:Russia Government
Long-form name:Russian FederationType:federationCapital:MoscowAdministrative divisions:20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnayarespublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan(Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik),Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk),Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia(Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan(Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts(oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk,Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo,Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov,Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan,Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod,Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan',Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov,Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerlyKalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh,Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk,Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - thecities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrativedivision has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have theadministrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4more administrative divisions will be addedIndependence:24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet Union; formerlyRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum onindependence passedConstitution:a new constitution is in the process of being draftedLegal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does notaccept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:NAExecutive branch:president, vice president, Security Council, President's Administration,Council of MinistersLegislative branch:Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme SovietJudicial branch:Constitutional CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:*** No entry for this item ***President Boris YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991), Vice President AleksandrRUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991), State Secretary Gennadiy BURBULIS (since July1991); 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yegor GAYDAR (sinceMarch 1992), 2nd Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers AleksandrSHOKHIN (since 7 November 1991)
:Russia Government
Political parties and leaders:Democratic Russia, A. Lev PONOMAREV and Gleb YAKUNIN, cochairmen; DemocraticParty of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN, chairman; People's Party of Free Russia,Aleksandr RUTSKOY, chairman; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms,Gavriil POPOV, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote byparty NA%Congress of People's Deputies:last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote byparty NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NASupreme Soviet:last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote byparty NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NACommunists:NAOther political or pressure groups:NAMember of:CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF, INTERPOL, IMO,INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO,UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZGDiplomatic representation:Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036;telephone (202) 628-7551US:Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23,Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 09721); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad);future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and VladivostokFlag:tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom)
:Russia Economy
Overview:Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of naturalresources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, ithad produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60%of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits ofoil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currencyearnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steelproduction capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia'smachine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind worldstandards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrialsectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and foodprocessing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capitalequipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and theproduct mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, thetransition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels ofsupply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foodsand medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption.Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities andis experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of theseplants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR'sfarm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the oldUSSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentratedin a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often havelost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the marketinstitutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economicsituations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue tosuffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins torealize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reformprogram enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdlesbefore it will lead to sustained economic growth.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9%(1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):89% (1991)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:NAExports:$58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal,nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and militarymanufacturespartners:Western Europe, Japan, Eastern EuropeImports:$43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat,semifinished metal productspartners:Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, CubaExternal debt:$40 billion (end of 1991 est.)Industrial production:-8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products,-2% before this adjustment (1991)
:Russia Economy
Electricity:42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills tohigh-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and railtransportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating andtransmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumerdurablesAgriculture:grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern locationRussia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate productsIllicit drugs:illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point forillicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries,ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries(1971-86), $NA millionCurrency:ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeksExchange rates:150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year:calendar year
:Russia Communications
Railroads:87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does notinclude industrial lines (1990)Highways:879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earthInland waterways:NA km perennially navigablePipelines:crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA kmPorts:maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk,Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi,Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod(Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow,Rostov, VolgogradMerchant marine:842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT;includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passengerCivil air:NA major transport aircraftAirports:NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country,consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switchedautomatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications fortelephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, landline, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generallyunsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handlesinternational traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as forRussia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations -INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita
:Russia Defense Forces
Branches:Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, andsea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduledto be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIScontrolManpower availability:males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341reach military age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Rwanda Geography
Total area:26,340 km2Land area:24,950 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than MarylandLand boundaries:893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 kmCoastline:none - landlockedMaritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:noneClimate:temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mildin mountains with frost and snow possibleTerrain:mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in westNatural resources:gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,hydropowerLand use:arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest andwoodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote:landlocked
:Rwanda People
Population:8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992)Birth rate:52 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:51 years male, 55 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:8.3 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - RwandanEthnic divisions:Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other25%Languages:Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centersLiteracy:50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry andcommerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)Organized labor:NA
:Rwanda Government
