
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Togo
_#_Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
_#_Capital: Lome
_#_Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular—circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note—the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular—prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses
_#_Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly French Togo)
_#_Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980
_#_Legal system: French-based court system
_#_National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)
_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14April 1967);
Head of Government—interim Prime Minister Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28August 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place 10-20 June 1991
_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
_#_Elections:
President—last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results—Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition;
National Assembly—last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held 14 June 1992); results—RPT was the only party; seats—(77 total) RPT 77
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente,FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213;
US—Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17
_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government actively encourages foreign investment.
_#_GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $395; real growth rate 3.6% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.2% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)
_#_Budget: revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;
partners—EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)
_#_Imports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods;
partners—EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)
_#_External debt: $1.3 billion (1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
_#_Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops—yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million
_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
_#_Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads
_#_Inland waterways: none
_#_Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
_#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,906 GRT/70,483 DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations—2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 799,597; 420,092 fit for military service; no conscription
_#Defense expenditures: $44 million, 3.7% of GDP (1987)%@Tokelau (territory of New Zealand)*Geography#_Total area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 101 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
_#_Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
_#_Natural resources: negligible
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%
_#_Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
_#_Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
_*People#_Population: 1,700 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Tokelauan(s); adjective—Tokelauan
_#_Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa
_#_Religion: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant
_#_Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: territory of New Zealand
_#_Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center
_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
_#_Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
_#_Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
_#_Legal system: British and local statutes
_#_National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
_#_Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary
_#_Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
_#_Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
Head of Government—Administrator Neil WALTER; Official SecretaryM. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs
_#_Suffrage: NA
_#_Elections: NA
_#_Communists: probably none
_#_Member of: SPC
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)
_#_Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used
_*Economy#_Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
_#_GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)
_#_Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983);
commodities—stamps, copra, handicrafts;
partners—NZ
_#_Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983);
commodities—foodstuffs, building materials, fuel;
partners—NZ
_#_External debt: none
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
_#_Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops—breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $24 million
_#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural—dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1—1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
_#_Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
_#_Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand%@Tonga*Geography#_Total area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 419 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: no specific limits;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
_#_Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
_#_Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 12%; other 2%
_#_Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to April); deforestation
_#_Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
_*People#_Population: 102,272 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Tongan(s); adjective—Tongan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans
_#_Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents
_#_Language: Tongan, English
_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple message in Tongan or English (1976)
_#_Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining
_#_Organized labor: none
_*Government#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Tonga
_#_Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Nukualofa
_#_Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu, Vavau
_#_Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)
_#_Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
_#_Legal system: based on English law
_#_National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (since 16 December 1965)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akolisi POHIVA
_#_Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21
_#_Elections:
Legislative Assembly—last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results—percent of vote NA; seats—(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist
_#_Communists: none known
_#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London;
US—the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga and makes periodic visits
_#_Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit.
_#_GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (FY89)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.);
commodities—coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;
partners—NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)
_#_Imports: $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.);
commodities—food products, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, building materials;
partners—NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87)
_#_External debt: $42.0 million (FY89)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism, fishing
_#_Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $240 million
_#_Currency: pa'anga (plural—pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
_#_Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1—1.2832 (January 1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987), 1.4960 (1986), 1.4319 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weather
_#_Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai
_#_Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,857 GRT/480,726 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Land Force, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal Tongan Guard, Police
_#_Manpower availability: NA
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@Trinidad and Tobago*Geography#_Total area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 362 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
_#_Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt
_#_Land use: arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4%
_#_Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
_#_Note: located 11 km from Venezuela
_*People#_Population: 1,285,297 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective—Trinidadian, Tobagonian
_#_Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%
_#_Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
_#_Literacy: 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
_#_Labor force: 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.)
