*Romania, Economy
Industries:mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machinebuilding, food processing, petroleum production and refiningAgriculture:accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and cornproducer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk,eggs, meat, grapesIllicit drugs:transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid:donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developedcountries (1956-89)Currency:1 leu (L) = 100 baniExchange rates:lei (L) per US$1 - 470.10 (January 1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991),22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Romania, Communications
Railroads:11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 kmbroad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned(1987)Highways:72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and otherstabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985)Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)Pipelines:crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km (1992)Ports:Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-TurnuSeverin, OrsovaMerchant marine:249 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,882,727 GRT/4,463,879 DWT; includes1 passenger-cargo, 170 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9roll-on/roll-off cargo, 15 oil tanker, 51 bulkAirports:total:158usable:158with permanent-surface runways:27with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:21with runways 1,220-2,439 m:26Telecommunications:poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network isautomatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phonedensity is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service(February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satelliteground station using INTELSAT
*Romania, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil DefenseManpower availability:males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reachmilitary age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expendituresinto US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleadingresults
*Russia, Geography
Location:Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific OceanMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones ofthe WorldArea:total area: 17,075,200 km2land area:16,995,800 km2comparative area:slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the USLand boundaries:total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland(Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 kmCoastline:37,653 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary withChina; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, andShikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Unionin 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of theBarents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reservedthe right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nationClimate:ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much ofEuropean Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summersvary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain:broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundrain Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regionsNatural resources:wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,coal, and many strategic minerals, timbernote:formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitationof natural resourcesLand use:arable land:NA%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%
*Russia, Geography
other: NA%note:agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land areaIrrigated land:61,590 km2 (1990)Environment:despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is toofar north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a majorimpediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water,including both inland waterways and sea coastsNote:largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located inrelation to major sea lanes of the world
*Russia, People
Population:149,300,359 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.21% (1993 est.)Birth rate:12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:68.69 yearsmale:63.59 yearsfemale:74.04 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Russian(s)adjective:RussianEthnic divisions:Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%Religions:Russian Orthodox, Muslim, otherLanguages:Russian, otherLiteracy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population:100%male: 100%female:100%Labor force:75 million (1993 est.)by occupation:production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%
*Russia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Russian Federationconventional short form:Russialocal long form:Rossiyskaya Federatsiyalocal short form:Rossiyaformer:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicDigraph:RSType:federationCapital:MoscowAdministrative divisions:21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnayarespublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay(Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia(Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia(Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk),North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'),Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey,singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan',Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad,Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow,Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk,Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk,Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin),Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'note:the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly theautomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia andIngushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St.Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same nameas its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center namefollowing in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be addedIndependence:24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution:adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being draftedLegal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does notaccept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, June 12
*Russia, Government
Political parties and leaders:proreformers:Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union ofRussia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-governmentfaction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic RussiaMovement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; EconomicFreedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party,Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV;Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY;Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party,Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILINmoderate reformers:All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, AleksandrVLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), NikolayTRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member CivicUnion), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union ofIndustrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEVantireformers:Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party ofBolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; RussianCommunist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; RussianParty of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People,Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working RussiaMovement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - ConstitutionalDemocratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forcesof Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV,Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV;Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian NationalAssembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN,Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party,Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National RepublicanParty of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; RussianNational Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEVOther political or pressure groups:Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmenSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote byparty NA%Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent ofvote byparty NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election heldbefore parties were formedSupreme Soviet:last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote byparty NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected fromCongress of People's DeputiesExecutive branch:president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration,Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of RepublicsLegislative branch:unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch:Constitutional Court, Supreme Court
*Russia, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice PresidentAleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of theSupreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991)Head of Government:Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (sinceNA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of MinistersVladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), OlegSOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993)Member of:BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UNTrusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKINchancery:1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 628-7551 and 8548consulates general:New York and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant)embassy:Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscowmailing address:APO AE 09721telephone:[7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459FAX:[7] (095) 255-9965consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), VladivostokFlag:three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
*Russia, Economy
*Russia, Economy
Overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not
*Russia, Economy
abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained atdouble-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reducethe threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidiesto enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, thebudget deficit, and money supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cutspending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and CentralBank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed toapprove them in the first part of 1993.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:-19% (1992)National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):25% per month (December 1992)Unemployment rate:3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products,metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufacturespartners:EuropeImports:$35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar,semifinished metal productspartners:Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, CubaExternal debt:$80 billion (yearend 1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -19% (1992)Electricity:213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita(1 January 1992)Industries:complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills tohigh-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and railtransportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating andtransmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumerdurablesAgriculture:grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; becauseof its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warmclimate productsIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point forillicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries,ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion
*Russia, Economy
Currency:1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeksExchange rates:rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year:calendar year
*Russia, Communications
Railroads:158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service,of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction;71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrieruse (31 December 1991)Highways:893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 kmare dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the RussianHighway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km notin general use are the responsibility of various other organizations(formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km arepaved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 kmnot in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt(31 December 1991)Inland waterways:total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving theRussian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflectingguides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-madenavigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991)Pipelines:crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km(1992)Ports:coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk,Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov,Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan',Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara(Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, VolgogradMerchant marine:865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT;includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passengercargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16refrigerated cargoAirports:total:2,550useable:964with permanent surface runways:565with runways over 3,659 m:19with runways 2,440-3,659 m:275with runways 1,220-2,439 m:426
*Russia, Communications
Telecommunications:NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St.Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprintnetworks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicapto the economy, especially with respect to international connections; totalinstalled telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and inrural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; totalpay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by aninadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay andoutdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the internationalgateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic forthe other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a newRussian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Romefrom whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas;satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow),INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% ofpopulation), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radioreceivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited
*Russia, Defense Forces
Branches:Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic RocketForces, Command and General Support, Security Forcesnote:strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control;Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, andsea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those stillscheduled to be withdrawn from other countriesManpower availability:males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reachmilitary age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
*Rwanda, Geography
Location:Central Africa, between Tanzania and ZaireMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:26,340 km2land area:24,950 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than MarylandLand boundaries:total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mildin mountains with frost and snow possibleTerrain:mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in westNatural resources:gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,hydropowerLand use:arable land:29%permanent crops: 11%meadows and pastures:18%forest and woodland:10%other:32%Irrigated land:40 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote:landlocked
*Rwanda, People
Population:8,139,272 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate:49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:41.23 yearsmale:40.2 yearsfemale:42.28 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Rwandan(s)adjective:RwandanEthnic divisions:Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other25%Languages:Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercialcentersLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:50% male:64%female:37%Labor force:3.6 millionby occupation:agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%note:49% of population of working age (1985)
*Rwanda, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Rwandaconventional short form:Rwandalocal long form:Republika y'u Rwandalocal short form:RwandaDigraph:RWType:republic; presidential systemnote:a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later thisyear, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalitionCapital:KigaliAdministrative divisions:10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, RuhengeriIndependence:1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)Constitution:18 June 1991Legal system:based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicialreview of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsoryICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 1 July (1962)Political parties and leaders:Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), PresidentHABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significantindependent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), FaustinTWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and SocialistParty (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of theRepublic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), JeanNTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENEnote: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties inmid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registeredOther political or pressure groups:since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflictwith the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA)Suffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:President:last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelectedNational Development Council:last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
*Rwanda, Government
Judicial branch:Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council ofState in joint session)Leaders:Chief of State:President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)Head of Government:Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992)Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Aloys UWIMANAchancery:1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 232-2882US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Robert A. FLATENembassy:Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigalimailing address:B. P. 28, Kigalitelephone:[250] 75601 through 75603FAX:[250] 72128Flag:three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with alarge black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popularpan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has aplain yellow band
*Rwanda, Economy
Overview:Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, anddeforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sectorin Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focusesmainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economyremains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak internationalprices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP todecline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began inOctober 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampenedprospects for economic improvement.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:1.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$290 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA million (1992 est.)Exports:$66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrumpartners:Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, USImports:$259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,petroleum products, cement and construction materialpartners:US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, JapanExternal debt:$911 million (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity:30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement,agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture,shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettesAgriculture:accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops- coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main foodcrops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiencydeclining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep upwith a 3.8% annual growth in population
