:Pitcairn Islands Communications
Railroads:noneHighways:6.4 km dirt roadsPorts:Bounty BayAirports:noneTelecommunications:24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcaststations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Poland Geography
Total area:312,680 km2Land area:304,510 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than New MexicoLand boundaries:3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km,Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 kmCoastline:491 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequentprecipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowersTerrain:mostly flat plain; mountains along southern borderNatural resources:coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, saltLand use:arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest andwoodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air andwater pollution in southNote:historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack ofnatural barriers on the North European Plain
:Poland People
Population:38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)Birth rate:14 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:68 years male, 76 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.0 children born/woman(1992)Nationality:noun - Pole(s); adjective - PolishEthnic divisions:Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)Religions:Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, andother 5%Languages:PolishLiteracy:98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)Labor force:17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade,transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989)Organized labor:trade union pluralism
:Poland Government
Long-form name:Republic of PolandType:democratic stateCapital:WarsawAdministrative divisions:49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok,Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow,Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno,Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka,Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych,Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona GoraIndependence:11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimedConstitution:Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democraticConstitutionLegal system:mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legaltheory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broaderdemocratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upperhouse or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)Political parties and leaders:Solidarity Bloc:Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-DemocraticCongress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; SolidarityTrade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), RyszardBUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI;Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition inSolidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYKNon-Communist, Non-Solidarity:Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; BeerLovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), AndrzejOWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front),Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party(SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZCommunist origin or linked:Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants'Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw TyminskiSuffrage:universal at age 18
:Poland Government
Elections:President:first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (nextto be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%Senate:last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);results -Solidarity Bloc:UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%,PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11%Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5%Communist origin or linked:PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total)Solidarity Bloc:UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, otherlocal candidates 11;Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5Communist origin or linked:PSL 8, SLD 4Sejm:last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);results -Solidarity Bloc:UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11%Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70%Communist origin or linked:SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total)Solidarity Bloc:UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4,PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, PiastAgreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity:KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2,SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1,Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants1Communist origin or linked:SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3Communists:70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990)Other political or pressure groups:powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland(KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade UnionAlliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs)Member of:BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA,UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW,Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there arePolish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
:Poland Government
US:Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw(mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is aUS Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in PoznanFlag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags ofIndonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
:Poland Economy
Overview:Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy -with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy.On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shocktherapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the moneysupply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, andrestraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages andlines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991.Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion externaldebt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, andthe private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40%of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises,however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothingin 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with itsIMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. Theincrease in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to populardiscontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December.The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, somerelaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but willbe constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growthrate -5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):60% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:11.4% (end December 1991)Budget:revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.)Exports:$12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.)partners:FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990)Imports:$12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991est.)partners:FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990)External debt:$48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditorspromised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheresto its IMF programIndustrial production:growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.)Electricity:31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
:Poland Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from privatefarms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards;leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety ofother crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normallyself-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for theinternational market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs toWestern EuropeEconomic aid:donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants andcredit guarantees to PolandCurrency:Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszyExchange rates:Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990),1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Poland Communications
Railroads:27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge,2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified;government owned (1989)Highways:299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stoneblock); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)Inland waterways:3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989)Pipelines:natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987)Ports:Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice onKana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the VistulaMerchant marine:222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-offcargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registryCivil air:48 major transport aircraftAirports:160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave;phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 millionsubscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations- 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satelliteearth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik
:Poland Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reachmilitary age (19) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note -conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the currentexchange rate could produce misleading results
:Portugal Geography
Total area:92,080 km2Land area:91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira IslandsComparative area:slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries:1,214 km; Spain 1,214 kmCoastline:1,793 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with IndonesiaClimate:maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in southTerrain:mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in southNatural resources:fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marbleLand use:arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest andwoodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7%Environment:Azores subject to severe earthquakesNote:Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western seaapproaches to Strait of Gibraltar
:Portugal People
Population:10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)Birth rate:12 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:71 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - PortugueseEthnic divisions:homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland duringdecolonization number less than 100,000Religions:Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%Languages:PortugueseLiteracy:85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)Organized labor:about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederationof Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half ofthe unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union(UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and representsless than half of unionized labor
:Portugal Government
Long-form name:Portuguese RepublicType:republicCapital:LisbonAdministrative divisions:18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*(regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,Vila Real, ViseuIndependence:1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910Constitution:25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989Legal system:civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionalityof legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Day of Portugal, 10 JuneExecutive branch:president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Councilof Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Judicial branch:Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)Leaders:Chief of State:President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986)Head of Government:Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)Political parties and leaders:Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese SocialistParty (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), HerminioMARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social DemocraticCenter (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, ManuelSERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU;Communists)Suffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr.Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, CarlosMARQUES 3%Assembly of the Republic:last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17,Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1Communists:Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983)
:Portugal Government
Member of:AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT,IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest),NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama RoadNW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are PortugueseConsulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates inLos Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), andProvidence (Rhode Island)US:Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600Lisbon (mailing address is PSC 83, APO AE 09726); telephone [351] (1)726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; FAX [351] (1) 726-9109; there is a USConsulate in Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores)Flag:two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths)with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
:Portugal Economy
Overview:Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986- at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorestmembers. To prepare for the European single market, the government isrestructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a majorprivatization program. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies tocounter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991, but it is likely to recoverin 1992.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $87.3 billion, per capita $8,400; real growthrate 2.7% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):12.0% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:4.0% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $27.0 billion; expenditures $33.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $6.7 billion (1991 est.)Exports:$16.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber andtimber products, resin, machinery, appliancespartners:EC 74%, other developed countries 13.2%, US 4.8%Imports:$25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals,petroleum, textilespartners:EC 69.1%, other developed countries 11.4% less developed countries 15.1%, US3.9%External debt:$15.0 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDPElectricity:6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oilrefining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourismAgriculture:accounts for 6.1% of GDP and about 20% of labor force; small, inefficientfarms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes,olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat,dairy productsIllicit drugs:increasingly import gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering theEuropean marketEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billionCurrency:Portuguese escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100centavos
:Portugal Economy
Exchange rates:Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 143.09 (March 1992), 144.48 (1991),142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Portugal Communications
Railroads:3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track,privately ownedHighways:73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone),including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)Inland waterways:820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used byshallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacityPipelines:crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 kmPorts:Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal,SinesMerchant marine:53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 738,774 GRT/1,300,787 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 8 bulk, 2vehicle carrier; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira(MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewingbenefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is knownto fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majorityof Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few yearsCivil air:43 major transport aircraftAirports:65 total, 62 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and radiorelay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters)FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems(mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores
:Portugal Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, FiscalGuard, Public Security PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 2,666,450; 2,166,341 fit for military service; 88,826 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2.8% of GDP (1991)
:Puerto Rico Geography
Total area:9,104 km2Land area:8,959 km2Comparative area:slightly less than three times the size of Rhode IslandLand boundaries:noneCoastline:501 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:12 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth)Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous tosea on west coastNatural resources:some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oilLand use:arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest andwoodland 20%; other 22%Environment:many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered;south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in northNote:important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islandsgroup along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; SanJuan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean
:Puerto Rico People
