:Comoros Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18millionCurrency:Comoran franc (plural - francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26(1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987); note - linked to theFrench franc at 50 to 1 French francFiscal year:calendar year
:Comoros Communications
Highways:750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravelPorts:Mutsamudu, MoroniCivil air:1 major transport aircraftAirports:4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stationsfor interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV
:Comoros Defense Forces
Branches:Comoran Security Forces (FCS), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC)Manpower availability:males 15-49, 105,022; 62,808 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:$NA, NA of GDP
:Congo Geography
Total area:342,000 km2Land area:341,500 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than MontanaLand boundaries:5,504 km; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km,Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 kmCoastline:169 kmMaritime claims:Territorial sea:200 nmDisputes:long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division ofthe river or its islands has been made)Climate:tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October);constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climateastride the EquatorTerrain:coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basinNatural resources:petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, naturalgasLand use:arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest andwoodland 62%; other 7%Environment:deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, PointeNoire, or along the railroad between them
:Congo People
Population:2,376,687 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)Birth rate:42 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:109 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:53 years male, 56 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:5.7 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Congolese (singular and plural); adjective - Congolese or CongoEthnic divisions:about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; mostimportant ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) andM'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans,mostly FrenchReligions:Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%Languages:French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo mostwidely usedLiteracy:57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active(1985)Organized labor:20% of labor force (1979 est.)
:Congo Government
Long-form name:Republic of the CongoType:republicCapital:BrazzavilleAdministrative divisions:9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool,SanghaIndependence:15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville)Constitution:8 July 1979, currently being modifiedLegal system:based on French civil law system and customary lawNational holiday:Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:a transitional National AssemblyJudicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); stripped of mostpowers by National Conference in May 1991Head of Government:Prime Minister Andre MILONGO (since May 1991)Political parties and leaders:Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note -multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties establishedSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:National Assembly:transitional body selected by National Conference in May 1991; election fornew legislative body to be held spring 1992President:last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held June 1992); results - PresidentSASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the PartyCongress, which automatically made him presidentCommunists:small number of Communists and sympathizersOther political or pressure groups:Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress(CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union ofCongolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington,DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500
:Congo Government
US:Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral,Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE09828); telephone (242) 83-20-70; FAX [242] 83-63-38Flag:red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; theupper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses thepopular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Congo Economy
Overview:Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, abeginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and agovernment characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reformprogram, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime anda heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstayof the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues andexports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo tofinance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually,one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however,growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half thepopulation growth rate.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth rate0.5% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.6% (1989 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capitalexpenditures of $141 million (1989)Exports:$751 million (f.o.b., 1988)commodities:crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamondspartners:US, France, other ECImports:$564 million (c.i.f., 1988)commodities:foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipmentpartners:France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, BrazilExternal debt:$4.5 billion (December 1988)Industrial production:growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettesAgriculture:accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accountsfor 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cashcrops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner;imports over 90% of food needsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.3 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338millionCurrency:Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)= 100 centimes
:Congo Economy
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54(1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Congo Communications
Railroads:797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privatelyowned)Highways:11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improvedearth; 5,200 km unimproved earthInland waterways:the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commerciallynavigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic onlyPipelines:crude oil 25 kmPorts:Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)Civil air:4 major transport aircraftAirports:46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radiorelay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire,and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station
:Congo Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 526,058; 267,393 fit for military service; 23,884 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.)
