*Philippines, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 17,188,695; fit for military service 12,144,278; reachmilitary age (20) annually 716,881 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991)
*Pitcairn Islands, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*Pitcairn Islands, Geography
Location:in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New ZealandMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:47 km2land area:47 km2comparative area:about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:51 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:3 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season(November to March)Terrain:rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffsNatural resources:miro trees (used for handicrafts), fishLand use:arable land:NA%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%other:NA%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:subject to typhoons (especially November to March)
*Pitcairn Islands, People
Population:52 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0% (1993 est.)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate:NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate:NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth:total population:NA yearsmale:NA yearsfemale:NA yearsTotal fertility rate:NA children born/womanNationality:noun:Pitcairn Islander(s)adjective:Pitcairn IslanderEthnic divisions:descendants of the Bounty mutineersReligions:Seventh-Day Adventist 100%Languages:English (official), Tahitian/English dialectLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NAby occupation:no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistencefarming and fishing
*Pitcairn Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islandsconventional short form:Pitcairn IslandsDigraph:PCType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:AdamstownAdministrative divisions:none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:Local Government Ordinance of 1964Legal system:local island by-lawsNational holiday:Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June (1989) (second Saturday inJune)Political parties and leaders:NAOther political or pressure groups:NASuffrage:18 years of age; universal with three years residencyElections:Island Council:last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA;seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch:British monarch, governor, island magistrateLegislative branch:unicameral Island CouncilJudicial branch:Island CourtLeaders: Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor andUK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990)Head of Government:Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA)Member of:SPCDiplomatic representation in US:none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and thePitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; thecoat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring ayellow anchor
*Pitcairn Islands, Economy
Overview:The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soilof the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, includingcitrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is animportant part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale ofpostage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of$NA (FY87 est.)Exports:$NAcommodities:fruits, vegetables, curiospartners:NAImports:$NAcommodities:fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffspartners:NAExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:postage stamp sales, handicraftsAgriculture:based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits andvegetables grown; must import grain productsEconomic aid:noneCurrency:1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates:New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Pitcairn Islands, Communications
Railroads:noneHighways:6.4 km dirt roadsPorts:Bounty BayAirports:noneTelecommunications:24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcaststations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity
*Pitcairn Islands, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Poland, Geography
Location:Central Europe, between Germany and BelarusMap references:Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:312,680 km2land area:304,510 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than New MexicoLand boundaries:total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km,Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km,Ukraine 428 kmCoastline:491 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequentprecipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowersTerrain:mostly flat plain; mountains along southern borderNatural resources:coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, saltLand use:arable land:46%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:13%forest and woodland:28%other:12%Irrigated land:1,000 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air andwater pollution in southNote:historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack ofnatural barriers on the North European Plain
*Poland, People
Population:38,519,486 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate:13.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72.2 yearsmale:68.14 yearsfemale:76.51 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Pole(s)adjective:PolishEthnic divisions:Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.)Religions:Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, andother 5%Languages:PolishLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1978)total population:98%male:99%female:98%Labor force:15.609 millionby occupation:industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, andcommunications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991)
*Poland, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Polandconventional short form:Polandlocal long form:Rzeczpospolita Polskalocal short form:PolskaDigraph:PLType:democratic stateCapital:WarsawAdministrative divisions:49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska,Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag,Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin,Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn,Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow,Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg,Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona GoraIndependence:11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)Constitution:interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing theCommunist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic Constitutionbeing draftedLegal system:mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legaltheory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broaderdemocratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; hasnot accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)Political parties and leaders:post-Solidarity parties:Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-DemocraticCongress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; SolidarityTrade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ;Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party,Alexander HALLnon-Communist, non-Solidarity:Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; PolishEconomic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), AndrzejOWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR),Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X,Stanislaw TyminskiCommunist origin or linked:Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; PolishPeasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAKOther political or pressure groups:powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland TradeUnion Alliance (OPZZ), populist programSuffrage:18 years of age; universal
*Poland, Government
Elections:president:first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (nextto be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%Senat:last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);seats - (100 total)post-Solidarity bloc:UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, PC 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3,other local candidates 11;non-Communist, non-Solidarity:KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1, local candidates 5Communist origin or linked:PSL 8, SLD 4Sejm:last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995);seats - (460 total)post-Solidarity bloc:UD 62, ZCHN 49, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4,PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, PiastAgreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1non-Communist, non-Solidarity:KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2,SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1,Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants1, Party X 3Communist origin or linked:SLD 60, PSL 48Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upperhouse or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)Member of:BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKIchancery:2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009telephone:(202) 234-3800 through 3802FAX:(202) 328-6271consulates general:Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
*Poland, Government