Population:3,776,654 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)Birth rate:17 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.1 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Puerto Rican(s); adjective - Puerto RicanEthnic divisions:almost entirely HispanicReligions:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%Languages:Spanish (official); English is widely understoodLiteracy:89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)Labor force:1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%,other 40% (1990)Organized labor:115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation ofPuerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)
:Puerto Rico Government
Long-form name:Commonwealth of Puerto RicoType:commonwealth associated with the USCapital:San JuanAdministrative divisions:none (commonwealth associated with the US)Independence:none (commonwealth associated with the US)Constitution:ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25July 1952Legal system:based on Spanish civil codeNational holiday:Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)Executive branch:US president, US vice president, governorLegislative branch:bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and alower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE(since 20 January 1989)Head of Government:Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989)Political parties and leaders:National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; PopularDemocratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP),Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Brasand Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOSMartinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown; PuertoRican Renewal Party (PRP, breakaway group from PNP), leader (vacant); PuertoRico Democratic Party, Richard MACHADOSuffrage:universal at age 18; citizens of Puerto Rico are also US citizens, but donot vote in US presidential electionsElections:Governor:last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%,Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%Senate:last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1US House of Representatives:last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note -Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House ofRepresentatives, Jaime B. FUSTERHouse of Representatives:last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2
:Puerto Rico Government
Other political or pressure groups:all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for NationalLiberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, BoricuaPopular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of PopularResistanceMember of:CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate)Diplomatic representation:none (commonwealth associated with the US)Flag:five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large whitefive-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
:Puerto Rico Economy
Overview:Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region.Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economicactivity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by taxincentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s.Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles,petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairyproduction and other livestock products as the main source of income in theagricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source ofincome for the island. The economy has largely recovered from thedisruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourisminfrastructure has been especially hard hit.GNP:purchasing power equivalent - $21.6 billion, per capita $6,600; real growthrate 2.2% (FY90)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.3% (October 1990-91)Unemployment rate:15.5% (October 1991)Budget:revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $258 million (FY89)Exports:NAcommodities:pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverageconcentrates, medical equipment, instrumentspartners:US 87% (FY90)Imports:NAcommodities:chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum productspartners:US 68% (FY90)External debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate 3.8% (FY90)Electricity:4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products,instruments; tourismAgriculture:accounts for 3% of labor force; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples,plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share offood needsEconomic aid:noneCurrency:US currency is usedExchange rates:US currency is usedFiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Puerto Rico Communications
Railroads:96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passengerrailroadsHighways:13,762 km paved (1982)Ports:San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, AreciboAirports:30 total; 24 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:900,000 or 99% of total households have TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988);broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990)
:Puerto Rico Defense Forces
Branches:paramilitary National Guard, Police ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military serviceNote:defense is the responsibility of the US
:Qatar Geography
Total area:11,000 km2Land area:11,000 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand boundaries:60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 kmCoastline:563 kmMaritime claims:*** No entry for this item ***Continental shelf:not specificExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:location and status of Qatar's southern boundaries with Saudi Arabia and UAEare unresolved; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands;maritime boundary with BahrainClimate:desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summerTerrain:mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravelNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, fishLand use:arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 95%Environment:haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources meanincreasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilitiesNote:strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources
:Qatar People
Population:484,387 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992)Birth rate:21 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:15 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:24 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:69 years male, 74 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:4.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Qatari(s); adjective - QatariEthnic divisions:Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%Religions:Muslim 95%Languages:Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second languageLiteracy:76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986)Labor force:104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)Organized labor:trade unions are illegal
:Qatar Government
Long-form name:State of QatarType:traditional monarchyCapital:DohaAdministrative divisions:there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the USGovernment, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular -baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan,Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm SalalIndependence:3 September 1971 (from UK)Constitution:provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970Legal system:discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes arebeing implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal mattersNational holiday:Independence Day, 3 September (1971)Executive branch:amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)Judicial branch:Court of AppealLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972);Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son ofAmir)Political parties and leaders:noneSuffrage:noneElections:Advisory Council:constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but noelections have been held; seats - (30 total)Member of:ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD,ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC,OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Hamad `Abd al-`Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 NewHampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111US:Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig BinOmran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box2399, Doha); telephone (0974) 864701 through 864703; FAX (0974) 861669Flag:maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoistside
:Qatar Economy
Overview:Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of exportearnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $15,000, comparableto the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas isbecoming increasingly important.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $7.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growthrate NA (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.9% (1988 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $490 million (FY91 est.)Exports:$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizerspartners:Japan 61%, Brazil 9%, UAE 3%, Singapore 3%Imports:$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery andequipmentpartners:UK 13%, Japan 11%, US 8%, Italy 8%External debt:$1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oilElectricity:1,520,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 8,080 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel,cementAgriculture:farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishingincreasing in importance; most food importedEconomic aid:donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)Currency:Qatari riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhamsExchange rates:Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:Qatar Communications