:Cook Islands Geography
Total area:240 km2Land area:240 km2Comparative area:slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:120 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by trade windsTerrain:low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in southNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 74%Environment:subject to typhoons from November to MarchNote:located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean
:Cook Islands People
Population:17,977 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992)Birth rate:22 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-10 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:69 years male, 73 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Cook Islander(s); adjective - Cook IslanderEthnic divisions:Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian andother 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%Religions:Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian ChurchLanguages:English (official); MaoriLiteracy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%)Labor force:5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, andother 4% (1981)Organized labor:NA
:Cook Islands Government
Long-form name:noneType:self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fullyresponsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility forexternal affairs, in consultation with the Cook IslandsCapital:AvaruaAdministrative divisions:noneIndependence:became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateralactionConstitution:4 August 1965National holiday:Constitution Day, 4 AugustExecutive branch:British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand,prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises ontraditional matters, but has no legislative powersJudicial branch:High CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK SirTangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK(since NA)Head of Government:Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime MinisterInatio AKARURU (since February 1989)Political parties and leaders:Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM;Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN;Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKASuffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:Parliament:last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12,Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party)9, independent 1Member of:AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHODiplomatic representation:none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)Flag:blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a largecircle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in theouter half of the flag
:Cook Islands Economy
Overview:Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit,copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to afruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic developmentis hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lackof natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit isannually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid.Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potentialand expanding the fishing industry.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.);real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):8.0% (1988)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1990 est.)Exports:$4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988)commodities:copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothingpartners:NZ 80%, JapanImports:$38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)commodities:foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timberpartners:NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, USExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:fruit processing, tourismAgriculture:export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas;subsistence crops - yams, taroEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$128 millionCurrency:New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100centsExchange rates:New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8502 (January 1992), 1.7266 (1991),1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:Cook Islands Communications
Highways:187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 kmunimproved earthPorts:AvatiuMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWTCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Cook Islands Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
:Coral Sea Islands Geography
Total area:less than 3 km2Land area:less than 3 km2; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over asea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most importantComparative area:undeterminedLand boundaries:noneCoastline:3,095 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:3 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropicalTerrain:sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)Natural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve andCoringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August1982Environment:subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; importantnesting area for birds and turtlesNote:the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in theCoral Sea
:Coral Sea Islands People
Population: 3 meteorologists (1992)
:Coral Sea Islands Government
Long-form name:Coral Sea Islands TerritoryType:territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, theEnvironment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLYCapital:none; administered from Canberra, AustraliaFlag:the flag of Australia is used
:Coral Sea Islands Economy
Overview: no economic activity
:Coral Sea Islands Communications
Ports: none; offshore anchorages only
:Coral Sea Islands Defense Forces
Note:defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the RoyalAustralian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors
:Costa Rica Geography
Total area:51,100 km2Land area:50,660 km2; includes Isla del CocoComparative area:slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries:639 km; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 kmCoastline:1,290 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)Terrain:coastal plains separated by rugged mountainsNatural resources:hydropower potentialLand use:arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest andwoodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%Environment:subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequentflooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes;deforestation; soil erosion
:Costa Rica People
Population:3,187,085 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)Birth rate:27 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:4 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:12 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:75 years male, 79 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Costa Rican(s); adjective - Costa RicanEthnic divisions:white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto LimonLiteracy:93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%,agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.)Organized labor:15.1% of labor force
:Costa Rica Government