_#_Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988)
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
_#_Type: parliamentary democracy
_#_Capital: Port-of-Spain
_#_Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria
_#_Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 31 August 1976
_#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 18 December 1986)
_#_Political parties and leaders:National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON;People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING;United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY;Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
House of Representatives—last held 15 December 1986 (next to be held by December 1991); results—NAR 66%, PNM 32%, other 2%; seats—(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3; note—in 1989 six members were expelled from the NAR and formed the UNC, while retaining their parliamentary seats; as a result seats held are NAR 27, UNC 6, PNM 3
_#_Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, James MILLETTE
_#_Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee(NJAC), radical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad andTobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the WorldPeace Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce;Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor federation; Council ofProgressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation
_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT,IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York;
US—Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176
_#_Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
_*Economy#_Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy depression in 1990. The economy fell sharply through most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its export base.
_#_GDP: $4.05 billion, per capita $3,363; real growth rate - 3.7% (1989)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.4% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 20% (1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—includes reexports—petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988);
partners—US 53%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989)
_#_Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities—raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods 26% (1988);
partners—US 51%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989)
_#_External debt: $2.5 billion (1989)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum
_#_Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,468 million kWh produced, 2,730 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textiles
_#_Agriculture: highly subsidized sector; major crops—cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of food needs
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $443 million
_#_Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1—4.2500 (January 1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986), 2.4500 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando
_#_Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved earth
_#_Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas
_#_Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre
_#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; stations—2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 339,260; 245,086 fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $59 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.)%@Tromelin Island (French possession)*Geography#_Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 3.7 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles
_#_Climate: tropical
_#_Terrain: sandy
_#_Natural resources: fish
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other—scattered bushes 100%
_#_Environment: wildlife sanctuary
_#_Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
_*People#_Population: uninhabited
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
_*Economy#_Overview: no economic activity
_*Communications#_Airports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m
_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
_#_Telecommunications: important meteorological station
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of France%@Tunisia*Geography#_Total area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
_#_Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
_#_Coastline: 1,148 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya
_#_Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
_#_Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1%
_#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
_#_Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east
_*People#_Population: 8,276,096 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Tunisian(s); adjective—Tunisian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%
_#_Religion: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1%
_#_Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)
_#_Literacy: 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor
_#_Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic Party
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note—may be changed to Tunisian Republic
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Tunis
_#_Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat, singular—wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn, Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah, Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis, Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis, Zaghwan
_#_Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)
_#_Constitution: 1 June 1959
_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
_#_National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20
_#_Elections:
President—last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results—Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition;
Chamber of Deputies—last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results—RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats—(141 total) RCD 141
_#_Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students
_#_Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO,G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM,OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Habib LAZREG; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850;
US—Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566
_#_Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports of light manufactures for continued growth. Following two years of drought-induced economic decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt.
_#_GDP: $10 billion, per capita $1,235; real growth rate 6.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 15.4% (1989)
_#_Budget: revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $970 million (1991 est.)
_#_Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals;
partners—EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR
_#_Imports: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods;
partners—EC 68%, US 7%, Canada, Japan, USSR, China, Saudi Arabia, Algeria
_#_External debt: $7.4 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for 38% of GDP, including petroleum
_#_Electricity: 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), textiles, footwear, food, beverages
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops—olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products—grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1987)
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 million
_#_Currency: Tunisian dinar (plural—dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
_#_Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1—0.8408 (January 1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987), 0.7940 (1986), 0.8345 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 2,154 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 1,689 km 1.000-meter gauge
_#_Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth
_#_Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas
_#_Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
_#_Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,172 GRT/218,970 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk
_#_Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 29 total, 28 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; stations—18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV; 4 submarine cables; earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria; radio relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,052,191; 1,180,614 fit for military service; 90,218 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $315 million, 2.6% of GDP (1990 est.)%@Turkey*Geography#_Total area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
_#_Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km
_#_Coastline: 7,200 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only—to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the USSR;
Territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea andMediterranean Sea
_#_Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR
_#_Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
_#_Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
_#_Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore
_#_Land use: arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3%
_#_Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification
_#_Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and Norway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
_*People#_Population: 58,580,993 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Turk(s); adjective—Turkish
_#_Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.)
_#_Religion: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2%