*Italy, People
Population:58,018,540 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.2% (1993 est.)Birth rate:10.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:77.43 yearsmale:74.22 yearsfemale:80.85 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Italian(s)adjective:ItalianEthnic divisions:Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italiansin the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south),Sicilians, SardiniansReligions:Roman Catholic 100%Languages:Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantlyGerman speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aostaregion), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:97%male:98%female:96%Labor force:23.988 millionby occupation:services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)
*Italy, Government
Names:conventional long form:Italian Republicconventional short form:Italylocal long form:Repubblica Italianalocal short form:Italiaformer:Kingdom of ItalyDigraph:ITType:republicCapital:RomeAdministrative divisions:20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria,Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia,Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-AltoAdige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, VenetoIndependence:17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed)Constitution:1 January 1948Legal system:based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appealstreated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions inConstitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Party (DC), Fermo Mino MARTINAZZOLI, general secretary;Rosa Russo JERVOLINO, president; Socialist Party (PSI), Giorgio BENVENUTO,party secretary; Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Enrico FERRI, partysecretary; Liberal Party (PLI); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS - wasCommunist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO, secretarygeneral; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI, national secretary;Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio BOGI, political secretary; Lega Nord(Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president; Communist Renewal (RC), SergioGARAVINIOther political or pressure groups:the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL -formerly Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - SocialDemocratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association(Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)Suffrage:18 years of age, universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimumage is 25)Elections:Senate:last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC27.3%, PDS 17.0%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.2%, other 33.9%; seats -(326 total; 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) DC 107, PDS 64, PSI49, Leagues 25, other 70
*Italy, Government
Chamber of Deputies:last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC29.7%, PDS 16.1%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.7%, RC 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%; seats - (630 total) DC 206, PDS 107,PSI 92, Northern Leagues 55, RC 35, MSI 34, PRI 27, PLI 17, PSDI 16, other41Executive branch:president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate ofthe Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber ofDeputies (Camera dei Deputati)Judicial branch:Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)Leaders:Chief of State:President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992)Head of Government:Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (29 April 1993)Member of:AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional),CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10,GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer),LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU,WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORIchancery:1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009telephone:(202) 328-5500consulates general:Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, SanFranciscoconsulates:Detroit, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey)US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant)embassy:Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Romemailing address:PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624telephone:[39] (6) 46741FAX:[39] (6) 488-2672consulates general:Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo (Sicily)Flag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar tothe flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, andorange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colorsreversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
*Italy, Economy
Overview:Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agricultureinto a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and percapita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into adeveloped industrial north, dominated by private companies, and anundeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises.Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and publicadministration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% ofenergy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual averagerate of 3% in 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992. In thesecond half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifyingto participate in EC plans for economic and monetary union later in thedecade; thus it finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Thanksto the determination of Prime Minister AMATO, the government adopted afairly stringent budget for 1993, abandoned its highly inflationary wageindexation system, and started to scale back its extremely generous socialwelfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetaryofficials, who were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetarysystem in September 1992 when it came under extreme pressure in currencymarkets, remain committed to bringing the currency back into the grid assoon as conditions warrant. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems ofrefurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in majorindustrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanyingthe ongoing economic integration of the European Community.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.012 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate:0.9% (1992)National product per capita:$17,500 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):5.4% (1992)Unemployment rate:11% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $447 billion; expenditures $581 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $46 billion (1992 est.)Exports:$168.8 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:textiles, wearing apparel, metals, production machinery, motor vehicles,transportation equipment, chemicals, otherpartners:EC 58.3%, US 6.8%, OPEC 5.1% (1992)Imports:$169.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agriculturalproductspartners:EC 58.8%, OPEC 6.1%, US 5.5% (1992)External debt:$42 billion (September 1992)Industrial production:growth rate -0.5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 35% of GDPElectricity:58,000,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,060 kWh per capita(1992)
*Italy, Economy
Industries:machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motorvehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramicsAgriculture:accounts for about 4% of GDP and about 10% of the work force;self-sufficient in foods other than meat, dairy products, and cereals;principal crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets,soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990Illicit drugs:increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine enteringthe European marketEconomic aid:donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billionCurrency:1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimiExchange rates:Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992),1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Italy, Communications