Long-form name:Republic of Costa RicaType:democratic republicCapital:San JoseAdministrative divisions:7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San JoseIndependence:15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution:9 November 1949Legal system:based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts inthe Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Executive branch:president, two vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First VicePresident German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice PresidentArnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)Political parties and leaders:National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; SocialChristian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; MarxistPopular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New RepublicMovement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), IsaacFelipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACONVargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA BrealeySuffrage:universal and compulsory at age 18Elections:Legislative Assembly:last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regionalparties 2President:last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - RafaelAngel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%Communists:7,500 members and sympathizersOther political or pressure groups:Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Partyaffiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate),Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Partyaffiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for EconomicDevelopment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants),National Association of Educators (ANDE)
:Costa Rica Government
Member of:AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES,LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 ConnecticutAvenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947;there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Houston, LosAngeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and SanJuan (Puerto Rico), and a Consulate in BuffaloUS:Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailingaddress is APO AA 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39 FAX (506) 20-2305Flag:five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, andblue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the redband
:Costa Rica Economy
Overview:In 1991 the economy grew at an estimated 2.5%, down somewhat from the 3.6%gain of 1990 and below the strong 5.5% gain of 1989. Increases inagricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops)and in construction have been offset by lower rates of growth for industry.In 1991 consumer prices rose by 27%, about the same as in 1990. The tradedeficit of $270 million was substantially below the 1990 deficit of $677million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.6%, but muchunderemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among theworld's highest.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion, per capita $1,900; real growth rate2.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):27% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:4.6% (1991)Budget:revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1990 est.)Exports:$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:coffee, bananas, textiles, sugarpartners:US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, JapanImports:$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffspartners:US 40%, Japan, Guatemala, GermanyExternal debt:$4.5 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDPElectricity:927,000 kW capacity; 3,408 million kWh produced, 1,095 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer,plastic productsAgriculture:accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee,beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes;normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forestresources resulting in lower timber outputIllicit drugs:illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipmentcountry for cocaine from South AmericaEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million;Communist countries (1971-89), $27 millionCurrency:Costa Rican colon (plural - colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimosExchange rates:Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 136.35 (January 1992), 122.43 (1991),91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987)
:Costa Rica Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
:Costa Rica Communications
Railroads:950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrifiedHighways:15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earthInland waterways:about 730 km, seasonally navigablePipelines:petroleum products 176 kmPorts:Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, PuntarenasMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWTCivil air:11 major transport aircraftAirports:164 total, 149 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection intoCentral American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV,13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Costa Rica Defense Forces
Branches:Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note - Constitution prohibits armedforcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 829,576; 559,575 fit for military service; 31,828 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)
:Croatia Geography
Total area:56,538 km2Land area:56,410 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries:1,843 km; Bosnia and Hercegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Hercegovina(southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km, Slovenia455 kmCoastline:5,790 km; mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:NA nmContinental shelf:200-meter depth or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:12 nmExclusive fishing zone:12 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Serbian enclaves in eastern Slavonia and along the western Bosnia andHercegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in AdriaticClimate:Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hotsummers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coastTerrain:geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountainsand highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islandsNatural resources:oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt,silica, mica, clays, salt, fruit, livestockLand use:32% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 15% forestand woodland; 9% other; includes 5% irrigatedEnvironment:air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollutionfrom industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructiveearthquakesNote:controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and TurkishStraits
:Croatia People
Population:4,784,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.39% (for the period 1981-91)Birth rate:12.2 births/1,000 population (1991)Death rate:11.3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)Net migration rate:NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)Infant mortality rate:10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)Life expectancy at birth:67 years male, 74 years female (1980-82)Total fertility rate:NA children born/woman (1991)Nationality:noun - Croat(s); adjective - CroatianEthnic divisions:Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslims 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others7.8%Religions:Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, othersand unknown 11%Languages:Serbo-Croatian 96%Literacy:96.5% (male 98.6%, female 94.5%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991census)Labor force:1,509,489; industry and mining 37%, agriculture 4%, government NA%, otherOrganized labor:NA
:Croatia Government