*Rwanda, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural AdjustmentProgram with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million andthe US $25 million in support of this programCurrency:1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14(1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Rwanda, Communications
Highways:4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700km unimprovedInland waterways:Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craftAirports:total:8usable:7with permanent-surface runways:3with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:2Telecommunications:fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali;broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earthstations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
*Rwanda, Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including Air Wing), GendarmerieManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); noconscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
*Saint Helena, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*Saint Helena, Geography
Location:in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds ofthe way between South America and AfricaMap references:AfricaArea:total area:410 km2land area:410 km2comparative area:slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DCnote:includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island,and Tristan da CunhaLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:60 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade windsTerrain:rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plainsNatural resources:fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, nomineralsLand use:arable land:7%permanent crops:0% meadows and pastures:7%forest and woodland:3%other:83%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:very few perennial streamsNote:Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 speciesof plants unknown anywhere else in the world
*Saint Helena, People
Population:6,720 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate:9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:74.43 yearsmale:72.36 yearsfemale:76.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Saint Helenian(s)adjective:Saint HelenianEthnic divisions:NAReligions:Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman CatholicLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1987)total population:98%male:97% female:98%Labor force:2,516by occupation:professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial,administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen,etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3%(1987)
*Saint Helena, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Saint HelenaDigraph:SHType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:JamestownAdministrative divisions:1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan, da Cunha*,Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:1 January 1989Legal system:NANational holiday:Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday inJune)Political parties and leaders:Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Partynote:both political parties inactive since 1976Suffrage:NAElections:Legislative Council:last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch:British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government:Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA)Member of:ICFTUDiplomatic representation in US:none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the SaintHelenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield featuresa rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
*Saint Helena, Economy
Overview:The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The localpopulation earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, andsales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of thework force has left to seek employment overseas.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):-1.1% (1986)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1984)Exports:$23,900 (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicraftspartners:South Africa, UKImports:$2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)commodities:food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motorvehicles and parts, machinery and partspartners:UK, South AfricaExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)Industries:crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishingAgriculture:maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishingon Tristan da CunhaEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$198 millionCurrency:1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 penceExchange rates:Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992),0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the SaintHelenian pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Saint Helena, Communications
Highways:87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roadson Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da CunhaPorts:Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)Airports:total:1useable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then intoworldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarinecable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
*Saint Helena, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography
Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Ricoand Trinidad and TobagoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:269 km2land area:269 km2comparative area:slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:135 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperaturevariation; rainy season (May to November)Terrain:volcanic with mountainous interiorsNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land:22%permanent crops:17%meadows and pastures:3%forest and woodland:17%other:41%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:subject to hurricanes (July to October)
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, People
Population:40,407 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.59% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:65.72 yearsmale:62.78 yearsfemale:68.85 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s)adjective:Kittsian, NevisianEthnic divisions:black AfricanReligions:Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman CatholicLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)total population:98%male:98%female:98%Labor force:20,000 (1981)
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government
Names:conventional long form:Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevisconventional short form:Saint Kitts and Nevisformer:Federation of Saint Christopher and NevisDigraph:SCType:constitutional monarchyCapital:BasseterreAdministrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, SaintGeorgeBasseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint JohnCapesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre,Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, SaintThomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto PointIndependence:19 September 1983 (from UK)Constitution:19 September 1983Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 19 September (1983)Political parties and leaders:People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and NevisLabor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP),Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORYSuffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:House of Assembly:last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2,NRP 2, CCM 1Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralSir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previouslyGovernor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981)Head of Government:Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); DeputyPrime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA)Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interimAubrey Eric HARTchancery:Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 833-3550US diplomatic representation:no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's(Antigua and Barbuda)Flag:divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearingtwo white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the uppertriangle is green, the lower triangle is red
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy
Overview:The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing ofsugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourismand export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991)National product real growth rate:6.8% (1991)National product per capita:$3,500 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.2% (1991)Unemployment rate:12.2% (1990)Budget:revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capitalexpenditures of $42.4 million (1993)Exports:$24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stampspartners:US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)Imports:$103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuelspartners:US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)External debt:$37.2 million (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice,yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most foodimportedIllicit drugs:transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the USEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications
Railroads:58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcaneHighways:300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimprovedearthPorts:Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)Airports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link viaAntigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations -2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saint Lucia, Geography