Railroads:20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge(8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meterstandard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge(380 km electrified)Highways:298,000 km total; autostrada (expressway) 6,000 km, state highways 46,000km, provincial highways 103,000 km, communal highways 143,000 km; 270,000 kmpaved, 23,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 5,000 km earthInland waterways:2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limitedoverall valuePipelines:crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 kmPorts:Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily),Taranto, Trieste, VeniceMerchant marine:536 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,788,938 GRT/10,128,468 DWT;includes 15 passenger, 36 short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 4 refrigeratedcargo, 21 container, 69 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 vehicle carrier, 1multifunction large-load carrier, 138 oil tanker, 34 chemical tanker, 45liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 9 combination ore/oil, 57 bulk, 2combination bulkAirports:total:137usable: 133with permanent-surface runways:92with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:36with runways 1,220-2,439 m:39Telecommunications:modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automatedtelephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and microwave radiorelay trunks; broadcast stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 repeaters) FM, 83(1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 submarine cables, 3satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Oceanantennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT andEUTELSAT systems
*Italy, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, CarabinieriManpower availability:males age 15-49 14,898,913; fit for military service 12,989,142; reachmilitary age (18) annually 425,286 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $24.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)
*Jamaica, Geography
Location:in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 160 km south of CubaMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:10,990 km2land area:10,830 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:1,022 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid; temperate interiorTerrain:mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plainNatural resources:bauxite, gypsum, limestoneLand use:arable land:19%permanent crops:6%meadows and pastures:18%forest and woodland:28%other:29%Irrigated land:350 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; waterpollutionNote:strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sealanes for Panama Canal
*Jamaica, People
Population:2,529,981 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.96% (1993 est.)Birth rate:22.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-6.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:74.09 yearsmale:71.92 yearsfemale:76.36 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Jamaican(s)adjective: JamaicanEthnic divisions:African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3%,white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%Religions:Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%,Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, including some spiritual cults39.1% (1982)Languages:English, CreoleLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990)total population:98%male:98%female:99%Labor force:1,062,100by occupation:services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, unemployed 17.5% (1989)
*Jamaica, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:JamaicaDigraph:JMType:parliamentary democracyCapital:KingstonAdministrative divisions:14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, SaintAndrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, SaintMary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, WestmorelandIndependence:6 August 1962 (from UK)Constitution:6 August 1962Legal system:based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day (first Monday in August)Political parties and leaders:People's National Party (PNP) P. J. PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP),Edward SEAGAOther political or pressure groups:Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held 30 March 1993 (next to be held by February 1998); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower houseor House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralSir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992)Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard BERNALchancery:Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006telephone:(202) 452-0660
*Jamaica, Government
consulates general:Miami and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Glen A. HOLDENembassy:Kingstonmailing address:3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingstontelephone:(809) 929-4850 through 4859FAX:(809) 926-6743Flag:diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top andbottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)
*Jamaica, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered asetback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and aluminaindustry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economicrecovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for thebauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. Therecovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourismsectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage oncrops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to theeconomy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane waslargely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991,however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower worldbauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%,supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollarin the second half of 1992.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:1.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):52% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:15.4% (1992)Budget:revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)Exports:$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rumpartners:US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7%Imports:$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transportequipment, other machinery and equipmentpartners:US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5%External debt:$4.4 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDPElectricity:1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufacturesAgriculture:accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports;commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables;livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; notself-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy productsIllicit drugs:illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine fromCentral and South America to North America; government has an activecannabis eradication program
*Jamaica, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries,ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billionCurrency:1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 centsExchange rates:Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991),7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Jamaica, Communications
Railroads:294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single trackHighways:18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earthPipelines:petroleum products 10 kmPorts:Kingston, Montego Bay, Port AntonioMerchant marine:4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulkAirports:total:36usable:23with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcaststations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3coaxial submarine cables
*Jamaica, Defense Forces
Branches:Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing),Jamaica Constabulary ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); noconscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92)
*Jan Mayen, Header
Affiliation: (territory of Norway)
*Jan Mayen, Geography
Location:in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 kmnorth-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian SeaMap references:Arctic RegionArea:total area:373 km2land area:373 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:124.1 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:10 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:4 nmInternational disputes:Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and JanMayenClimate:arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fogTerrain:volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak,with an elevation of 2,277 metersNatural resources:noneLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumedin 1970
*Jan Mayen, People
Population:no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN Cbase and the weather and coastal services radio station
*Jan Mayen, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Jan MayenDigraph:JNType:territory of NorwayCapital:none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann)resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)Independence:none (territory of Norway)
*Jan Mayen, Economy
Overview:Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources.Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway'sradio and meteorological stations located on the island.Electricity:15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992)
