*Mauritania, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 millionCurrency:1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoumsExchange rates:ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 116.990 (February 1993), 87.082 (1992), 81.946(1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Mauritania, Communications
Railroads:690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated bygovernment mining companyHighways:7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwiseimproved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracksInland waterways:mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal RiverPorts:Nouadhibou, NouakchottMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWTAirports:total:29usable:29with permanent-surface runways:9with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:5with runways 1,220-2,439 m:16Telecommunications:poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links,and radio communications stations (improvements being made); broadcaststations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with six planned
*Mauritania, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, NationalPolice, Presidential GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 452,008; fit for military service 220,717 (1993 est.);conscription law not implementedDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989)
*Mauritius, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 900 km east of MadagascarMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,860 km2land area:1,850 km2comparative area:slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DCnote:includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), andRodriguesLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:177 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island ofDiego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claimsFrench-administered Tromelin IslandClimate:tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May toNovember); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)Terrain:small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling centralplateauNatural resources:arable land, fishLand use:arable land:54%permanent crops:4%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:31%other:7%Irrigated land:170 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded byreefs
*Mauritius, People
Population:1,106,516 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.95% (1993 est.)Birth rate:19.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:70.24 yearsmale:66.34 yearsfemale:74.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.23 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Mauritian(s)adjective:MauritianEthnic divisions:Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%Religions:Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim16.6%, other 3.1%Languages:English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, BojpooriLiteracy:age 13 and over can read and write (1962)total population:61%male:72%female:50%Labor force:335,000by occupation:government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%,other 22%note:43% of population of working age (1985)
*Mauritius, Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Mauritiusconventional short form:MauritiusDigraph:MPType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port LouisAdministrative divisions:9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados, Carajos*, Flacq,Grand, Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, PortLouis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne, Independence:12 March 1968 (from UK)Constitution:12 March 1968Legal system:based on French civil law system with elements of English common law incertain areasNational holiday:Independence Day, 12 March (1968)Political parties and leaders:government coalition:Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTHMauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the Peopleof Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), AnilBAICHOOopposition:Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMANSocialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party(PMSD), X. DUVALOther political or pressure groups:various labor unionsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Legislative Assembly:last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996);results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMMalliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3Executive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council ofMinisters (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice President Robin DranoothGHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992)Head of Government:Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy PrimeMinister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990)
*Mauritius, Government
Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSINGchancery:Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 244-1491 or 1492US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador vacantembassy:4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louismailing address:4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louistelephone:[230] 208-9763 through 208-9767FAX:[230] 208-9534Flag:four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green
*Mauritius, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism.Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered onindustrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification,and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% realgrowth and low unemployment.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (FY91 est.)National product real growth rate:6.1% (FY91 est.)National product per capita:$2,300 (FY91 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):7% (FY91)Unemployment rate:2.4% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capitalexpenditures of $111 million (FY90)Exports:$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10%partners:EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%Imports:$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleumproducts 8%, chemicals 7%partners:EC, US, South Africa, JapanExternal debt:$869 million (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDPElectricity:235,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel,chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery,tourismAgriculture:accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; otherproducts - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; netfood importer, especially rice and fishIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug tradeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US)countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54millionCurrency:1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 centsExchange rates:Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 16.982 (January 1993), 15.563 (1992),15.652 (1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988)
*Mauritius, Economy
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
*Mauritius, Communications
Highways:1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earthPorts:Port LouisMerchant marine:7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 103,328 GRT/163,142 DWT; includes 3cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulkAirports: total:5usable:4with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:small system with good service utilizing primarily microwave radio relay;new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to severalcountries; over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Mauritius, Defense Forces
Branches:National Police Force (including the paramilitary Special Mobile Force(SMF), Special Support Units (SSU), and National Coast GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 312,056; fit for military service 159,408 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89)
*Mayotte, Header
Affiliation: (territorial collectivity of France)
*Mayotte, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, in the northern Mozambique Channel about halfway betweenMadagascar and MozambiqueMap references:AfricaArea:total area:375 km2land area:375 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline: 185.2 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claimed by ComorosClimate:tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon(November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)Terrain:generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravinesNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land:NA%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%other:NA%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:subject to cyclones during rainy seasonNote:part of Comoro Archipelago
*Mayotte, People
Population:89,983 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate:49.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:57.35 yearsmale:55.23 yearsfemale:59.55 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Mahorais (singular and plural)adjective:MahoranEthnic divisions:NAReligions:Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)Languages:Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), FrenchLiteracy:total population:NAmale:NAfemale:NALabor force:NA
*Mayotte, Government
Names:conventional long form:Territorial Collectivity of Mayotteconventional short form:MayotteDigraph:MFType:territorial collectivity of FranceCapital:MamoutzouAdministrative divisions:none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence:none (territorial collectivity of France)Constitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawNational holiday:Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders:Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the MahoranDemocratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic(RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC)Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:General Council: last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 12, RPR 5French Senate:last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1French National Assembly:last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1Executive branch:government commissionerLegislative branch:unicameral General Council (Conseil General)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Leaders:Chief of State:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)Head of Government:Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (sinceNA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976)Member of:FZDiplomatic representation in US:as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are representedin the US by FranceFlag:the flag of France is used
*Mayotte, Economy
Overview:Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, includingfishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and mustimport a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. Theeconomy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on Frenchfinancial assistance.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of$NA (1985)Exports:$4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:ylang-ylang, vanillapartners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%Imports:$21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flourpartners:France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%External debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capitaIndustries:newly created lobster and shrimp industryAgriculture:most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla,ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$402 millionCurrency:1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421(1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Mayotte, Communications
Highways:42 km total; 18 km bituminousPorts:DzaoudziAirports:total:1usable:1with permanet-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:small system administered by French Department of Posts andTelecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radiocommunications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV
*Mayotte, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Mexico, Geography
Location:Central America, between Guatemala and the USMap references:North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,972,550 km2land area:1,923,040 km2comparative area:slightly less than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries:total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 kmCoastline:9,330 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims Clipperton Island (French possession)Climate:varies from tropical to desertTerrain:high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desertNatural resources:petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timberLand use:arable land:12%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:39%forest and woodland:24%other:24%Irrigated land:51,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes inthe center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north,inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast;deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution inMexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico borderNote:strategic location on southern border of US
*Mexico, People
Population:90,419,606 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate:27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72.55 yearsmale:68.99 yearsfemale:76.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Mexican(s)adjective:MexicanEthnic divisions:mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%,Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1%Religions:nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%Languages:Spanish, various Mayan dialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:87%male:90%female:85%Labor force:26.2 million (1990)by occupation:services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, miningand quarrying 1.5%
*Mexico, Government
Names:conventional long form:United Mexican Statesconventional short form:Mexicolocal long form:Estados Unidos Mexicanoslocal short form:MexicoDigraph:MXType:federal republic operating under a centralized governmentCapital:MexicoAdministrative divisions:31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal);Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche,Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,, Guanajuato, Guerrero,Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit,Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, ZacatecasIndependence:16 September 1810 (from Spain)Constitution:5 February 1917Legal system:mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review oflegislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 16 September (1810)Political parties and leaders:(recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando OrtizArana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party(PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD),Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National ReconstructionParty (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the MexicanRevolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD),Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ TorresOther political or pressure groups:Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederationof Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers ofCommerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); RevolutionaryWorkers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants(CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation ofEmployers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber ofTransformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign TradeBusiness Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods andServices (FESEBES)Suffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)Elections:President:last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - CarlosSALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%,Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smallerparties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the NationalDemocratic Front (FDN)
*Mexico, Government
Senate:last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD1, PAN 1Chamber of Deputies:last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats -(500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12Executive branch:president, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upperchamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber ofDeputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)Member of:AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6,G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinezchancery:1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006telephone:(202) 728-1600consulates general:Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan(Puerto Rico)consulates:Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico(California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales(Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission:Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.embassy:Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F.mailing address:P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087telephone:[52] (5) 211-0042FAX:[52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373consulates general:Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuanaconsulates:Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo LaredoFlag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coatof arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centeredin the white band
*Mexico, Economy
Overview:Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notablyoil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale andtraditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economicdifficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleumprices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply;and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute.Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US isMexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of itsexports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism arethe largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultationwith international economic agencies, has been implementing programs tostabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized morethan two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks.In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on aNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussedby the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced itsold peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso.Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in theearly 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of thedecade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution,particularly in Mexico City.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:2.6% (1992)National product per capita:$3,600 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):11.9% (1992)Unemployment rate:14%-17% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-ownedcompaniesExports:$27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton,consumer electronicspartners:US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.)Imports:$48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery,electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motorvehicles, aircraft, and aircraft partspartners:US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992)External debt:$104 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDPElectricity:27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita(1992)
*Mexico, Economy
Industries:food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining,textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourismAgriculture:accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of smallfarms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans;cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 millionmetric tons among top 20 nations (1987)Illicit drugs:illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of activegovernment eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continuesas the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South AmericaEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $110 millionCurrency:1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavosExchange rates:market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198(November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1(1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 newpesos = 1,000 old pesosFiscal year:calendar year
*Mexico, Communications
Railroads:24,500 km totalHighways:212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000km unimproved earth roadsInland waterways:2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canalsPipelines:crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;petrochemical 1,400 kmPorts:Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan,Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, VeracruzMerchant marine:58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 containerAirports:total:1,841usable:1,478with permanent-surface runways:200with runways over 3,659 m:3with runways 2,440-3,659 m:35with runways 1,220-2,439 m:273Telecommunications:highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links;privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America MicrowaveSystem; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
*Mexico, Defense Forces
Branches:National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reachmilitary age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography
Location:Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way betweenHawaii and IndonesiaMap references:Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:702 km2land area:702 km2comparative area:slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DCnote:includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and KosraeLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:6,112 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damageTerrain:islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coralatolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and TrukNatural resources:forests, marine products, deep-seabed mineralsLand use:arable land:NA%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%other:NA%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling607 islands
*Micronesia, Federated States of, People
Population:117,588 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.37% (1993 est.)Birth rate:28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.45 yearsmale:65.49 yearsfemale:69.44 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Micronesian(s)adjective:Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, YapeseEthnic divisions:nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groupsReligions:Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churchesinclude Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist,Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith)Languages:English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, KosreanLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population:90%male:90%female:85%Labor force:NAby occupation:two-thirds are government employeesnote:45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government
Names:conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesiaconventional short form:noneformer:Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the PacificIslands)Abbreviation:FSMDigraph:FMType:constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact ofFree Association entered into force 3 November 1986Capital:Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei)note:a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valleyAdministrative divisions:4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), YapIndependence:3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)Constitution:10 May 1979Legal system:based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,common, and customary lawsNational holiday:Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)Political parties and leaders:no formal partiesSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - PresidentBailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENACongress:last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent ofvote NA; seats - (14 total)Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral CongressJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since21 May 1991)Member of:AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAUchancery:1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government
telephone:(202) 223-4383US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEALembassy:address NA, Koloniamailing address:P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941telephone:691-320-2187FAX:691-320-2186Flag:light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars arearranged in a diamond pattern
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy
Overview:Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. Theislands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-gradephosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remotenessof the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with theUS pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographicalisolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments tolong-term growth.National product:GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.)note:GNP numbers reflect US spendingNational product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$1,500 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capitalexpenditures of $20 million (1988)Exports:$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)commodities:coprapartners:NAImports:$67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)commodities:NApartners:NAExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, andpearlsAgriculture:mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables,coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickensEconomic aid:under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001Currency:US currency is usedExchange rates:US currency is usedFiscal year:1 October - 30 September
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications
Highways:39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, orlaterite-surfaced roadsPorts:Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae)Airports:total:6usable:5with permanent-surface runways:4with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islandsinterconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
*Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
*Midway Islands, Header
Affiliation: (territory of the US)
*Midway Islands, Geography
Location:located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu,about one-third of the way between Honolulu and TokyoMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:5.2 km2land area:5.2 km2comparative area:about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCnote:includes Eastern Island and Sand IslandLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:15 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m (depth)exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly windsTerrain:low, nearly levelNatural resources:fish, wildlifeLand use:arable land:0% permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:coral atollNote:closed to the public
*Midway Islands, People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel
*Midway Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Midway IslandsDigraph:MQType:unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, undercommand of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managedcooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the USDepartment of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory withinthe State of HawaiiCapital:none; administered from Washington, DCFlag:the US flag is used
*Midway Islands, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operationslocated on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.Electricity:supplied by US Military
*Midway Islands, Communications
Highways:32 km totalPipelines:7.8 kmPorts:Sand IslandAirports:total:3usable:2with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1
*Midway Islands, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
*Moldova, Geography
Location:Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and RomaniaMap references:Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:33,700 km2land area:33,700 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of HawaiiLand boundaries:total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas;northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSRClimate:mild winters, warm summersTerrain:rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black SeaNatural resources:lignite, phosphorites, gypsumLand use:arable land:50%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:9%forest and woodland:0%other:41%Irrigated land:2,920 km2 (1990)Environment:heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such asDDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poorfarming methodsNote:landlocked
*Moldova, People
Population:4,455,645 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.4% (1993 est.)Birth rate:16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.92 yearsmale:64.49 yearsfemale:71.53 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Moldovan(s)adjective:MoldovanEthnic divisions:Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures)note:internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester regionand Gagauz Turks in the southReligions:Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members)(1991)note:almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are notchurchgoersLanguages:Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language,RussianLiteracy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population:100%male:100%female:99%Labor force:2.095 millionby occupation:agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
*Moldova, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Moldovaconventional short form:Moldovalocal long form:Republica Moldoveneascalocal short form:noneformer:Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; MoldaviaDigraph:MDType:republicCapital:Chisinau (Kishinev)Administrative divisions:previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, largerdistricts at some future pointIndependence:27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution:as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution(adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during thepast few yearsLegal system:based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does notaccept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documentsNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 August 1991Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), IvrieROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; SocialDemocratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; AgrarianDemocratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, GheorgheGHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairmanOther political or pressure groups:United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; TheEcology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The ChristianDemocratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; NationalChristian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders;The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The DemocraticParty of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of WorkingPeople of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance forGreater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great MovementSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGURran unopposed and won 98.17% of voteParliament:last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50;Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70;Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputieswho usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seatsfilled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet
*Moldova, Government
Executive branch:president, prime minister, Cabinet of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990)Head of Legislature:Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); PrimeMinister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992)Member of:BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,WHODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts asrepresentative to US)chancery:NAtelephone:NAUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETONembassy:Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinaumailing address:APO AE 09862telephone:7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94FAX:7-0422-23-34-94Flag:same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of goldoutlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in itsbeak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter inits left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red overblue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlinedyellow
*Moldova, Economy
Overview:Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is themost densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population,labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Livingstandards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoysa favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based onagriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industryaccounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more thanone-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on otherformer Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronicequipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles.Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to theother republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalizedprivate ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects aredimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, thepolitical problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republicsand Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauzregions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the secondconsecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture.The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:-26% (1992)National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate:0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers ofunderemployed workers)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)commodities:foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals(1991)partners:Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, RomaniaImports:100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)commodities:oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumerdurablespartners:Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, RomaniaExternal debt:$100 million (1993 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -22% (1992)Electricity:3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses whereknown): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators andfreezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar(3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles
*Moldova, Economy
Agriculture:Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of totaloutput of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%),sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes(20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%)Illicit drugs:illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption;transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million(1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31millionCurrency:plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retainingRussian ruble as currencyExchange rates:rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year:calendar year
*Moldova, Communications
Railroads:1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990)Pipelines:natural gas 310 km (1992)Ports:none; landlockedAirports:total:26useable:15with permanent-surface runways:6with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:5with runways 1,220-2,439 m:8Telecommunications:poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, witha density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applicationsfor telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine bylandline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the internationalgateway switch in Moscow
*Moldova, Defense Forces
Branches:Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal andborder troops)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach militaryage (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Monaco, Geography
Location:Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near theborder with ItalyMap references:Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area:1.9 km2land area:1.9 km2comparative area:about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:total 4.4 km, France 4.4 kmCoastline:4.1 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summersTerrain:hilly, rugged, rockyNatural resources:noneLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:almost entirely urbanNote:second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See)
*Monaco, People
Population:31,008 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.93% (1993 est.)Birth rate:10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population:77.5 yearsmale:73.7 yearsfemale:81.49 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)adjective:Monacan or MonegasqueEthnic divisions:French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:French (official), English, Italian, MonegasqueLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NA
*Monaco, Government
Names:conventional long form:Principality of Monacoconventional short form:Monacolocal long form:Principaute de Monacolocal short form:MonacoDigraph:MNType:constitutional monarchyCapital:MonacoAdministrative divisions:4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,Monaco-Ville, Monte-CarloIndependence:1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)Constitution:17 December 1962Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:National Day, 19 NovemberPolitical parties and leaders:National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); MonacoAction; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)Suffrage:25 years of age; universalElections:National Council:last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18Executive branch:prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Council (Conseil National)Judicial branch:Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERTAlexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)Head of Government:Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA)Member of:ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPODiplomatic representation in US:honorary consulates general:Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan(Puerto Rico)honorary consulates:Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and WashingtonUS diplomatic representation:no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, isaccredited to Monaco
*Monaco, Government
Flag:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag ofIndonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) andred
*Monaco, Economy
Overview:Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort,attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality hassuccessfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added,nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxesand thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have establishedresidence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices.About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels,banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism.Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those inprosperous French metropolitan suburbs.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$16,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NEGL%Budget:revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1991)Exports:$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebatesMonacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customsunion with FranceImports:$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebatesMonacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customsunion with FranceExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from FranceAgriculture:NAEconomic aid:NACurrency:1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421(1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Monaco, Communications
Railroads:1.6 km 1.435-meter gaugeHighways:none; city streetsPorts:MonacoMerchant marine:1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWTAirports:1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runwaysTelecommunications:served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephonesystem; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; nocommunication satellite earth stations
*Monaco, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Mongolia, Geography
Location:East Central Asia, between China and RussiaMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1.565 million km2land area:1.565 million km2comparative area:slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries:total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)Terrain:vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; GobiDesert in southeastNatural resources:oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,wolfram, fluorspar, goldLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:79%forest and woodland:10%other:10%Irrigated land:770 km2 (1989)Environment:harsh and ruggedNote:landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
*Mongolia, People
Population:2,367,054 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.62% (1993 est.)Birth rate:33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:65.77 yearsmale:63.53 yearsfemale:68.13 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Mongolian(s)adjective:MongolianEthnic divisions:Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%Religions:predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%note:previously limited religious activity because of Communist regimeLanguages:Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, ChineseLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NAby occupation:primarily herding/agriculturalnote:over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a largepercentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
*Mongolia, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Mongolialocal long form:nonelocal short form:Mongol Ulsformer:Outer MongoliaDigraph:MGType:republicCapital:UlaanbaatarAdministrative divisions:18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot);Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence:13 March 1921 (from China)Constitution:adopted 13 January 1992Legal system:blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutionalprovision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:National Day, 11 July (1921)Political parties and leaders:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL,general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA andLuusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR andTsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D.ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP);Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party,Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLDnote:opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: TheMongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party,Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP),Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party,Mongolian Workers PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results -Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidateLodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)State Great Hural:first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%;seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1note:the People's Small Hural no longer exists
*Mongolia, Government
Executive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister,cabinetLegislative branch:unicameral State Great HuralJudicial branch:Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts,but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courtsLeaders:Chief of State:President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice PresidentRadnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy PrimeMinister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA)Member of:AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIVchancery:NAtelephone:(301) 983-1962FAX:(301) 983-2025US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Joseph E. LAKEembassy:address NA, Ulaanbaatarmailing address:Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road;PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002telephone:[976] (1) 329095, 329606FAX:Telex 080079253 AMEMB MHFlag:three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered onthe hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - acolumnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun,moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)