*Pakistan, Economy
Overview:Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems ofrapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavydependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a largemilitary establishment. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recentyears has helped the country to cope with these problems. Almost allagriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistanembarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign anddomestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIFgovernment denationalized several state-owned firms and attracted someforeign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising livingstandards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rateof growth, population would double in 25 years.National product:GNP - exchange rate conversion - $48.3 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate:6.4% (FY92 est.)National product per capita:$410 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):12.7% (FY91)Unemployment rate:10% (FY91 est.)Budget:revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $3.1 billion (FY93 est.)Exports:$6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92)commodities:cotton, textiles, clothing, ricepartners:EC 35%, US 11%, Japan 8% (FY91)Imports:$9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92)commodities:petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment,vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicalspartners:EC 29%, Japan 13%, US 12% (FY91)External debt:$16.5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNPElectricity:10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,000 million kWh produced, 350 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing,paper products, shrimpAgriculture:25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigationsystem; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables;livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grainIllicit drugs:illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade;government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success;largest producer of Southwest Asian heroin
*Pakistan, Economy
Economic aid:(including Bangladesh prior to 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im(FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billionCurrency:1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisaExchange rates:Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 25.904 (January 1993), 25.083 (1992),23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Pakistan, Communications
Railroads:8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km lessthan 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified;all government owned (1985)Highways:101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 kmimproved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985)Pipelines:crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987)Ports:Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin QasimMerchant marine:29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,916 GRT/530,855 DWT; includes 3passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 bulkAirports:total:111usable:104with permanent-surface runways:75with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:31with runways 1,220-2,439 m:42Telecommunications:the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government andbusiness use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system forinternational traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay andsatellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV
*Pakistan, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 28,657,084; fit for military service 17,585,542; reachmilitary age (17) annually 1,337,352 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91/92)
*Palmyra Atoll, Header
Affiliation: (territory of the US)
*Palmyra Atoll, Geography
Location:in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almosthalfway between Hawaii and American SamoaMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:11.9 km2land area:11.9 km2comparative area:about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:14.5 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:12 nmcontinental shelf:200 m (depth)exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:equatorial, hot, and very rainyTerrain:low, with maximum elevations of about 2 metersNatural resources:noneLand use: arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:100%other:0%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-liketrees up to 30 meters tall
*Palmyra Atoll, People
Population: uninhabited
*Palmyra Atoll, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Palmyra AtollDigraph:LQType:unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by theOffice of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of theInteriorCapital:none; administered from Washington, DC
*Palmyra Atoll, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Palmyra Atoll, Communications
Ports:the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on thesouthwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodatevessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways builtduring the war are unserviceable and overgrownAirports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1
*Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
*Panama, Geography
Location:extreme southern Central America, between Colombia and Costa RicaMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:78,200 km2land area:75,990 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries:total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 kmCoastline:2,490 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), shortdry season (January to May)Terrain:interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains;coastal areas largely plains and rolling hillsNatural resources:copper, mahogany forests, shrimpLand use: arable land:6%permanent crops:2%meadows and pastures:15%forest and woodland:54%other:23%Irrigated land:320 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:dense tropical forest in east and northwestNote:strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connectingNorth and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North AtlanticOcean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
*Panama, People
Population:2,579,047 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.98% (1993 est.)Birth rate:25.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:74.56 yearsmale:71.99 yearsfemale:77.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Panamanian(s)adjective:PanamanianEthnic divisions:mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white10%, Indian 6%Religions:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%Languages:Spanish (official), English 14% note:many Panamanians bilingualLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:88%male:88%female:88%Labor force:921,000 (1992 est.)by occupation:government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance,insurance, and real estate 4.3%note:shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor
*Panama, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Panamaconventional short form:Panamalocal long form:Republica de Panamalocal short form:PanamaDigraph:PMType:centralized republicCapital:PanamaAdministrative divisions:9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca);, Bocas del Toro,Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama,San Blas*, Veraguas, Independence:3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November1821)Constitution:11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in theSupreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 3 November (1903)Political parties and leaders:government alliance: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA),Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBERother parties:Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; DemocraticRevolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA),Nestor Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; DoctrinairePanamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement, RubenBLADES; Renovacion Civilista, Manuel BURGOS; Civic Renewal Party (PRC),Tomas HERRERA; National Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA;National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; IndependentDemocratic Union Party (UDI), leader NA; Popular Nationalist Party (PNP),leader NAOther political or pressure groups:National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of PrivateEnterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE);National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life; Chamber ofCommerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation ofthe Republic of Panama (CTRP)Suffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections:President:last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held May1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% ofthe total votes cast
*Panama, Government
Legislative Assembly:last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total)progovernment parties:PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4opposition parties:PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after PresidentGuillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991Executive branch:president, two vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior courts, 3courts of appealLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December 1992); SecondVice President (vacant)Member of:AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES,LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jaime FORDchancery:2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-1407;note:the status of the consulates general and consulates has not yet beendeterminedUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Deane R. HINTONembassy:Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5mailing address:Box E, APO AA 34002telephone:(507) 27-1777FAX:(507) 27-1713Flag:divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a bluefive-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottomquadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed starin the center