Long-form name:NoneType:parliamentary democracyCapital:ZagrebAdministrative divisions:102 districts (opcine, singular - opcina)Independence:June 1991 from YugoslaviaConstitution:promulgated on 22 December 1990Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial/no judicial review of legislative acts;does/does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:30 May, Statehood Day (1990)Executive branch:president, prime ministerLegislative branch:bicameralJudicial branch:Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Franjo TUDJMAN (since April 1990), Vice President NA (since NA)Head of Government:Prime Minister Franjo GREGURIC (since August 1991), Deputy Prime MinisterMila RAMLJAK (since NA )Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Union, TUDJMAN; Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ),Stjepan Mesic; Croatian National Party, Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR; CroatianChristian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR; Croatian Party of Rights,Dobroslav Paraga; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISASuffrage:at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18Elections:Parliament:last held May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - HDZ won 205 seats; seats- 349 (total)President:NAOther political or pressure groups:NAMember of:CSCEDiplomatic representation:Ambassador Dr. Franc Vinko GOLEM, Office of Republic of Croatia, 256Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 543-5586US:Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York is 09862);telephone NAFlag:red, white, and blue with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered)
:Croatia Economy
Overview:Before the political disintegration of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatiastood next to Slovenia as the most prosperous and industrialized area, witha per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhapsone-third above the Yugoslav average. Serbia and the Serb-dominated army ofthe old Yugoslavia, however, have seized Croatian territory, and theoverriding determinant of Croatia's long-term economic prospects will be thefinal border settlement. Under the most favorable circumstances, Croatiawill retain the Dalmatian coast with its major tourist attractions andSlavonia with its oilfields and rich agricultural land. Even so, Croatiawould face monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtimeCommunist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage duringthe fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; andthe disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslavrepublics. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especiallyin the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage adesperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability mustcome first.GDP:NA - $26.3 billion, per capita $5,600; real growth rate -25% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):14.3% (March 1992)Unemployment rate:20% (December 1991)Budget:revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA millionExports:$2.9 billion (1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment (30%), other manufacturers (37%),chemicals (11%), food and live animals (9%), raw materials (6.5%), fuels andlubricants (5%)partners:principally the other former Yugoslav republicsImports:$4.4 billion (1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment (21%), fuels and lubricants (19%), foodand live animals (16%), chemicals (14%), manufactured goods (13%),miscellaneous manufactured articles (9%), raw materials (6.5%), beveragesand tobacco (1%)partners:principally other former Yugoslav republicsExternal debt:$2.6 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)Industrial production:declined as much as 11% in 1990 and probably another 29% in 1991Electricity:3,570,000 kW capacity; 8,830 million kWh produced, 1,855 kWh per capita1991)Industries:chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pigiron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products(including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles,shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing andbeverages
:Croatia Economy
Agriculture:Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in privatehands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria;much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat,corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops inSlavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cerealproduction, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming;coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, andvegetablesEconomic aid:NACurrency:Croatian dinar(s)Exchange rates:Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Croatia Communications
Railroads:2,698 km (34.5% electrified)Highways:32,071 km total (1990); 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earthInland waterways:785 km perennially navigablePipelines:crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 kmPorts:maritime - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek,Sisak, VinkovciMerchant marine:11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,802 GRT/65,560 DWT; includes 1cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 5 passenger ferries, 2 bulk carriers; note - alsocontrolled by Croatian shipowners are 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) underflags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,593,429GRT/4,101,119 DWT; includes 91 general cargo, 7 roll-on/ roll-off, 6refrigerated cargo, 13 container ships, 3 multifunction large load carriers,52 bulk carriers, 3 passenger ships, 11 petroleum tankers, 4 chemicaltankers, 6 service vesselsCivil air:NA major transport aircraftAirports:8 total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 withrunways 900 mTelecommunications:350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV;1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satelliteground stations - none
:Croatia Defense Forces
Branches:Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard,Home Guard, Civil DefenseManpower availability:males 15-49, 1,188,576; NA fit for military service; 42,664 reach militaryage (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Cuba Geography
Total area:110,860 km2Land area:110,860 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than PennsylvaniaLand boundaries:29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 kmnote:Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of CubaCoastline:3,735 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or USabandonment of the area can terminate the leaseClimate:tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainyseason (May to October)Terrain:mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in thesoutheastNatural resources:cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silicaLand use:arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest andwoodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10%Environment:averages one hurricane every other yearNote:largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida
:Cuba People
Population:10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)Birth rate:17 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:74 years male, 79 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Cuban(s); adjective - CubanEthnic divisions:mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%Religions:85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed powerLanguages:SpanishLiteracy:94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%,agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation andcommunications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800(1988)Organized labor:Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved bygovernment; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composedof 17 member unions
:Cuba Government
