:Syria Economy
Exchange rates:Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 11.2250(fixed rate 1987-90), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Syria Communications
Railroads:2,350 km total; 2,035 km standard gauge, 315 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gaugeHighways:28,000 km total; 22,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 kmimproved earthInland waterways:672 km; minimal economic importancePipelines:crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 kmPorts:Tartus, Latakia, BaniyasMerchant marine:29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,417 GRT/138,078 DWT; includes 25cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 2 bulkCivil air:35 major transport aircraftAirports:104 total, 100 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations- 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik, 1 submarine cable; coaxialcable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
:Syria Defense Forces
Branches:Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab AirDefense Forces, Police and Security ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 3,012,671; 1,691,660 fit for military service; 145,976 reachmilitary age (19) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 8% of GDP (1989)
:Taiwan Geography
Total area:35,980 km2Land area:32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and QuemoyComparative area:slightly less than three times the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries:noneCoastline:1,448 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied byChina, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administeredSenkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and TaiwanClimate:tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);cloudiness is persistent and extensive all yearTerrain:eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains inwestNatural resources:small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestosLand use:arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest andwoodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14%Environment:subject to earthquakes and typhoons
:Taiwan People
Population:20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)Birth rate:16 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:72 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - ChineseEthnic divisions:Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%Religions:mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%Languages:Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also usedLiteracy:91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)Labor force:7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civiladministration 7% (1989)Organized labor:2,728,000 or about 44% (1991)
:Taiwan Government
Long-form name:noneType:multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized inMarch, 1989Capital:TaipeiAdministrative divisions:the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; inkeeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singularand plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Provinceincluding Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the islandof Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referencedadministrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien,singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung,T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is atChung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system forromanizationConstitution:25 December 1947, presently undergoing revisionLegal system:based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservationsNational holiday:National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)Executive branch:president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier ofthe Executive Yuan, Executive YuanLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch:Judicial YuanLeaders:Chief of State:President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu(since 20 May 1990)Head of Government:Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990);Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NAJuly 1988)Political parties and leaders:Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic SocialistParty and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic ProgressiveParty (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor partiesSuffrage:universal at age 20Elections:President:last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - PresidentLI Teng-hui was reelected by the National AssemblyVice President:last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LIYuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly
:Taiwan Government
Legislative Yuan:last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP21, independents 3Elections:National Assembly:first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementaryelection in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991Member of:expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT;attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972,but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC,AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOCDiplomatic representation:none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the USare maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Councilfor North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and fieldoffices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses andtelephone numbers NAUS:unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan aremaintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan(AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3,telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road,telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center atRoom 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550Flag:red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing awhite sun with 12 triangular rays
:Taiwan Economy
Overview:Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable governmentguidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership ofsome large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even fasterand has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributesabout 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries aresteadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensiveindustries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor marketshas led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.GNP:purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growthrate 5.2% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)Exports:$67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood andwood products 1.6% (1989)partners:US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)Imports:$54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemicalproducts 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989)partners:Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989)External debt:$1.1 billion (December 1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.)Electricity:17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugarmilling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleumAgriculture:accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers);heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea;livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat,soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988)Economic aid:US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODAand OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 millionCurrency:New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
:Taiwan Economy
Exchange rates:New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108(1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Taiwan Communications
Railroads:about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 kmindustrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connectionwas completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government andoperated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications;industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprisesHighways:20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushedstone or gravel, 575 km graded earthPipelines:petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 kmPorts:Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tungMerchant marine:213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleumtanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulkAirports:40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcaststations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links toJapan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
:Taiwan Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General GarrisonHeadquarters, Ministry of National DefenseManpower availability:males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706currently reach military age (19) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92)
:Tajikistan Geography
Total area:143,100 km2Land area:142,700 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than WisconsinLand boundaries:3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,Uzbekistan 1,161 kmCoastline:none - landlockedMaritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:boundary with China under disputeClimate:midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir MountainsTerrain:Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley innorth, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeastNatural resources:significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, smallproduction of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungstenLand use:6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forestand woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigatedEnvironment:NANote:landlocked
:Tajikistan People
Population:5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992)Birth rate:40 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:64 years male, 70 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:5.3 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tajik(s); adjective - TajikEthnic divisions:Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4%Religions:Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5%Languages:Tajik (official) NA%Literacy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and writeLabor force:1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%,other 35% (1990)Organized labor:NA
:Tajikistan Government