Long-form name:Republic of RwandaType:republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter toserve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary politicalsystem; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popularreferendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with apresident and prime ministerCapital:KigaliAdministrative divisions:10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, RuhengeriIndependence:1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)Constitution:18 June 1991Legal system:based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicialreview of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsoryICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 1 July (1962)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)Judicial branch:Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council ofState in joint session)Leaders:Chief of State:President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)Head of Government:Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991)Political parties and leaders:Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj.Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalizedindependent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new politicalparties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - theNational Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itselfas a political party and changed its name to the Republican NationalMovement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND);significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement(MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and SocialistParty (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involvedin a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/RwandanPatriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically basedorganizationSuffrage:universal adult, exact age NAElections:President:last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected
:Rwanda Government
National Development Council:last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882US:Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali(mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603;FAX [250] 72128Flag:three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with alarge black letter Rcentered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors ofEthiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
:Rwanda Economy
Overview:Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, anddeforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sectorin Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focusesmainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economyremains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak internationalprices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP todecline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began inOctober 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened anyprospects for economic improvement.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate-6.8% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.2% (1990)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capitalexpenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)Exports:$111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrumpartners:Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, USImports:$279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,petroleum products, cement and construction materialpartners:US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, JapanExternal debt:$911 million (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity:30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement,agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture,shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettesAgriculture:accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops- coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main foodcrops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiencydeclining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep upwith a 3.8% annual growth in populationEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural AdjustmentProgram with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million andthe US $25 million in support of this programCurrency:Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
:Rwanda Economy
Exchange rates:Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60(1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Rwanda Communications
Highways:4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700km unimprovedInland waterways:Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craftCivil air:2 major transport aircraftAirports:8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali;broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earthstations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
:Rwanda Defense Forces
Branches:Army (including Air Wing), GendarmerieManpower availability:males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
:Saint Helena Geography
Total area:410 km2Land area:410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, NightingaleIsland, and Tristan da CunhaComparative area:slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:60 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade windsTerrain:rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plainsNatural resources:fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; nomineralsLand use:arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest andwoodland 3%; other 83%Environment:very few perennial streamsNote:located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between SouthAmerica and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; theremains were taken to Paris in 1840
:Saint Helena People
Population:6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)Birth rate:10 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:72 years male, 76 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint HelenianEthnic divisions:NAReligions:Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman CatholicLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)Labor force:NAOrganized labor:Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professionaland technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming andfishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%
:Saint Helena Government
Long-form name:noneType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:JamestownAdministrative divisions:1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristanda Cunha*Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:1 January 1967Legal system:NANational holiday:Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June1989Executive branch:British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government:Governor A. N. HOOLEPolitical parties and leaders:Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leaderNA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976Suffrage:NAElections:Legislative Council:last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NAMember of:ICFTUDiplomatic representation:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the SaintHelenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield featuresa rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
:Saint Helena Economy
Overview:The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The localpopulation earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, andsales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of thework force has left to seek employment overseas.GDP:$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%Inflation rate (consumer prices):-1.1% (1986)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capitalexpenditures of NA (1984)Exports:$23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicraftspartners:South Africa, UKImports:$2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)commodities:food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motorvehicles and parts, machinery and partspartners:UK, South AfricaExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)Industries:crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishAgriculture:maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishingon Tristan da CunhaEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$198 millionCurrency:Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100penceExchange rates:Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991),0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian poundis at par with the British poundFiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:Saint Helena Communications
Highways:87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads onAscension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da CunhaPorts:Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)Airports:1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on AscensionTelecommunications:1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then intoworldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarinecable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
:Saint Helena Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography
Total area:269 km2Land area:269 km2Comparative area:slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:135 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperaturevariation; rainy season (May to November)Terrain:volcanic with mountainous interiorsNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest andwoodland 17%; other 41%Environment:subject to hurricanes (July to October)Note:located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
:Saint Kitts and Nevis People
Population:40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)Birth rate:22 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:63 years male, 69 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, NevisianEthnic divisions:mainly of black African descentReligions:Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman CatholicLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school(1970)Labor force:20,000 (1981)Organized labor:6,700
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government
Long-form name:Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis; formerly Federation of SaintChristopher and NevisType:constitutional monarchyCapital:BasseterreAdministrative divisions:14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint GeorgeBasseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint JohnCapisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre,Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, SaintThomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto PointIndependence:19 September 1983 (from UK)Constitution:19 September 1983Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 19 September (1983)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralSir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previouslyGovernor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981)Head of Government:Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); DeputyPrime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)Political parties and leaders:People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and NevisLabor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP),Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORYSuffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:House of Assembly:last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2,NRP 2, CCM 1Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL,OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHODiplomatic representation:Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interimAubrey Eric HART; Chancery at Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC20037; telephone (202) 833-3550US:no official presence since the Charge resides in Saint John's (Antigua andBarbuda)