Highways:1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)Pipelines:crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 kmPorts:Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul IslandMerchant marine:23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 473,042 GRT/716,039 DWT; includes 14cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 1 refrigerated cargoCivil air:3 major transport aircraftAirports:4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter toBahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain andUAE; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT
:Qatar Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Public SecurityManpower availability:males 15-49, 211,812; 112,250 fit for military service; 3,414 reach militaryage (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP
:Reunion Geography
Total area:2,510 km2Land area:2,500 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than Rhode IslandLand boundaries:noneCoastline:201 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November,hot and rainy from November to AprilTerrain:mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coastNatural resources:fish, arable landLand use:arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest andwoodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2%Environment:periodic devastating cyclonesNote:located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
:Reunion People
Population:626,414 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)Birth rate:26 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 77 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Reunionese (singular and plural); adjective - ReunioneseEthnic divisions:most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese,Pakistani, and Indian ancestryReligions:Roman Catholic 94%Languages:French (official); Creole widely usedLiteracy:69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)Labor force:NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population ofworking age (1983)Organized labor:General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)
:Reunion Government
Long-form name:Department of ReunionType:overseas department of FranceCapital:Saint-DenisAdministrative divisions:none (overseas department of France)Independence:none (overseas department of France)Constitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawNational holiday:Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Executive branch:French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch:General Council, Regional CouncilJudicial branch:Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)Leaders:Chief of State:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)Head of Government:Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991)Political parties and leaders:Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy(UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS),Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small partiesSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:General Council:last held September/October 1988 (next to be held NA 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) PCR 9, PS 4, UDF 6, otherleft-wing 2, RPR 4, right-wing 19Regional Council:last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - RPR/UDF36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%;seats - (45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6French Senate:last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent1French National Assembly:last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to theFrench National Assembly who are voting membersCommunists:Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minusculePopular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the districtof Le PortMember of:FZ, WFTU
:Reunion Government
Diplomatic representation:as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented inthe US by FranceFlag:the flag of France is used
:Reunion Economy
Overview:The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has beenthe primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a touristindustry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-thirdof the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor isextraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white andIndian communities are substantially better off than other segments of thepopulation, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groupssuffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of theAfrican continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economicwell-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance fromFrance.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.);real growth rate 9% (1987 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.3% (1988)Unemployment rate:35% (February 1991)Budget:revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1986)Exports:$166 million (f.o.b., 1988)commodities:sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla andtea 1%partners:France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyImports:$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)commodities:manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportationequipment, raw materials, and petroleum productspartners:France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDPElectricity:245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989)Industries:sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft itemsAgriculture:accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops -sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn;imports large share of food needsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$14.8 billionCurrency:French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
:Reunion Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
:Reunion Communications
Highways:2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilizedearthPorts:Pointe des GaletsCivil air:3 major transport aircraftAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal centerSaint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; newmicrowave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Reunion Defense Forces
Branches:French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)Manpower availability:males 15-49, 164,974; 85,370 fit for military service; 6,083 reach militaryage (18) annuallyNote:defense is the responsibility of France
:Romania Geography
Total area:237,500 km2Land area:230,340 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:2,508 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia andMontenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 kmCoastline:225 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summerswith frequent showers and thunderstormsTerrain:central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on theeast by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain onthe south by the Transylvanian AlpsNatural resources:crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,saltLand use:arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest andwoodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%Environment:frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structureand climate promote landslides; air pollution in southNote:controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova,and the Ukraine
:Romania People
Population:23,169,914 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992)Birth rate:14 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:68 years male, 74 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Romanian(s); adjective - RomanianEthnic divisions:Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%Religions:Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%,Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%Languages:Romanian, Hungarian, GermanLiteracy:96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)Labor force:10,945,700; industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)Organized labor:until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the GeneralConfederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the CommunistParty; since CEAUSESCU'S overthrow, newly created trade and professionaltrade unions are joining umbrella organizations, including the Organizationof Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cartel; many othertrade unions have been formed
:Romania Government