Long-form name:Republic of TajikistanType:republicCapital:DushanbeAdministrative divisions:3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - therayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblastusually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have theadministrative center name following in parentheses)Independence:9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet SocialistRepublicConstitution:adopted NA April 1978Legal system:based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday:NAExecutive branch:president, prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch:NALeaders:Chief of State:President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government ofNational Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular headHead of Government:Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy PrimeMinister Davlat USMONPolitical parties and leaders:Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), TohirABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV,Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic RebirthParty and Rastokhoz Party 30%Supreme Soviet:last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3Communists:NAOther political or pressure groups:Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leaderMember of:CSCE, IMF, UNDiplomatic representation:NAUS:Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 AiniiStreet; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23
:Tajikistan Government
Flag:NA; still in the process of designing one
:Tajikistan Economy
Overview:Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakesteconomic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is themain economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment andfeaturing cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots includingelectric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizablehydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production ofmetal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in foodsupplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of foodthroughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, thegeneral disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, andpolitical instability have meant that the republic's leadership could makelittle progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992.GDP:$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):84% (1991)Unemployment rate:25% (1991 est.)Budget:$NAExports:$706 million (1990)commodities:aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textilespartners:Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports:$1.3 billion (1990)commodities:chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffspartners:NAExternal debt:$650 million (end of 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -2.0% (1991)Electricity:4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil,metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezersAgriculture:cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,yaksIllicit drugs:illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipmentpoints for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:NACurrency:as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currencyExchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
:Tajikistan Communications
Railroads:480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does notinclude industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) andTermez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the otherrepublics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in UzbekistanHighways:29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earthInland waterways:NA km perennially navigablePipelines:NACivil air:NAAirports:NATelecommunications:poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave withother CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscowinternational gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)
:Tajikistan Defense Forces
Branches:Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CISForces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense)Manpower availability:males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)annuallyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Tanzania Geography
Total area:945,090 km2Land area:886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and ZanzibarComparative area:slightly larger than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries:3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 kmCoastline:1,424 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripointin Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that theindefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settledClimate:varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlandsTerrain:plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, southNatural resources:hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones,gold, natural gas, nickelLand use:arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest andwoodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affectedmarginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
:Tanzania People
Population:27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)Birth rate:49 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:15 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:50 years male, 55 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:7.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - TanzanianEthnic divisions:mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian,European, and Arab 1%Religions:mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar -almost all MuslimLanguages:Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce,administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood andgenerally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language ofmost people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally inSwahiliLiteracy:46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978)Labor force:732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.)Organized labor:15% of labor force
:Tanzania Government
Long-form name:United Republic of TanzaniaType:republicCapital:Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma,which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990sAdministrative divisions:25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro,Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South,Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, ZanzibarCentral/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa MagharibiIndependence:Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship underBritish administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (fromUK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the UnitedRepublic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29October 1964Constitution:15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject toprovisions of the union Constitution)Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited tomatters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Union Day, 26 April (1964)Executive branch:president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vicepresident and president of Zanzibar, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice PresidentJohn MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR(since 9 November 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)Political parties and leaders:only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali HassanMWINYI, party chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - AliHassan MWINYI was elected without oppositionNational Assembly:last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCMis the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO
:Tanzania Government
Diplomatic representation:Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125US:Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off BagamoyoRoad), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam);telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701Flag:divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-sidecorner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle isblue
:Tanzania Economy
Overview:Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy isheavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP,provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industryaccounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agriculturalproducts and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announcedin mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production andfinancial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, theInternational Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds torehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increasein output of minerals led by gold.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); realgrowth rate 4.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):16.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capitalexpenditures of $118 million (FY90)Exports:$478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)commodities:coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold,coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar)partners:FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, USImports:$1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.)commodities:manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piecegoods, crude oil, foodstuffspartners:FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, DenmarkExternal debt:$5.2 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDPElectricity:405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, woodproducts, fertilizerAgriculture:accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limitcultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea,cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco,cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, andvegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficientin food grain productionEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614million
:Tanzania Economy
Currency:Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100centsExchange rates:Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991),195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July-30 June
:Tanzania Communications
Railroads:3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 kmdouble track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-metergauge planned by end of decadeHighways:total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainderimproved and unimproved earthInland waterways:Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake NyasaPipelines:crude oil 982 kmPorts:Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on LakeVictoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland portsMerchant marine:6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tankerCivil air:8 major transport aircraftAirports:104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, andtroposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Tanzania Defense Forces
Branches:Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and AirForce); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; MilitiaManpower availability:males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget)
:Thailand Geography