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government
Flag:divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearingtwo white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the uppertriangle is green, the lower triangle is red
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Economy
Overview:The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing ofsugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourismand export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $146.6 million, per capita $3,650; real growthrate 2.1% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.2% (1990)Unemployment rate:15% (1989)Budget:revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68 million, including capitalexpenditures of $31.5 million (1991)Exports:$24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stampspartners:US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)Imports:$103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuelspartners:US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)External debt:$26.4 million (1988)Industrial production:growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity:15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,117 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,beveragesAgriculture:cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas;fishing potential not fully exploited; most food importedEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 millionCurrency:East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Communications
Railroads:58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcaneHighways:300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimprovedearthPorts:Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)Civil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link viaAntigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations -2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Saint Lucia Geography
Total area:620 km2Land area:610 km2Comparative area:slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:158 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January toApril, rainy season from May to AugustTerrain:volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleysNatural resources:forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermalpotentialLand use:arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest andwoodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%Environment:subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosionNote:located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico
:Saint Lucia People
Population:151,774 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)Birth rate:26 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 75 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Saint Lucian(s); adjective - Saint LucianEthnic divisions:African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%Religions:Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%Languages:English (official), French patoisLiteracy:67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school(1980)Labor force:43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983est.)Organized labor:20% of labor force
:Saint Lucia Government
Long-form name:noneType:parliamentary democracyCapital:CastriesAdministrative divisions:11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet,Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-FortIndependence:22 February 1979 (from UK)Constitution:22 February 1979Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 22 February (1979)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower houseor House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting GovernorGeneral Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)Head of Government:Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)Political parties and leaders:United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP),Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUMSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:House of Assembly:last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by 27 April 1992); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7Member of:ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M StreetNW, Washington, DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a SaintLucian Consulate General in New YorkUS:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)Flag:blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edgesof the arrowhead have a white border
:Saint Lucia Economy
Overview:Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate ofalmost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Luciaalso possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investmentin manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. Theeconomy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agriculturalsector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodicdroughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with theUK for bananas may end in 1992.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $295 million, per capita $1,930; real growth rate4.0% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.2% (1990)Unemployment rate:16.0% (1988)Budget:revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capitalexpenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)Exports:$127 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oilpartners:UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10%Imports:$270 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food andlive animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6%partners:US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23%External debt:$54.5 million (1989)Industrial production:growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity:32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 732 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes,tourism, lime processing, coconut processingAgriculture:accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts,vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the touristindustryEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$120 millionCurrency:East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
:Saint Lucia Communications
Highways:760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improvedPorts:CastriesCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439Telecommunications:fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave linkwith Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interislandtroposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
:Saint Lucia Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Geography
Total area:242 km2Land area:242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the MiquelongroupsComparative area:slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:120 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and FranceClimate:cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windyTerrain:mostly barren rockNatural resources:fish, deepwater portsLand use:arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 4%; other 83%Environment:vegetation scantyNote:located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon People
Population:6,513 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)Birth rate:9 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:75 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - FrenchEthnic divisions:originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)Religions:Roman Catholic 98%Languages:FrenchLiteracy:99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)Labor force:2,850 (1988)Organized labor:Workers' Force trade union
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Government
Long-form name:Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and MiquelonType:territorial collectivity of FranceCapital:Saint-PierreAdministrative divisions:none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence:none (territorial collectivity of France); note - has been under Frenchcontrol since 1763Constitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawNational holiday:National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille)Executive branch:French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch:unicameral General CouncilJudicial branch:Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Leaders:Chief of State:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)Head of Government:Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989);President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA)Political parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNONSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:General Council:last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist andother left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6French President:last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (secondballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%French Senate:last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1French National Assembly:last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF/CDS 1; note - SaintPierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the FrenchNational Assembly who are voting membersMember of:FZ, WFTUDiplomatic representation:as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented inthe US by FranceFlag:the flag of France is used
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Economy
Overview:The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and byservicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. Theeconomy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping atSaint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, anagreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre'strawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years.The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fishexports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Importscome primarily from Canada and France.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $60 million, per capita $9,500; real growth rateNA% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:9.6% (1990)Budget:revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $5.5 million (1989)Exports:$25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:fish and fish products, fox and mink peltspartners:US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, PortugalImports:$87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materialspartners:Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989)Industries:fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourismAgriculture:vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500metric tons (1989)Economic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$500 millionCurrency:French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Communications