*Panama, Economy
Overview:GDP expanded by roughly 8% in 1992, following growth of 9.3% in 1991. Theeconomy thus continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ousterof Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustmentprogram has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passiveadministration. Public investment has been limited as the administration haskept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and economic reformare the two major issues the government must face in 1993-94.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:8% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$2,400 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.8% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:15% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $200 million (1992 est.)Exports:$486 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2%partners:US 38%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1992 est.)Imports:$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods, chemicalspartners:US 36%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1992est.)External debt:$5.2 billion (year-end 1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDPElectricity:1,584,000 kW capacity; 4,360 billion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing,cement and other construction material, sugar millingAgriculture:accounts for 10.5% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops -bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of foodgrain, vegetablesIllicit drugs:major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering centerEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $4 millionCurrency:1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimosExchange rates:balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)
*Panama, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Panama, Communications
Railroads:238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways:8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 kmimproved and unimproved earthInland waterways:800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama CanalPipelines:crude oil 130 kmPorts:Cristobal, Balboa, Bahia Las MinasMerchant marine:3,244 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,353,963 GRT/82,138,537 DWT;includes 22 passenger, 26 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,091cargo, 246 refrigerated cargo, 196 container, 63 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 121vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 5 multifunction large-load carrier,403 oil tanker, 180 chemical tanker, 26 combination ore/oil, 121 liquefiedgas, 9 specialized tanker, 688 bulk, 34 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier;note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign ownersare Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and Taiwan 5%; (China owns at least131 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 3, Cuba 4, Cyprus 6, and Russia 16)Airports:total:112usable:104with permanent-surface runways:39with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:15Telecommunications:domestic and international facilities well developed; connection intoCentral American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations -91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations -2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
*Panama, Defense Forces
Branches:the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a militaryinstitution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces, under the new name ofPanamanian Public Forces (PPF) and worked to assert civilian control overthem; the PPF is divided into the National Police, Maritime Service, andNational Air Service; the Judicial Technical Police serve under the AttorneyGeneral; the Council of Public Security and National Defense under MenalcoSOLIS in the Office of the President is analogous to the US NationalSecurity Council; the Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES isattached to the presidencyManpower availability:males age 15-49 671,059; fit for military service 461,471 (1993 est.); noconscriptionDefense expenditures:expenditures for the Panamanian Public Forces for internal security amountedto $104.7 million, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Papua New Guinea, Geography
Location: Southeast Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the SolomonIslandsMap references:Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:461,690 km2land area:451,710 km2comparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 820 km, Indonesia 820 kmCoastline:5,152 kmMaritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselinescontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May toOctober); slight seasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothillsNatural resources:gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potentialLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:71%other:28%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos;frequent earthquakesNote:shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia
*Papua New Guinea, People
Population: 4,100,714 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate:33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:10.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.02 yearsmale:55.19 yearsfemale:56.88 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Papua New Guinean(s)adjective:Papua New GuineanEthnic divisions:Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, PolynesianReligions:Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London MissionarySociety 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%,other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34%Languages:English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papuaregionnote:715 indigenous languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:52%male:65%female:38%Labor force:NA
*Papua New Guinea, Government
Names:conventional long form:Independent State of Papua New Guineaconventional short form:Papua New GuineaDigraph:PPType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port MoresbyAdministrative divisions:20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, EastSepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, NewIreland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western,Western Highlands, West New BritainIndependence:16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration)Constitution:16 September 1975Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 16 September (1975)Political parties and leaders:Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's DemocraticMovement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI;People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), PaulTORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA;Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMISSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:National Parliament:last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent byparty NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10,independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is fluid)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,National Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House ofAssembly)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralWiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992)Member of:ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR
*Papua New Guinea, Government
chancery:3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 745-3680US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Robert W. FARRANDembassy:Armit Street, Port Moresbymailing address:P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553telephone:[675] 211-455 or 594, 654FAX:[675] 213-423Flag:divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is redwith a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is blackwith five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellationcentered
*Papua New Guinea, Economy
Overview:Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitationhas been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing aninfrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of thepopulation. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accountsfor about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia anddevelopment aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy.Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of alarge new gold mine helped the advance.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:8.5% (1992)National product per capita:$850 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1992-93)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $1.33 billion; expenditures $1.49 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports:$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:gold, copper ore, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobsterpartners:FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, USImports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goodspartners:Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UKExternal debt:$2.2 billion (April 1991)Industrial production:growth rate NA%; accounts for 21% of GDPElectricity:400,000 kW capacity; 1,600 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chipproduction, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourismAgriculture:one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils andfavorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops -coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweetpotatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urbancentersEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $17 millionCurrency:1 kina (K) = 100 toeaExchange rates:kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0065 (January 1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991),1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988)
*Papua New Guinea, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Papua New Guinea, Communications
Railroads:noneHighways:19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, orstabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earthInland waterways:10,940 kmPorts:Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, RabaulMerchant marine:11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,523 GRT/24,774 DWT; includes 2cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk, 1 containerAirports:total:504 usable:457with permanent-surface runways:18with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:39Telecommunications:services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, andinternational radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend toAustralia and Guam; more than 70,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations -31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces
Branches:Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 1,046,929; fit for military service 582,685 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Paracel Islands, Geography
Location:Southeast Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, aboutone-third of the way between Vietnam and the PhilippinesMap references:AsiaArea:total area:NA km2land area:NA km2comparative area:NALand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:518 kmMaritime claims:NAInternational disputes:occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and VietnamClimate:tropicalTerrain:NANatural resources:noneLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:subject to typhoons
*Paracel Islands, People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese garrisons
*Paracel Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Paracel IslandsDigraph:PF
*Paracel Islands, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Paracel Islands, Communications
Ports:small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currentlyunder expansionAirports:1 on Woody Island
*Paracel Islands, Defense Forces
Note: occupied by China
*Paraguay, Geography
Location:Central South America, between Argentina and BrazilMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:406,750 km2land area:397,300 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on theRio Parana) has not been determinedClimate:varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far westTerrain:grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region westof Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest andthorny scrub elsewhereNatural resources:hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestoneLand use:arable land:20%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:39%forest and woodland:35%other:5%Irrigated land:670 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plainsmay become boggy (early October to June)Note:landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
*Paraguay, People
Population:5,070,856 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate:32.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:4.58 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72.98 yearsmale:71.42 yearsfemale:74.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Paraguayan(s)adjective:ParaguayanEthnic divisions:mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5%Religions:Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominationsLanguages:Spanish (official), GuaraniLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:90%male:92%female:88%Labor force:1.641 million (1992 est.)by occupation:agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986)
*Paraguay, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Paraguay conventional short form:Paraguaylocal long form:Republica del Paraguaylocal short form:ParaguayDigraph:PAType:republicCapital:AsuncionAdministrative divisions:19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, AltoParana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco,Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion,Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San PedroIndependence:14 May 1811 (from Spain)Constitution:25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that waspromulgated on 20 June 1992Legal system:based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review oflegislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)Political parties and leaders:Colorado Party, Blas N. RIQUELME, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party(PLRA), Domingo LAINO; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO;Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEUEDO; Popular DemocraticParty (PDP), Hugo RICHER; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo CaballeroVARGASOther political or pressure groups:Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic ChurchSuffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60Elections:President:last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held 9 May 1993); results - Gen. RODRIGUEZ75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4%Chamber of Senators:last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF1Chamber of Deputies:last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2,PDC 1, other 2Executive branch:president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of StateLegislative branch:bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber ofSenators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies(Camara de Diputados)
*Paraguay, Government
Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)Member of:AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZchancery:2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-6960 through 6962consulates general:New Orleans and New Yorkconsulate:HoustonUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Jon David GLASSMANembassy:1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncionmailing address:C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001telephone:[595] (21) 213-715FAX:[595] (21) 213-728Flag:three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblemcentered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different oneach side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat ofarms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the wordsREPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side atthe right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap ofLiberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the wordsREPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
*Paraguay, Economy
Overview:Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employsabout 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguaylacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but does have a largehydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined comparedwith the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annualrate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of fiveyears, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose.Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were thecompletion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weakinternational commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economyexperienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions andstronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recoverycontinued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In amajor step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay inMarch 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includesBrazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through anunorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and officialcreditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debtin the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, andSpain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run,the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economicreforms.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:1.7% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):20% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:10% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $487 million (1991)Exports:$719 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat productspartners:EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%Imports:$1.33 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, rawmaterials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%partners:Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%External debt:$1.2 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity:5,257,000 kW capacity; 16,200 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita(1992)
*Paraguay, Economy
Industries:meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other lightconsumer goods, cement, constructionAgriculture:accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton,sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits,vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer oftimber; self-sufficient in most foodsIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; importanttransshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and EuropeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billionCurrency:1 guarani (G) = 100 centimosExchange rates:guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,637.6 (January 1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate1986-February 1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Paraguay, Communications
Railroads:970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)Highways:21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earthInland waterways:3,100 kmPorts:Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del EsteMerchant marine:13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11cargo, 2 oil tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes usedcommerciallyAirports:total:862usable:719with permanent-surface runways:7with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:64Telecommunications:principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT earth station
*Paraguay, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,210,171; fit for military service 879,601; reach militaryage (17) annually 51,361 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)
*Peru, Geography
Location:Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile andEcuadorMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,285,220 km2land area:1.28 million km2comparative area:slightly smaller than AlaskaLand boundaries:total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 kmCoastline:2,414 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in disputeClimate:varies from tropical in east to dry desert in westTerrain:western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra),eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)Natural resources:copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate,potashLand use:arable land:3%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:21% forest and woodland:55%other:21%Irrigated land:12,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution inLimaNote:shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, withBolivia
*Peru, People
Population:23,210,352 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate:26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:65.17 yearsmale:63.02 yearsfemale:67.44 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Peruvian(s)adjective:PeruvianEthnic divisions:Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%,black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%Religions:Roman CatholicLanguages:Spanish (official), Quechua (official), AymaraLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:85%male: 92%female:29%Labor force:8 million (1992)by occupation:government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)
*Peru, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Peruconventional short form:Perulocal long form:Republica del Perulocal short form:PeruDigraph:PEType:republicCapital:LimaAdministrative divisions:24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutionalprovince* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,, Ayacucho,Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La, Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima,Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura,Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayalinote:the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate thecreation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to functioneventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (fromLoreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (fromArequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (fromCusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), LosLibertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (fromMoquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque,Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali);formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of theconstitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima;because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions haveyet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with thedepartmental structureIndependence:28 July 1821 (from Spain)Constitution:28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because theConstituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effectthe following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replacedLegal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 28 July (1821)Political parties and leaders:New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular ChristianParty (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELLdel Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American PopularRevolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front(FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; DemocraticCoordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLEROther political or pressure groups:leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned);Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY(imprisoned)
*Peru, Government
Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - AlbertoFUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55%Democratic Constituent Congress:last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) NewMajority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent MoralizationFront 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, DemocraticCoordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American PopularRevolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participateExecutive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD)Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders:Chief of State:President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)Member of:AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG(suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ricardo LUNAchancery:1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 833-9860 through 9869)consulates general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), SanFrancisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAWembassy:corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Limamailing address:P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031telephone:[51] (14) 33-8000FAX:[51] (14) 31-6682Flag:three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with thecoat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shieldbearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellowcornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
*Peru, Economy
Overview:The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a largedose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. Inthe 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capitaoutput, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and WorldBank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerityprogram implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office inJuly 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economicactivity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991.After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated governmentprice subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level andby December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Limaobtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. Byworking with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions andarrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993.In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Ninocurrent resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival ofgrowth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public andprivate resources being devoted to strengthening internal security.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-2.8% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):56.7% (1992)Unemployment rate:15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $300 million (1992 est.)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refinedsilver, coffee, cottonpartners:EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991)Imports:$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,chemicals, pharmaceuticalspartners:US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991)External debt:$21 billion (December 1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDPElectricity:5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing,cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
*Peru, Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops -coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains,coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficientin grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)Illicit drugs:world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares undercultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocainebase; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most ofcocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing intococaine for the international drug marketEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $577 millionCurrency:1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavosExchange rates:nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991),0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Peru, Communications
Railroads: 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways:69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimprovedearthInland waterways:8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago TiticacaPipelines:crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 kmPorts:Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, TalaraMerchant marine:21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk;note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes usedcommerciallyAirports:total:228usable:199with permanent-surface runways:37with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:23with runways 1,220-2,439 m:46Telecommunications:fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave;satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic
*Peru, Defense Forces
Branches:Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (FuerzaAerea del Peru), National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reachmilitary age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)
*Philippines, Geography
Location:Southeast Asia, between Indonesia and ChinaMap references:Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area: 300,000 km2land area:298,170 km2comparative area:slightly larger than ArizonaLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:36,289 kmMaritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselinescontinental shelf:to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in SouthChina Sea up to 285 nm in breadthInternational disputes:involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of SabahClimate:tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon(May to October)Terrain:mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlandsNatural resources:timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copperLand use:arable land:26%permanent crops:11%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:40%other:19%Irrigated land:16,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to sixcyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; waterpollution
*Philippines, People
Population:68,464,368 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate:27.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.03 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:51.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:65.13 yearsmale:62.59 yearsfemale:67.79 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Filipino(s)adjective:PhilippineEthnic divisions:Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%Religions:Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%Languages:Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:90%male:90%female:90%Labor force:24.12 millionby occupation:agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%,other 9.5% (1989)
*Philippines, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of the Philippinesconventional short form:Philippineslocal long form:Republika ng Pilipinaslocal short form:PilipinasDigraph: RPType:republicCapital:ManilaAdministrative divisions:73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del, Sur, Aklan, Albay,Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan,,Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*,,Cadiz*, Cagayan,, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,,Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu, City*, Cotabato*,,Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del, Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*,,Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,,Iloilo, Iloilo City*,, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte,,Lanaodel Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,, Maguindanao, Mandaue*,,Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,Misamis Oriental,Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,, Northern Samar, NuevaEcija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*,,Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto, Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,,Roxas*, Samar, San, Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San,Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan, Kudarat, Sulu,Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*,Tarlac,, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte,Zamboanga, del SurIndependence:4 July 1946 (from US)Constitution:2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987Legal system:based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)Political parties and leaders:Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas, Laban),Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakasng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, Presidentof the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de VENECIA, secretary general;Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party,Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; NewSociety Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; NacionalistaParty (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, presidentSuffrage:15 years of age; universal
*Philippines, Government
Elections:President:last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results -Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow pluralitySenate:last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5,Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1House of Representatives:last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total)LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, Independent 3Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado)and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President JosephEjercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992)Member of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Raul RABEchancery:1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 483-1414consulates general:Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, SanFrancisco, and SeattleUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'affaires Donald WESTMOREembassy:1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manilamailing address:APO AP 96440telephone:[63] (2) 521-7116FAX:[63] (2) 522-4361consulate general:CebuFlag:two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateraltriangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellowsun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and ineach corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
*Philippines, Economy
Overview:Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy remained the same in1992 as in 1991. Drought and power supply problems hampered production,while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Despite a flatGDP performance, GNP mustered a small 0.6% expansion, attributable toinflows of workers' remittances combined with smaller foreign interestpayments. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly powergenerations equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic dataprocessors, contributed to a 20.5% import growth in 1992. Exports rose 11%,led by earnings from the Philippines' two leading manufactures - electronicsand garments.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:0.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$860 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):8.9% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:9.8% (1992 est.)Budget:$11.0 billion; expenditures $12.0 billion, including capital expenditures of$NA (1992 est.)Exports:$9.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:electronics, textiles, coconut oil, copperpartners:US 39%, EC, Japan, ASEANImports:$14.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:raw materials 45%, capital goods 26%, petroleum products 18%partners:US, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi ArabiaExternal debt:$29.8 billion (1992)Industrial production:growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDPElectricity:7,850,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishingAgriculture:accounts for about one-third of GNP and about 45% of labor force; majorcrops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animalproducts - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2million metric tons annuallyIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers areproducing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradicationefforts
*Philippines, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123millionCurrency:1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavosExchange rates:Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.817 (April 1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479(1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Philippines, Communications
Railroads:378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)Highways:157,450 km total (1988); 22,400 km paved; 85,050 km gravel, crushed-stone,or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earthInland waterways:3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vesselsPipelines:petroleum products 357 kmPorts:Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic BayMerchant marine:562 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,282,936 GRT/13,772,023 DWT;includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo,27 refrigerated cargo, 25 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 13roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 38 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 249 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note -many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for thepurpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who areprincipally in Japan and GermanyAirports:total:270usable:238with permanent-surface runways:73with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:9with runways 1,220-2,439 m:57Telecommunications:good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic andinterisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cablesextended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earthstations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11domestic