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr. embassy:Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsawmailing address:American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 25402, or APO AE 09213-5010telephone:[48] (2) 628-3041FAX:[48] (2) 628-8298consulates general:Krakow, PoznanFlag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags ofIndonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
*Poland, Economy
Overview:Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy -with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy.On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shocktherapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the moneysupply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, andrestraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages andlines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992.Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion externaldebt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994. Theprivate sector accounted for 29% of industrial production and nearly half ofnonagricultural output in 1992. Production fell in state enterprises,however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothingin 1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance with itsIMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. Theincrease in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to strikesin the coal, auto, copper, and railway sectors in 1992. Large stateenterprises in the coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employmentover the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach 3million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the budget deficitto reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial production began a slow, unevenupturn. In 1993, the government will struggle to win legislative approvalfor faster privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approvedlimits.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:2% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$4,400 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):44% (1992)Unemployment rate:13.6% (December 1992)Budget:revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food 10%(1991)partners:Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (1991)Imports:$12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals 13%, food 10%, light industry6% (1991)partners:Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%, Austria 5.2% (1991)External debt:$48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditorspromised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheresto its IMF programIndustrial production:growth rate 3.5% (1992)
*Poland, Economy
Electricity:31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh produced, 3,570 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textilesAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from privatefarms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards;leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety ofother crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normallyself-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for theinternational market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs toWestern EuropeEconomic aid:donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2billion (1954-89); the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and creditguarantees to PolandCurrency:1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszyExchange rates:zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991),9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Poland, Communications
Railroads:26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge,1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km electrified;government owned (1991)Highways:360,629 km total (excluding farm, factory and forest roads); 220 km limitedaccess expressways, 45,257 km main highways, 128,775 km regional roads,186,377 urban or village roads (local traffic); 220,000 km are paved(including all main and regional highways) (1988)Inland waterways:3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991)Pipelines:natural gas 4,600 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1992)Ports:Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice onKana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the VistulaMerchant marine:209 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,747,631 GRT/3,992,053 DWT; includes5 short-sea passenger, 76 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 11 roll-on/roll-offcargo, 9 container, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 101 bulk, 1 passenger;Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registryAirports:total:163usable:163with permanent-surface runways:100with runway over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:51with runways 1,220-2,439 m:95Telecommunications:severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave;phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.6 milliontelephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991); broadcaststations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik
*Poland, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 9,914,128; fit for military service 7,774,499; reachmilitary age (19) annually 304,956 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defenseexpenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could producemisleading results
*Portugal, Geography
Location:Southern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of SpainMap references:Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:92,080 km2land area:91,640 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than Indiananote:includes Azores and Madeira IslandsLand boundaries:total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 kmCoastline:1,793 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with IndonesiaClimate:maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in southTerrain:mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in southNatural resources:fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marbleLand use:arable land:32%permanent crops:6%meadows and pastures:6%forest and woodland:40%other:16%Irrigated land:6,340 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:Azores subject to severe earthquakesNote:Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western seaapproaches to Strait of Gibraltar
*Portugal, People
Population:10,486,140 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate:11.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:74.89 yearsmale:71.43 yearsfemale:78.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Portuguese (singular and plural)adjective:PortugueseEthnic divisions:homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland duringdecolonization number less than 100,000Religions:Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%Languages:PortugueseLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:85%male:89%female:82%Labor force:4,605,700by occupation:services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)
*Portugal, Government
Names:conventional long form: Portuguese Republicconventional short form:Portugallocal long form:Republica Portuguesalocal short form:PortugalDigraph:POType:republicCapital:LisbonAdministrative divisions:18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*, (regioes autonomas,singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco,Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,, Vila Real, ViseuDependent areas:Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 20December 1999)Independence:1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)Constitution:25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989Legal system:civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionalityof legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Day of Portugal, 10 JunePolitical parties and leaders:Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese SocialistParty (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), PedroCANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; SocialDemocratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party, ManuelSERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU;Communists)Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr.Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, CarlosMARQUES 3%Assembly of the Republic:last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17,Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1Executive branch:president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Councilof Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)
*Portugal, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986)Head of Government:Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)Member of:AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE,ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA(observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLIchancery:2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008telephone:(202) 328-8610consulates general:Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Franciscoconsulates:Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island)US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGSembassy:Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbonmailing address:PSC 83, APO AE 09726telephone:[351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880FAX:[351] (1) 726-9109consulate:Ponta Delgada (Azores)Flag:two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths)with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
*Portugal, Economy
Overview:Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986- at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorestmembers. To prepare for the European single market, the government isrestructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a majorprivatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalizedits capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tightmonetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick upagain in 1994.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:1.1% (1992)National product per capita:$9,000 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (1992)Unemployment rate:5% (1992)Budget:revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $4.5 billion (1991)Exports:$16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber andtimber products, resin, machinery, appliancespartners:EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991)Imports:$26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals,petroleum, textilespartners:EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US3.4%External debt:$16.9 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDPElectricity:6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oilrefining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourismAgriculture:accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms;imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives,grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairyproductsIllicit drugs:increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine enteringthe European marketEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion
*Portugal, Economy
Currency:1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavosExchange rates:Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992),144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Portugal, Communications
Railroads:3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track,privately ownedHighways:73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone),including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)Inland waterways:820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used byshallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacityPipelines:crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 kmPorts:Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal,SinesMerchant marine:51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira(MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewingbenefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is knownto fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majorityof Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few yearsAirports:total:64usable:62with permanent-surface runways:36with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:10with runways 1,220-2,439 m:11Telecommunications:generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire andmicrowave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66(22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSATearth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domesticsatellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores
*Portugal, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, FiscalGuard, Public Security PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reachmilitary age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992)
*Puerto Rico, Header
Affiliation: (commonwealth associated with the US)
*Puerto Rico, Geography
Location:in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the VirginIslands groupMap references:Central America and the CaribbeanArea:total area:9,104 km2land area:8,959 km2comparative area:slightly less than three times the size of Rhode IslandLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:501 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m (depth)exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous tosea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areasNatural resources:some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oilLand use:arable land:8%permanent crops:9%meadows and pastures:41%forest and woodland:20%other:22%Irrigated land:390 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered;south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in northNote:important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to thePanama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in theCaribbean
*Puerto Rico, People
Population:3,797,082 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.13% (1993 est.)Birth rate:16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:73.84 yearsmale:70.25 yearsfemale:77.61 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Puerto Rican(s)adjective: Puerto RicanEthnic divisions:HispanicReligions:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%Languages:Spanish (official), English widely understoodLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population:89%male:90%female:88%Labor force:1.17 million (1992)by occupation:government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%,communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992)
*Puerto Rico, Government
Names:conventional long form:Commonwealth of Puerto Ricoconventional short form:Puerto RicoDigraph:QRType:commonwealth associated with the USCapital:San JuanAdministrative divisions:none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78municipalitiesIndependence:none (commonwealth associated with the US)Constitution:ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25July 1952Legal system:based on Spanish civil codeNational holiday:US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)Political parties and leaders:National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; PopularDemocratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP),Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Brasand Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOSMartinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknownOther political or pressure groups:all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for NationalLiberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; BoricuaPopular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of PopularResistanceSuffrage:18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but donot vote in US presidential electionsElections:Governor:last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4%Senate:last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NAUS House of Representatives:last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note -Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives,Carlos Romero BARCELOHouse of Representatives:last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NAExecutive branch:US president, US vice president, governorLegislative branch:bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and alower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Supreme Court
*Puerto Rico, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice PresidentAlbert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)Head of Government:Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993)Member of:CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL,WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US:none (commonwealth associated with the US)Flag:five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white;a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large whitefive-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag
*Puerto Rico, Economy
Overview:Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region.Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economicactivity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by taxincentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s.US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals,electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar productionhas lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the mainsource of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally beenan important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals ofnearly 3 million tourists in 1989.National product:GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991)National product real growth rate:2.2% (FY90)National product per capita:$6,200 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.3% (October 1990-91)Unemployment rate:17% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $258 million (FY89)Exports:20.4 billion (1990)commodities:pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverageconcentrates, medical equipment, instrumentspartners:US 87.8% (1990)Imports:16.2 billion (1990)commodities:chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum productspartners:US 66.6% (1990)External debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate 1.2% (FY92)Electricity:5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals,electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourismAgriculture:accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops -sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle,chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992)Economic aid:noneCurrency:US currency is usedFiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Puerto Rico, Communications