*Jan Mayen, Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:total:1useable:1with permanent-surface runways:0with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:radio and meteorological station
*Jan Mayen, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway
*Japan, Geography
Location:Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the KoreanpeninsulaMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:377,835 km2land area:374,744 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than Californianote:includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima,Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands(Kazan-retto)Land boundaries:0 kmCoastline:29,751 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, andEastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima StraitInternational disputes:Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island groupoccupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed byJapan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (SenkakuIslands) claimed by China and TaiwanClimate:varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in northTerrain:mostly rugged and mountainousNatural resources:negligible mineral resources, fishLand use:arable land:13%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:1%forest and woodland:67%other:18%Irrigated land:28,680 km2 (1989)Environment:many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences(mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamisNote:strategic location in northeast Asia
*Japan, People
Population:124,711,551 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate:10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:79.18 yearsmale:76.35 yearsfemale:82.15 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Japanese (singular and plural)adjective:JapaneseEthnic divisions:Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean)Religions:Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12%note:most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages addto more than 100%Languages:JapaneseLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1970)total population:99%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:63.33 millionby occupation:trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%,agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988)
*Japan, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:JapanDigraph:JAType:constitutional monarchyCapital:TokyoAdministrative divisions:47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi,Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka,Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori,Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, YamanashiIndependence:660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)Constitution:3 May 1947Legal system:modled after European civil law system with English-American influence;judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsoryICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)Political parties and leaders:Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; SeirokuKAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), SadaoYAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman;Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito(Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party(JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairmanSuffrage:20 years of age; universalElections:House of Councillors:last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12,JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22House of Representatives:last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15Executive branch:Emperor, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors(Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)
*Japan, Government
Member of:AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE(observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG,OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA,UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMAchancery:2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 939-6700consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, KansasCity (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle,and Portland (Oregon)consulates:Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOSTembassy:10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyomailing address:APO AP 96337-0001telephone:[81] (3) 3224-5000FAX:[81] (3) 3505-1862consulates general:Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporoconsulate:FukuokaFlag:white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in thecenter
*Japan, Economy
Overview:Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparativelysmall defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinaryrapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most importantsector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials andfuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of itsrequirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of theworld's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the globalcatch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedlyin 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended towring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At thesame time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing exportgrowth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to runa huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the yearearlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. Thecrowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are twomajor long-run problems.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate:1.5% (1992)National product per capita:$19,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.1% (1992)Unemployment rate:2.2% (1992)Budget:revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capitalexpenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93)Exports:$339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumerelectronics 10%)partners:Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%,Middle East 3%Imports:$232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23%partners:Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, formerCommunist countries and China 8%External debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDPElectricity:196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, constructionand mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic andtelecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automatedproduction systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding,chemicals, textiles, food processing
*Japan, Economy
Agriculture:accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, withcrop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets,vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991Economic aid:donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1billion in 1990 (est.)Currency:1 yen (Y) = 100 senExchange rates:yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991),144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Japan, Communications
Railroads:27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 kmpredominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitracksections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)Highways:1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, orunpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 kmotherInland waterways:about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seasPipelines:crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 kmPorts:Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-ShimomatsuMerchant marine:950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT;includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo,43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehiclecarrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combinationore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large loadcarrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, includingup to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flagAirports:total:162usable:159with permanent-surface runways:132with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:32with runways 1,220-2,439 m:50Telecommunications:excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater);satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia
*Japan, Defense Forces
Branches:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force(Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency(Coast Guard)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reachmilitary age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.)