Long-form name:Republic of CubaType:Communist stateCapital:HavanaAdministrative divisions:14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*(municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de LaHabana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, LasTunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, VillaClaraIndependence:20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898to 1902Constitution:24 February 1976Legal system:based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legaltheory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)Executive branch:president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council ofState, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vicepresident of the Council of Ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional delPoder Popular)Judicial branch:People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President of the Council of State and President of the Council of MinistersFidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and FirstVice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2December 1976)Political parties and leaders:only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretarySuffrage:universal at age 16Elections:National Assembly of the People's Power:last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results -PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly electedCommunists:about 600,000 full and candidate membersMember of:CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL,IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participationsince 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTODiplomatic representation:none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section;position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington,DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610
:Cuba Government
US:protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, SwissEmbassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, VedadoSeccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, CalzadaEntre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543Flag:five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white;a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a whitefive-pointed star in the center
:Cuba Economy
Overview:The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependenton the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided abouttwo-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to theformer Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policiesthat have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolishedfarmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-suppliedgoods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a resultof declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recentlythe government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America andChina. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. Thegovernment currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilitiesand in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former SovietUnion. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel.The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharpdecline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics haveindicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Insteadof highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market pricesin convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages offuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output droppedby one-fifth in 1991.GNP:$17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Budget:revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1990 est.)Exports:$3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffeepartners:former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.)Imports:$3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, foodpartners:former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991est.)External debt:$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)Industrial production:growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989)Electricity:3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles,chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement,fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machineryAgriculture:accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercialcrops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee,rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; notself-sufficient in food (excluding sugar)
:Cuba Economy
Economic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billionCurrency:Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavosExchange rates:Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Cuba Communications
Railroads:12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-metergauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of0.914-m and 1.435-m gaugeHighways:26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989est.)Inland waterways:240 kmPorts:Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35minorMerchant marine:77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns anadditional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under theregistry of Panama, Cyprus, and MaltaCivil air:88 major transport aircraftAirports:189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios;229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Cuba Defense Forces
Branches:Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy(MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministryof Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops,Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary PoliceManpower availability:eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fitfor military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit formilitary service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17)annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.)
:Cyprus Geography
Total area:9,250 km2Land area:9,240 km2Comparative area:about 0.7 times the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries:noneCoastline:648 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas - aGreek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's landarea) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by anarrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas(about 5% of the island's land area)Climate:temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet wintersTerrain:central plain with mountains to north and southNatural resources:copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigmentLand use:arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest andwoodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are inthe Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)Environment:moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoircatchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resourcesconcentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)
:Cyprus People
Population:716,492 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)Birth rate:18 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:74 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Cypriot(s); adjective - CypriotEthnic divisions:Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4%Religions:Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%Languages:Greek, Turkish, EnglishLiteracy:90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976)Labor force:Greek area - 278,000; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 14%; Turkisharea - 71,500 (1990); services 21%, industry 30%, agriculture 27%Organized labor:156,000 (1985 est.)