Total area:514,000 km2Land area:511,770 km2Comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of WyomingLand boundaries:4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506kmCoastline:3,219 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with VietnamClimate:tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry,cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hotand humidTerrain:central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhereNatural resources:tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,lignite, fluoriteLand use:arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest andwoodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7%Environment:air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok areaNote:controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
:Thailand People
Population:57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992)Birth rate:20 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:67 years male, 71 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - ThaiEthnic divisions:Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%Religions:Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6%(1991)Languages:Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regionaldialectsLiteracy:93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (includinggovernment) 14% (1989 est.)Organized labor:309,000 union members (1989)
:Thailand Government
Long-form name:Kingdom of ThailandType:constitutional monarchyCapital:BangkokAdministrative divisions:72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen,Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae HongSon, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, NakhonRatchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai,Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi,Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram,Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri,Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, UthaiThani, Uttaradit, Yala, YasothonIndependence:1238 (traditional founding date); never colonizedConstitution:22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991Legal system:based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991military coupNational holiday:Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)Executive branch:monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers,interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following themilitary coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was setupLegislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house orSenate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Sarndika)Leaders:Chief of State:King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown PrinceWACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)Head of Government:Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992)Political parties and leaders:Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; ThaiCitizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); DemocratParty (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party;Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai PartySuffrage:universal at age 21
:Thailand Government
Elections:House of Representatives:last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, NewAspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, SolidarityParty 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1Communists:illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgentsthroughout Thailand total 200 (est.)Member of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai ConsulatesGeneral in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS:Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok(mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2)254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates inSongkhla and UdornFlag:five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, andred
:Thailand Economy
Overview:Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed ayear of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11%growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturingsector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing andservice sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth.Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become lessimportant to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued toincrease in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grewmarginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew,especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairlysound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from thefast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplusin 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially fortelecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish thecountry's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military'sshooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have causedinternational businessmen to question Thailand's political stability.Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming thecontinuation of the government's progrowth measures.GNP:exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growthrate 8% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):5.6% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:4.1% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.)Exports:$27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990)partners:US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990)Imports:$39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6%(1990)partners:Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%,South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990)External debt:$25.1 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDPElectricity:7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments,agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other lightmanufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components,integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungstenproducer and third-largest tin producer
:Thailand Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer andexporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly fromBurma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradicationefforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted someproduction to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has beenaffected by eradication effortsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $19 millionCurrency:baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satangExchange rates:baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990),25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987)Fiscal year:1 October-30 September
:Thailand Communications
Railroads:3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double trackHighways:44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km underdevelopmentInland waterways:3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m ormore throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable byshallow-draft native craftPipelines:natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 kmPorts:Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si RachaMerchant marine:151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2combination bulk, 1 passengerCivil air:41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraftAirports:115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to governmentactivities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV ingovernment-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system beingdeveloped
:Thailand Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), RoyalThai Air Force, Paramilitary ForcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget)
:Togo Geography
Total area:56,790 km2Land area:54,390 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries:1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 kmCoastline:56 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:30 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in northTerrain:gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; lowcoastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshesNatural resources:phosphates, limestone, marbleLand use:arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest andwoodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recentdroughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
:Togo People
Population:3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992)Birth rate:48 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:54 years male, 58 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:7.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - TogoleseEthnic divisions:37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1%European and Syrian-LebaneseReligions:indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%Languages:French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages areEwe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the northLiteracy:43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly dividedbetween public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)Organized labor:Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union untilSpring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: LaborFederation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of IndependentSyndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil serviceunions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates ofTogo (CTSA)
:Togo Government
Long-form name:Republic of TogoType:republic; under transition to multiparty democratic ruleCapital:LomeAdministrative divisions:21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame(Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar(Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures(prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes forindividual units are included in parenthesesIndependence:27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerlyFrench Togo)Constitution:1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transitionconstitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent toHigh Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to beput to public referendum in NA 1992Legal system:French-based court systemNational holiday:Independence Day 27 April (1960)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-memberinterim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislatureduring transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduledto be held in NAJudicial branch:Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)Head of Government:interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)Political parties and leaders:Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the onlyparty until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legallyregistered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place10 July-28 August 1991Suffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:President:last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMAwas reelected without oppositionNational Assembly:last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next tobe held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77total) RPT 77