*Jarvis Island, Header
Affiliation: (territory of the US)
*Jarvis Island, Geography
Location:in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of theEquator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook IslandsMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:4.5 km2land area:4.5 km2comparative area:about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:8 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m or depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sunTerrain:sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reefNatural resources:guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)Land use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland: 0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks freshwater; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats
*Jarvis Island, People
Population:uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of islandoccasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when itwas abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Yearby scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit onlyand generally restricted to scientists and educators
*Jarvis Island, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Jarvis IslandDigraph:DQType:unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and WildlifeService of the US Department of the Interior as part of the NationalWildlife Refuge SystemCapital:none; administered from Washington, DC
*Jarvis Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Jarvis Island, Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of thewest coast and another near the southwest corner of the islandNote:there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
*Jarvis Island, Defense Forces
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard
*Jersey, Header
Affiliation:(British crown dependency)
*Jersey, Geography
Location:Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English ChannelMap references:EuropeArea:total area:117 km2land area:117 km2comparative area:about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:70 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:3 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:temperate; mild winters and cool summersTerrain:gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coastNatural resources:agricultural landLand use:arable land:57%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%other: NA%Environment:about 30% of population concentrated in Saint HelierNote:largest and southernmost of Channel Islands
*Jersey, People
Population:85,450 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.7% (1993 est.)Birth rate:12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:76.4 yearsmale:73.28 yearsfemale:79.86 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Channel Islander(s)adjective:Channel IslanderEthnic divisions:UK and Norman-French descentReligions:Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist,PresbyterianLanguages:English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken incountry districtsLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NA
*Jersey, Government
Names:conventional long form:Bailiwick of Jerseyconventional short form:JerseyDigraph:JEType:British crown dependencyCapital:Saint HelierAdministrative divisions:none (British crown dependency)Independence:none (British crown dependency)Constitution:unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practiceLegal system:English law and local statuteNational holiday:Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)Political parties and leaders:none; all independentsSuffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:Assembly of the States:last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by partysince all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independentsExecutive branch:British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiffLegislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the StatesJudicial branch:Royal CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government:Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON(since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA)Member of:noneDiplomatic representation in US:none (British crown dependency)US diplomatic representation:none (British crown dependency)Flag:white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland)extending to the corners of the flag
*Jersey, Economy
Overview:The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, andtourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers areimportant export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairycattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milkproducts go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sectorovertook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of theisland's output. In recent years the government has encouraged lightindustry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industryhas developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All rawmaterial and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share ofJersey's food needs.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:8% (1987 est.)National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):8% (1988 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1985)Exports:$NAcommodities:light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textilespartners:UKImports:$NAcommodities:machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineralfuels, chemicalspartners:UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by FranceIndustries:tourism, banking and finance, dairyAgriculture:potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farmingEconomic aid:noneCurrency:1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 penceExchange rates:Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652(1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is atpar with the British poundFiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Jersey, Communications
Ports:Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint AubinAirports:total:1useable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarinecables
*Jersey, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Johnston Atoll, Header
Affiliation: (territory of the US)
*Johnston Atoll, Geography
Location:in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, aboutone-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall IslandsMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:2.8 km2land area:2.8 km2comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:10 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m or depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with littleseasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 metersNatural resources:guano (deposits worked until about 1890)Land use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:some low-growing vegetationNote:strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and SandIsland are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) aremanmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; formernuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent DisposalSystem (JACADS)
*Johnston Atoll, People
Population:no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personneland contractors
*Johnston Atoll, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Johnston AtollDigraph:JQType:unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense NuclearAgency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and WildlifeService of the US Department of the Interior as part of the NationalWildlife Refuge systemCapital:none; administered from Washington, DCDiplomatic representation in US:none (territory of the US)Flag:the flag of the US is used
*Johnston Atoll, Economy
Overview:Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personneland contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods mustbe imported.Electricity:supplied by the management and operations contractor
*Johnston Atoll, Communications
Airports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m:1 with TACAN and beaconwith runways 1,220 to 2,439 m:0Telecommunications:excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal,digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station),commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio
*Johnston Atoll, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
*Jordan, Header
Affiliation: (also see separate West Bank entry)
*Jordan, Geography
Location:Middle East, between Israel and Saudi ArabiaMap references:Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:89,213 km2land area:88,884 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries:total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375km, West Bank 97 kmCoastline:26 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:3 nmInternational disputes:differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line thatseparates the two countries; water-sharing issues with IsraelClimate:mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)Terrain:mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valleyseparates East and West Banks of the Jordan RiverNatural resources:phosphates, potash, shale oilLand use:arable land:4%permanent crops:0.5%meadows and pastures:1%forest and woodland:0.5%other:94%Irrigated land: 570 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;desertification
*Jordan, People
Population:3,823,636 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.57% (1993 est.)Birth rate:39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:71.61 yearsmale:69.83 yearsfemale:73.51 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Jordanian(s)adjective:JordanianEthnic divisions:Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%Religions:Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%Languages:Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:80%male:89%female:70%Labor force:572,000 (1988)by occupation:agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)
*Jordan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordanconventional short form:Jordanlocal long form:Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyahlocal short form:Al Urdunformer:TransjordanDigraph:JOType:constitutional monarchyCapital:AmmanAdministrative divisions:8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, AlMafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'anIndependence:25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)Constitution:8 January 1952Legal system:based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative actsin a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 25 May (1946)Political parties and leaders:approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, butthe number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Husseinpromised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charterthat sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including thecreation of political parties - was approved in principle by the specialNational Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet tobe passed by National AssemblySuffrage:20 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist)22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc(mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalistbloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house orHouse of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House ofRepresentatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives hasbeen convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and inNovember 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were heldJudicial branch:Court of Cassation
*Jordan, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952)Head of Government:Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)Member of:ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEHchancery:3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 966-2664US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISONembassy:Jebel Amman, Ammanmailing address:P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892telephone:[962] (6) 644-371Flag:three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a redisosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small whiteseven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the sevenfundamental laws of the Koran
*Jordan, Economy
Overview:Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. Inthe remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and workerremittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year.Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have beenoutstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, andborrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-reschedulingnegotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to graduallyreduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. ThePersian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan'salready serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMFprogram, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aidfrom Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees haveflooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery isunlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:3% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$1,100 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:40% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $440 million (1992 est.)Exports:$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufacturespartners:India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, ChinaImports:$2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufacturedgoodspartners:EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, TurkeyExternal debt:$9 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturingAgriculture:accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrusfruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; largenet importer of food
*Jordan, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44millionCurrency:1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 filsExchange rates:Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992),0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Jordan, Communications
Railroads:789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single trackHighways:7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stonePipelines:crude oil 209 kmPorts:Al 'AqabahMerchant marine:2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1cargo and 1 oil tankerAirports:total:19usable:15with permanent-surface runways:14with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:13with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations- 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domesticTV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, andSyria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, amicrowave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,Algeria, and Morocco
*Jordan, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force,Public Security ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach militaryage (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Juan de Nova Island, Header
Affiliation: (possession of France)
*Juan de Nova Island, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of theway between Madagascar and MozambiqueMap references:AfricaArea:total area:4.4 km2land area:4.4 km2comparative area:about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:24.1 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:12 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claimed by MadagascarClimate:tropicalTerrain:NANatural resources:guano deposits and other fertilizersLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:90%other:10%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment:subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary
*Juan de Nova Island, People
Population: uninhibited
*Juan de Nova Island, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Juan de Nova Islandlocal long form:nonelocal short form:Ile Juan de NovaDigraph:JUType:French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident inReunionCapital:none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence:none (possession of France)
*Juan de Nova Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Juan de Nova Island, Communications
Railroads:short line going to a jettyPorts:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:total:1usable:1with permament-surface runways:0 with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,439-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1
*Juan de Nova Island, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Kazakhstan, Geography
Location:South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea andthe Aral SeaMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, StandardTime Zones of the WorldArea:total area:2,717,300 km2land area:2,669,800 km2comparative area:slightly less than four times the size of TexasLand boundaries:total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 kmCoastline:0 kmnote:Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)Maritime claims:landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and withRussia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to bedeterminedInternational disputes:noneClimate:continental, arid and semiaridTerrain:extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in westernSiberia to oasis and desert in Central AsiaNatural resources:petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, ironLand use:arable land:15%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures:57%forest and woodland:4%other:24%Irrigated land:23,080 km2 (1990)Environment:drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemicalpesticides and natural salts; industrial pollutionNote:landlocked
*Kazakhstan, People
Population:17,156,370 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.65% (1993 est.)Birth rate:19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.83 yearsmale:63.17 yearsfemale:72.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Kazakhstani(s)adjective:KazakhstaniEthnic divisions:Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%,Tatar 2%, other 7.1%Religions:Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36%Languages:Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethniccommunication)Literacy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population: 100%male:100%female:100%Labor force:7.563 millionby occupation:industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45%(1990)
*Kazakhstan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Kazakhstanconventional short form:Kazakhstanlocal long form:Kazakhstan Respublikasylocal short form:noneformer:Kazakh Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph:KZType:republicCapital:Almaty (Alma-Ata)Administrative divisions:19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular -qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,, Mangghystau,Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar,Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay,Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan,Independence:16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)Constitution:adopted 18 January 1993Legal system:based on civil law systemNational holiday:Independence Day, 16 DecemberPolitical parties and leaders:Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV,chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman;Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairmanOther political or pressure groups:Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent tradeunion and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, presidentSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote byparty NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposedSupreme Council:last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338Executive branch:president, cabinet of ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President YerikASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)