Long-form name:noneType:republicCapital:BucharestAdministrative divisions:40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov,Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, VranceaIndependence:1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947Constitution:8 December 1991Legal system:former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory thatincreasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revisedNational holiday:National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)Executive branch:*** No entry for this item ***president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and alower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)Judicial branch:Supreme Court of JusticeLeaders:Chief of State:President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President ofProvisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991)Political parties and leaders:National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratuc National SalvationFront (DNSF), Olivia GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christianand Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), TomaGheorghe MAIORESCU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Radu CEONTEA;there are now more than 100 other parties; note - although the CommunistParty has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably theSocialist Labor Party, have been formedSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Ion ILIESCU 85%,Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%Senate:last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 67%, other33%; seats - (118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, PUNR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1,other 1House of Deputies:last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 66%, UDMR 7%,PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, PUNR 2%, other 15%; seats - (387 total) FSN 263,UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, PUNR 9, other 33
:Romania Government
Member of:BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD,IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Aurel MUNTEANU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC20008; telephone (202) 232-4747US:Ambassador John R. DAVIS; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest(mailing address is APO AE 09213-5260); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40; FAX[40] (0) 12-03-95Flag:three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; thenational coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has beenremoved; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
:Romania Economy
Overview:Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force andgenerates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant andpersistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed about a 17% drop inindustrial production because of energy and input shortages and laborunrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend withflooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by thedismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of fuel and equipment in 1991contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption anda poor distribution system. The new government is loosening the tightcentral controls of CEAUSESCU'S command economy. It has instituted moderateland reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, andit has liberalized private agricultural output. Also, the new regime ispermitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services,handicrafts, and small-scale industry. A law providing for the privatizationof large state firms has been passed. Most of the large state firms havebeen converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares andassets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has haltedthe old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currencyexport markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. Furthermore, realwages in Romania fell about 20% in 1991, contributing to the unrest whichforced the resignation of ROMAN in September. The new government continuesto impose price ceilings on key consumer items.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $71.9 billion, per capita $3,100; real growthrate - 12% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):215% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:4% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.)Exports:$4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%,manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestryproducts 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989)partners:USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)Imports:$5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%,agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%,other 6.5% (1989)partners:Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)External debt:$2 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate -17% (1991 est.)Electricity:22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machinebuilding, food processing, petroleum
:Romania Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and cornproducer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk,eggs, meat, grapesIllicit drugs:transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid:donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developedcountries (1956-89)Currency:leu (plural - lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 baniExchange rates:lei (L) per US$1 - 198.00 (March 1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922(1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Romania Communications
Railroads:11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 kmbroad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned(1987)Highways:72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and otherstabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985)Inland waterways:1,724 km (1984)Pipelines:crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 kmPorts:Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-TurnuSeverin, OrsovaMerchant marine:262 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,320,373 GRT/5,207,580 DWT; includes1 passenger-cargo, 174 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 60 bulk, 2 combination ore/oilCivil air:59 major transport aircraftAirports:165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network isautomatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phonedensity is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service(February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satelliteground station using INTELSAT
:Romania Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil DefenseManpower availability:males 15-49, 5,799,837; 4,909,642 fit for military service; 184,913 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - 50 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991);note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the currentexchange rate could produce misleading results
:Russia Geography
Total area:17,075,200 km2Land area:16,995,800 km2Comparative area:slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the USLand boundaries:20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland(Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 kmCoastline:37,653 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:NA nmContinental shelf:200-meter depth or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:200 nmExclusive fishing zone:NA nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary withChina, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia,Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and theHabomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan;maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made noterritorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) anddoes not recognize the claims of any other nationClimate:ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much ofEuropean Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summersvary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain:broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundrain Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regionsNatural resources:wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles ofclimate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resourcesLand use:NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forestand woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigatedEnvironment:despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is toofar north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment todevelopment; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including bothinland waterways and sea coastsNote:largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located inrelation to major sea lanes of the world
:Russia People
Population:149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)Birth rate:15 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:63 years male, 74 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.1 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Russian(s); adjective - RussianEthnic divisions:Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%Religions:Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%Languages:Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA%Literacy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and writeLabor force:78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other28.2%Organized labor:NA