Highways:120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)Ports:Saint PierreCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radiocommunication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in Frenchdomestic satellite system
:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography
Total area:340 km2Land area:340 km2Comparative area:slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:84 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May toNovember)Terrain:volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint VincentNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest andwoodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3%Environment:subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threatNote:some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People
Population:115,339 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)Birth rate:23 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:71 years male, 74 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives - Saint Vincentianor VincentianEthnic divisions:mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, EastIndian, Carib IndianReligions:Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages:English, some French patoisLiteracy:96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school(1970)Labor force:67,000 (1984 est.)Organized labor:10% of labor force
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Government
Long-form name:noneType:constitutional monarchyCapital:KingstownAdministrative divisions:6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George,Saint PatrickIndependence:27 October 1979 (from UK)Constitution:27 October 1979Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 October (1979)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralDavid JACK (since 29 September 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)Political parties and leaders:New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party(SVLP), Vincent BEACHE; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party(NRP), Joel MIGUELSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:House of Assembly:last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6appointed senators) NDP 15Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WCL, WFTU, WHODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE; 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102,Washington, DC 20036; telephone NAUS:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)Flag:three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green;the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern*** No entry for this item ***
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Economy
Overview:Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector ofthe economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing touristindustry, is also important. The economy continues to have a highunemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plaguedbanana crop as a major export earner. Government progress towarddiversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $146 million, per capita $1,300; real growth rate5.9% (1989)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.0% (1990)Unemployment rate:30% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capitalexpenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)Exports:$75 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets, flourpartners:UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%Imports:$130 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals andfuelspartners:US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%External debt:$50.9 million (1989)Industrial production:growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDPElectricity:16,594 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheetmetal, beverageAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports;products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers ofcattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locallyEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 millionCurrency:East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July - 30 June
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Communications
Highways:about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimprovedPorts:KingstownMerchant marine:407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-offcargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestockcarrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag ofconvenience registryCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHFinterisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHFlinks to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV(cable)
:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:San Marino Geography
Total area:60 km2Land area:60 km2Comparative area:about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:39 km; Italy 39 kmCoastline:none - landlockedMaritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:noneClimate:Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summersTerrain:rugged mountainsNatural resources:building stonesLand use:arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 83%Environment:dominated by the AppeninesNote:landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy
:San Marino People
Population:23,404 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)Birth rate:8 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:5 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:74 years male, 79 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.3 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Sanmarinese (singular and plural); adjective - SanmarineseEthnic divisions:Sanmarinese, ItalianReligions:Roman CatholicLanguages:ItalianLiteracy:96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976)Labor force:about 4,300Organized labor:Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) hasabout 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400members
:San Marino Government
Long-form name:Republic of San MarinoType:republicCapital:San MarinoAdministrative divisions:9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,SerravalleIndependence:301 AD (by tradition)Constitution:8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of aconstitutionLegal system:based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 SeptemberExecutive branch:two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power iswielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary ofstate for internal affairsLegislative branch:unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)Judicial branch:Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)Leaders:Co-Chiefs of State:Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1October 1991)Head of Government:Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San MarinoDemocratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party(PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San MarinoRepublican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINISuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:Great and General Council:last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7Communists:about 300 membersMember of:CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTODiplomatic representation:San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New Yorkand an honorary Consulate in Detroit
:San Marino Government
US:no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) isaccredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci,38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39](55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088Flag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the nationalcoat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crownand above a scroll bearing the wordFlag:AS (Liberty)
:San Marino Economy
Overview:More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP.The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important incomeproducer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force andagriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard ofliving are comparable to northern Italy.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growthrate NA% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1990)Unemployment rate:6.5% (1985)Budget:revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of$NA (1983)Exports:*** No entry for this item ***trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity tradeconsists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumermanufacturesImports:seeExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:supplied by ItalyIndustries:wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourismAgriculture:employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives,meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italyfor food importsEconomic aid:NACurrency:Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; alsomints its own coinsExchange rates:Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1(1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:San Marino Communications
Highways:104 kmTelecommunications:automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links intoItalian networks; no communication satellite facilities
:San Marino Defense Forces
Branches:public security or police force of less than 50 peopleManpower availability:all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an armyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Sao Tome and Principe Geography
Total area:960 km2Land area:960 km2Comparative area:slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:209 kmMaritime claims:(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)Terrain:volcanic, mountainousNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest andwoodland 75%; other 3%Environment:deforestation; soil erosionNote:located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the NorthAtlantic Ocean
:Sao Tome and Principe People
Population:132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)Birth rate:38 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:64 years male, 68 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:5.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao TomeanEthnic divisions:mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents offreed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, andCape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), andEuropeans (primarily Portuguese)Religions:Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages:Portuguese (official)Literacy:57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)Labor force:21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture andfishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% ofpopulation of working age (1983)Organized labor:NA