:Togo Government
Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213US:Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and RueVauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52Flag:five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating withyellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upperhoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Togo Economy
Overview:The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accountsfor about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force.Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which togetheraccount for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient inbasic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sectorphosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphateexports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togoserves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over thepast decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a numberof economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreigninvestment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures.Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reformprogram and has disrupted vital economic activity.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate2% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.0% (1990)Unemployment rate:2.0% (1987)Budget:revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capitalexpenditures of $101 million (1990 est.)Exports:$396 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernelspartners:EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)Imports:$502 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goodspartners:EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989)External debt:$1.3 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDPElectricity:179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles,beveragesAgriculture:cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans,rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fishcatch, 10,000-14,000 tonsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51millionCurrency:Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)= 100 centimes
:Togo Economy
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54(1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Togo Communications
Railroads:515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single trackHighways:6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roadsInland waterways:50 km Mono RiverPorts:Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)Merchant marine:3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrierCivil air:3 major transport aircraftAirports:9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wirelines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earthstations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
:Togo Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, GendarmerieManpower availability:males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
:Tokelau Geography
Total area:10 km2Land area:10 km2Comparative area:about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:101 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)Terrain:coral atolls enclosing large lagoonsNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 100%Environment:lies in Pacific typhoon beltNote:located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, abouthalfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
:Tokelau People
Population:1,760 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:NA years male, NA years female (1992)Total fertility rate:NA children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tokelauan(s); adjective - TokelauanEthnic divisions:all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western SamoaReligions:Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu,all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all RomanCatholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational ChristianChurch predominantLanguages:Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and EnglishLiteracy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%)Labor force:NAOrganized labor:NA
:Tokelau Government
Long-form name:noneType:territory of New ZealandCapital:none; each atoll has its own administrative centerAdministrative divisions:none (territory of New Zealand)Independence:none (territory of New Zealand)Constitution:administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970Legal system:British and local statutesNational holiday:Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over NewZealand), 6 February (1840)Executive branch:British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairsin New Zealand), official secretaryLegislative branch:Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atollJudicial branch:High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New ZealandLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government:Administrator Neil WALTER (since NA February 1988); Official SecretaryCasimilo J. PEREZ, Office of Tokelau AffairsSuffrage:NAElections:NAMember of:SPCDiplomatic representation:none (territory of New Zealand)Flag:the flag of New Zealand is used
:Tokelau Economy
Overview:Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restraineconomic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. Thepeople must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annualaid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenuecome from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts.Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rateNA% (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expendituresof $37,300 (FY87)Exports:$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)commodities:stamps, copra, handicraftspartners:NZImports:$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)commodities:foodstuffs, building materials, fuelpartners:NZExternal debt:noneIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craftgoods; stamps, coins; fishingAgriculture:coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas;pigs, poultry, goatsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24millionCurrency:New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100centsExchange rates:New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), l.7265 (1991),1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April-31 March
:Tokelau Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western SamoaTelecommunications:telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
:Tokelau Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
:Tonga Geography
Total area:748 km2Land area:718 km2Comparative area:slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:419 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:no specific limitsExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), coolseason (May to December)Terrain:most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;others have limestone overlying volcanic baseNatural resources:fish, fertile soilLand use:arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest andwoodland 12%; other 2%Environment:archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October toApril); deforestationNote:located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds ofthe way between Hawaii and New Zealand
:Tonga People
Population:103,114 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)Birth rate:26 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-11 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:65 years male, 70 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.7 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tongan(s); adjective - TonganEthnic divisions:Polynesian; about 300 EuropeansReligions:Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherentsLanguages:Tongan, EnglishLiteracy:100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simplemessage in Tongan or English (1976)Labor force:NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in miningOrganized labor:none
:Tonga Government
Long-form name:Kingdom of TongaType:hereditary constitutional monarchyCapital:Nuku`alofaAdministrative divisions:three island groups; Ha`apai, Tongatapu, Vava`uIndependence:4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)Constitution:4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967Legal system:based on English lawNational holiday:Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers(cabinet), Privy CouncilLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)Head of Government:Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S.Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)Political parties and leaders:Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVASuffrage:all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21Elections:Legislative Assembly:last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results -percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3traditionalistMember of:ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL,IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in LondonUS:the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited toTonga and makes periodic visitsFlag:red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-sidecorner
:Tonga Economy
Overview:The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the laborforce and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans arethe main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import ahigh proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturingsector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hardcurrency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aidand remittances to offset its trade deficit.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $92 million, per capita $900; real growth rate2.5% (FY90 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):8.9% (third quarter 1991)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capitalexpenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.)Exports:$9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.)commodities:coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans,fruits, vegetables, fishpartners:NZ 35%, Australia 22%, US 13%, Fiji 5% (FY90)Imports:$59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.)commodities:food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,chemicalspartners:NZ 30%, Australia 23%, US 12%, Japan 7% (FY90)External debt:$42.0 million (FY89)Industrial production:growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:tourism, fishingAgriculture:dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa,coffee, ginger, black pepperEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 millionCurrency:pa'anga (plural - pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 senitiExchange rates:pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2987 (January 1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990),1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July-30 June