:Cyprus Government
Long-form name:Republic of CyprusType:republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting theisland began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separationwas further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; GreekCypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independenceand the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which hasbeen recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolutionof intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system ofgovernmentCapital:NicosiaAdministrative divisions:6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, PaphosIndependence:16 August 1960 (from UK)Constitution:16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revisedconstitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek andTurkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriotscreated their own Constitution and governing bodies within the TurkishFederated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed byreferendum in May 1985Legal system:based on common law, with civil law modificationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Dayin the Turkish area)Executive branch:president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president,prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish areaLegislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is aunicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish areaJudicial branch:Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish areaLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note - Rauf R. DENKTASHhas been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975Political parties and leaders:Greek Cypriot:Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), DimitriosCHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos KLERIDES; Democratic Party(DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), MikhalisPAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS
:Cyprus Government
Turkish area:National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP),Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New CyprusParty (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; NewBirth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), IsmetKOTAK; note - CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic StruggleParty (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKPboycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, which was for 12 seats; the DMPwas dissolved after the 1990 election; National Justice Party (MAP), ZorluTORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAGSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993);results - George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafkos KLERIDES 48%House of Representatives:last held 19 May 1991; results - DESY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6, DEKO19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2% seats - (56 total) DESY 20, AKEL (Communist)18, DEKO 11, EDEK 7Turkish Area: President:last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R.DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic:last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP(conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP .9%; seats - (50 total) UBP(conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October1991 was for 12 seatsCommunists:about 12,000Other political or pressure groups:United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union ofCyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK;pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled) ;Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of TurkishCypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions(Dev-Is)Member of:C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM,OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO; note - the Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus has observerstatus in the OICDiplomatic representation:Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC20008; telephone (202) 462-5772US:Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street andDositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is APO AE 09836); telephone [357](2) 465151; FAX [357] (2) 459-571Flag:white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus isderived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olivebranches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope forpeace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities; note -the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottomwith a red crescent and red star on a white field
:Cyprus Economy
Overview:The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industrycontributes 24% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the servicesector contributes 44% to GDP and employs 45% of the labor force. Rapidgrowth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourismhave played important roles in the average 6.4% rise in GDP between 1985 and1990. In mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list ofdeveloping countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, theTurkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered aseries of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, thecollapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and adrought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grantfrom Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. Turkey normallyunderwrites a substantial portion of the TRNC economy.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - Greek area: $5.5 billion, per capita $9,600;real growth rate 6.0%; Turkish area: $600 million, per capita $4,000; realgrowth rate 5.9% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):Greek area: 4.5%; Turkish area: 69.4% (1990)Unemployment rate:Greek area: 1.8%; Turkish area: 1.2% (1990)Budget:revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $2.0 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $250 million (1991)Exports:$847 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoespartners:UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%Imports:$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinerypartners:UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1%External debt:$2.8 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 5.6% (1990); accounts for 24% of GDPElectricity:620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood productsAgriculture:accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; majorcrops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits;vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenuesEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24millionCurrency:Cypriot pound (plural - pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural -liras); 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
:Cyprus Economy
Exchange rates:Cypriot pounds (#C) per US$1 - 0.4683 (March 1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572(1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987); in Turkish area,Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,173.9 (1991), 2,608.6(1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Cyprus Communications
Highways:10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earthPorts:Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, PaphosMerchant marine:1,228 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,053,213 GRT/35,647,964 DWT;includes 8 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 440 cargo, 83refrigerated cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 52 container, 5 multifunction largeload carrier, 107 petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas,20 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 394 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 49combination bulk, 2 railcar carrier, 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo; note -a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 30 of these ships,republics of the former USSR own 58, Latvia also has 5 ships, Yugoslaviaowns 1, and Romania 3Civil air:11 major transport aircraft (Greek Cypriots); 2 (Turkish Cypriots)Airports:14 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greekarea), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones;largely open-wire and radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector;international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, andsatellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations
:Cyprus Defense Forces
Branches:Greek area - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and navalelements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area - Turkish Cypriot SecurityForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 183,899; 126,664 fit for military service; 5,030 reach militaryage (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)
:Czechoslovakia Geography
Total area:127,870 km2Land area:125,460 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than New York StateLand boundaries:3,438 km; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km,Ukraine 90 kmCoastline:none - landlockedMaritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:Gabcikovo Nagymaros Dam dispute with HungaryClimate:temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid wintersTerrain:mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basinsNatural resources:hard coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zincLand use:arable land 37%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest andwoodland 36%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1%Environment:infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollutionNote:landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and mostsignificant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional militarycorridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
:Czechoslovakia People
Population:15,725,680 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)Birth rate:13 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:68 years male, 76 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.9 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Czechoslovak(s); adjective - CzechoslovakEthnic divisions:Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%,Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3%Religions:Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28%Languages:Czech and Slovak (official), HungarianLiteracy:99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)Labor force:8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction,communications, and other 50.8% (1982)Organized labor:Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); several newindependent trade unions established