Railroads:96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passengerrailroadsHighways:13,762 km paved (1982)Ports:San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, AreciboAirports:total:30usable:23with permanent-surface runways:19with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:3with runways 1,220-2,439 m:5Telecommunications:modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarinecable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone systemwith about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations -50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990)
*Puerto Rico, Defense Forces
Branches:paramilitary National Guard, Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Note:defense is the responsibility of the US
*Qatar, Geography
Location:Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iranand Saudi ArabiaMap references:Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:11,000 km2land area:11,000 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand boundaries:total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 kmCoastline:563 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:not specifiedexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundarywith BahrainClimate:desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summerTerrain:mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravelNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, fishLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:5%forest and woodland:0%other:95%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources meanincreasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilitiesNote:strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits
*Qatar, People
Population:499,115 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate:19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population:72.25 yearsmale:69.73 yearsfemale:74.68 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Qatari(s)adjective:QatariEthnic divisions:Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%Religions:Muslim 95%Languages:Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second languageLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1986)total population:76%male:77%female:72%Labor force:104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)
*Qatar, Government
Names:conventional long form:State of Qatarconventional short form:Qatarlocal long form:Dawlat Qatarlocal short form:QatarDigraph:QAType:traditional monarchyCapital:DohaAdministrative divisions:there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the USGovernment, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular -baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan,Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm SalalIndependence:3 September 1971 (from UK)Constitution:provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970Legal system:discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes arebeing implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal mattersNational holiday:Independence Day, 3 September (1971)Political parties and leaders:noneSuffrage:noneElections:Advisory Council:constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but noelections have been held; seats - (30 total)Executive branch:amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)Judicial branch:Court of AppealLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972);Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)Member of:ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB,IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANIchancery:Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 338-0111
*Qatar, Government
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Kenton W. KEITHembassy:149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station),Dohamailing address:P. O. Box 2399, Dohatelephone:(0974) 864701 through 864703FAX:(0974) 861669Flag:maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoistside
*Qatar, Economy
Overview:Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of exportearnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparableto the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas isbecoming increasingly important.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:3% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$17,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3% (1990)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.)Exports:$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizerspartners:Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4%Imports:$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicalspartners:France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9%External debt:$1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oilElectricity:1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rollsreinforcing bars for concrete construction), cementAgriculture:farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural areais small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance;most food importedEconomic aid:donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)Currency:1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhamsExchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Qatar, Communications
Highways:1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)Pipelines:crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 kmPorts:Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul IslandMerchant marine:20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports:total:4usable:4with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:2Telecommunications:modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter toBahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable toBahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV
*Qatar, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Public SecurityManpower availability:males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach militaryage (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP
*Reunion, Header
Affiliation: (overseas department of France)
*Reunion, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of MadagascarMap references:WorldArea:total area:2,510 km2land area:2,500 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than Rhode IslandLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:201 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November,hot and rainy from November to AprilTerrain:mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coastNatural resources:fish, arable landLand use:arable land:20%permanent crops:2%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:35%other:39%Irrigated land:60 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:periodic devastating cyclones
*Reunion, People
Population:639,622 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate:25.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:73.68 yearsmale:70.61 yearsfemale:76.91 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Reunionese (singular and plural)adjective:ReunioneseEthnic divisions:French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, IndianReligions:Roman Catholic 94%Languages:French (official), Creole widely usedLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1982)total population:69%male:67%female:74%Labor force:NAby occupation:agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981)note:63% of population of working age (1983)
*Reunion, Government
Names:conventional long form:Department of Reunionconventional short form:Reunionlocal long form:nonelocal short form:Ile de la ReunionDigraph:REType:overseas department of FranceCapital:Saint-DenisAdministrative divisions:none (overseas department of France)Independence:none (overseas department of France)Constitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawNational holiday:Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders:Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy(UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES;France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS),Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small partiesSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:General Council:last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (44 total)Regional Council:last held 28 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1998); results - UDF25.6%, PRC 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 30.7%, other 15.3%; seats - (45total) Independent 17, UDF 14, PRC 9, PS 5French Senate:last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent1French National Assembly:last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to theFrench National Assembly who are voting membersExecutive branch:French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch:unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional CouncilJudicial branch:Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)Leaders:Chief of State:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
*Reunion, Government
Head of Government:Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since NA July 1991)Member of:FZDiplomatic representation in US:as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented inthe US by FranceFlag:the flag of France is used
*Reunion, Economy
Overview:The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has beenthe primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a touristindustry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-thirdof the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor isextraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white andIndian communities are substantially better off than other segments of thepopulation, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groupssuffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of theAfrican continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economicwell-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance fromFrance.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion (1987 est.)National product real growth rate:9% (1987 est.)National product per capita:$6,000 (1987 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.3% (1988)Unemployment rate:35% (February 1991)Budget:revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1986)Exports:$166 million (f.o.b., 1988)commodities:sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla andtea 1%partners:France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyImports:$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)commodities:manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportationequipment, raw materials, and petroleum productspartners:France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDPElectricity:245,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 1,230 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft itemsAgriculture:accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops -sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn;imports large share of food needsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$14.8 billionCurrency:1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
*Reunion, Economy
Exchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421(1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Reunion, Communications
Highways:2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilizedearthPorts:Pointe des GaletsAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runway 2,440-3,659 m:1with runway 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal centerSaint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; newmicrowave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Reunion, Defense Forces
Branches:French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age(18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.)Note:defense is the responsibility of France
*Romania, Geography
Location:Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and theUkraineMap references:Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:237,500 km2land area:230,340 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia andMontenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south)169 kmCoastline:225 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summerswith frequent showers and thunderstormsTerrain:central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on theeast by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain onthe south by the Transylvanian AlpsNatural resources:petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,saltLand use:arable land:43%permanent crops: 3%meadows and pastures:19%forest and woodland:28%other:7%Irrigated land:34,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structureand climate promote landslides; air pollution in southNote:controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova,and Ukraine
*Romania, People
Population:23,172,362 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.02% (1993 est.)Birth rate:13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:71.25 yearsmale:68.32 yearsfemale:74.34 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Romanian(s)adjective:RomanianEthnic divisions:Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%Religions:Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate),Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%Languages:Romanian, Hungarian, GermanLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1978)total population:98%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:10,945,700by occupation:industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)
*Romania, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Romanialocal long form:nonelocal short form:RomaniaDigraph:ROType:republicCapital:BucharestAdministrative divisions:40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);, Alba, Arad, Arges,Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov,Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, VranceaIndependence:1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)Constitution:8 December 1991Legal system:former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory thatincreasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revisedNational holiday:National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)Political parties and leaders:National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National SalvationFront (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants'Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian NationalUnity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), IlieVERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; TheDemocratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM),Corneliu Vadim TUDORnote: there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceasedto exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party,have been formedOther political or pressure groups:various human right and professional associationsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, EmilCONSTANTINESCU 38.6%Senate:last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%,CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18,PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5
*Romania, Government
House of Deputies:last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%,CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 38.5%; seats - (341 total) DFSN 117, CDR 82, FSN43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16, PSM 13, other 13Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and alower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President ofProvisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992)Member of:BIS, BSEC, CCC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM,UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Aurel-Dragos MUNTEANUchancery:1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 232-4747, 6634, 5693FAX:(202) 232-4748US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr.embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharestmailing address:AmConGen (Buch), Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5260telephone:[40] (0) 10-40-40FAX:[40] (0) 12-03-95Flag:three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; thenational coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has beenremoved; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
*Romania, Economy
Overview:Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force andgenerates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant andpersistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed a 17% drop inindustrial production because of energy and input shortages and laborunrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend withflooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by thedismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of inputs and a severe drought in1991 contributed to a poor harvest, a problem compounded by corruption andan obsolete distribution system. The new government has instituted moderateland reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, andit has liberalized private agricultural output. Private enterprises form anincreasingly important portion of the economy largely in services,handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Little progress on large scaleprivatization has been made since a law providing for the privatization oflarge state firms was passed in August 1991. Most of the large state firmshave been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of sharesand assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government hashalted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hardcurrency export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. The newgovernment continues to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. In 1992the economy muddled along toward the new, more open system, yet output andliving standards continued to fall.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-15% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$2,700 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):200% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:9% (January 1993)Budget:revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.)Exports:$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%,manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestryproducts 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989)partners:USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)Imports:$5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%,agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%,other 6.5% (1989)partners:Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)External debt:$3 billion (1992)Industrial production:growth rate -17% (1991 est.); accounts for 48% of GDPElectricity:22,500,000 kW capacity; 59,000 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh per capita(1992)