Location:in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between PuertoRico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:620 km2land area:610 km2comparative area:slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:158 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January toApril, rainy season from May to AugustTerrain:volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleysNatural resources:forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermalpotentialLand use:arable land:8%permanent crops:20%meadows and pastures:5%forest and woodland:13%other:54%Irrigated land:10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion
*Saint Lucia, People
Population:144,337 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.52% (1993 est.)Birth rate:23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:69.26 yearsmale:66.98 yearsfemale:71.69 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Saint Lucian(s)adjective:Saint LucianEthnic divisions:African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%Religions:Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%Languages:English (official), French patoisLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980)total population:67%male:65%female:69%Labor force:43,800by occupation:agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)
*Saint Lucia, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Saint LuciaDigraph:STType:parliamentary democracyCapital:CastriesAdministrative divisions:11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet,Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux FortIndependence:22 February 1979 (from UK)Constitution:22 February 1979Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 22 February (1979)Political parties and leaders:United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP),Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUMSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Assembly:last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower houseor House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting GovernorGeneral Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)Head of Government:Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)Member of:ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDSchancery:Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037telephone:(202) 463-7378 or 7379consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
*Saint Lucia, Government
Flag:blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edgesof the arrowhead have a white border
*Saint Lucia, Economy
Overview:Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate ofalmost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Luciaalso possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investmentin manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. Theeconomy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agriculturalsector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodicdroughts and/or tropical storms.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:2.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$1,650 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.1% (1991)Unemployment rate:16% (1988)Budget:revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capitalexpenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)Exports:$105 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oilpartners:UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19%Imports:$267 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food andlive animals, chemicals, fuelspartners:US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%External debt:$65.7 million (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDPElectricity:32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes,tourism, lime processing, coconut processingAgriculture:accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts,vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the touristindustryEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$120 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
*Saint Lucia, Communications
Highways:760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improvedPorts:Castries, Vieux FortAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439:1Telecommunications:fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave linkwith Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interislandtroposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
*Saint Lucia, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Header
Affiliation: (territorial collectivity of France)
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography
Location:in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada)Map references:North AmericaArea:total area:242 km2land area:242 km2comparative area:slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCnote:includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groupsLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:120 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and FranceClimate:cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windyTerrain:mostly barren rockNatural resources:fish, deepwater portsLand use:arable land:13%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:4%other:83%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:vegetation scanty
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People
Population:6,652 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.79% (1993 est.)Birth rate:13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.19 yearsmale:73.56 yearsfemale:77.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)adjective:FrenchEthnic divisions:Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)Religions:Roman Catholic 98%Languages:FrenchLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1982)total population:99%male:99%female:99%Labor force:2,850 (1988)by occupation:NA
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government
Names:conventional long form:Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelonconventional short form:Saint Pierre and Miquelonlocal long form:Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelonlocal short form:Saint-Pierre et MiquelonDigraph:SBType:territorial collectivity of FranceCapital:Saint-PierreAdministrative divisions:none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence:none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French controlsince 1763)Constitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawNational holiday:National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 JulyPolitical parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS),Gerard GRIGNONSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:French President:last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (secondballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%French Senate:last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1French National Assembly:last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA;note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senateand the French National Assembly who are voting membersGeneral Council:last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist andother left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6Executive branch:French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch:unicameral General CouncilJudicial branch:Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Leaders:Chief of State:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)Head of Government:Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of theGeneral Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA)
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government
Member of:FZDiplomatic representation in US:as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented inthe US by FranceUS diplomatic representation:none (territorial collectivity of France)Flag:the flag of France is used
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy
Overview:The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and byservicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. Theeconomy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping atSaint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, anagreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre'strawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years.The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fishexports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Importscome primarily from Canada and France.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$9,500 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:9.6% (1990)Budget:revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $5.5 million (1989)Exports:$25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:fish and fish products, fox and mink peltspartners:US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, PortugalImports:$87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materialspartners:Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourismAgriculture:vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500metric tons (1989)Economic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$500 millionCurrency:1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421(1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications
Highways:120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)Ports:Saint PierreAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radiocommunication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in Frenchdomestic satellite system
*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography
Location:in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between PuertoRico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:340 km2land area:340 km2comparative area:slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:84 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May toNovember)Terrain:volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint VincentNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land:38%permanent crops:12%meadows and pastures:6%forest and woodland:41%other:3%Irrigated land:10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threatNote:some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada