*Tanzania, Government
Names:conventional long form:United Republic of Tanzaniaconventional short form:Tanzaniaformer:United Republic of Tanganyika and ZanzibarDigraph:TZType:republicCapital:Dar es Salaamnote:some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned asthe new national capital by the end of the 1990sAdministrative divisions:25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro,Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South,Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, ZanzibarCentral/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa MagharibiIndependence:26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UNtrusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 toform the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republicof Tanzania 29 October 1964Constitution:15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject toprovisions of the union constitution)Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited tomatters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Union Day, 26 April (1964)Political parties and leaders:Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; CivicUnited Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for ConstitutionalReform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD),Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher MtikilaSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections: President:last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - AliHassan MWINYI was elected without oppositionNational Assembly:last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCMwas the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168Executive branch:president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vicepresident and president of Zanzibar, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, High Court
*Tanzania, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice PresidentJohn MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR(since 9 November 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABUchancery:2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 939-6125US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOSembassy:36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaammailing address:P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaamtelephone:[255] (51) 66010/13FAX:[255] (51) 66701Flag:divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-sidecorner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle isblue
*Tanzania, Economy
Overview:Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy isheavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP,provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industryaccounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agriculturalproducts and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announcedin mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production andfinancial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, theInternational Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds torehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantialincrease in output of minerals led by gold.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:4.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$260 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):22% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capitalexpenditures of $118 million (FY90)Exports:$422 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisalpartners:FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, USImports:$1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piecegoods, crude oil, foodstuffspartners:FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, DenmarkExternal debt:$6.44 billion (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity:405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, woodproducts, fertilizerAgriculture:accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limitcultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea,cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco,cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits,vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficientin food grain production
*Tanzania, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614millionCurrency:1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 centsExchange rates:Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991),195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July-30 June
*Tanzania, Communications
Railroads:3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km TazaraRailroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 kmof 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decadeHighways:81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 kmimproved and unimproved earthInland waterways:Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake NyasaPipelines:crude oil 982 kmPorts:Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on LakeVictoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland portsMerchant marine:6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tankerAirports:total:103usable:92with permanent-surface runways:12with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:40Telecommunications:fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, andtroposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Tanzania, Defense Forces
Branches:Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and AirForce), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, MilitiaManpower availability:males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Thailand, Geography
Location:Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and CambodiaMap references:Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:514,000 km2land area:511,770 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of WyomingLand boundaries:total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506kmCoastline:3,219 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with VietnamClimate:tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry,cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hotand humidTerrain:central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhereNatural resources:tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,lignite, fluoriteLand use:arable land:34%permanent crops:4%meadows and pastures:1% forest and woodland:30%other:31%Irrigated land:42,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok areaNote:controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
*Thailand, People
Population:58,722,437 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate:19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:68.28 yearsmale:65.05 yearsfemale:71.66 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Thai (singular and plural)adjective:ThaiEthnic divisions:Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%Religions:Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6%(1991)Languages:Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regionaldialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:93%male:96%female: 90%Labor force:30.87 millionby occupation:agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government)14% (1989 est.)
*Thailand, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Thailandconventional short form:ThailandDigraph:THType:constitutional monarchyCapital:BangkokAdministrative divisions:73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, ChiangMai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi,Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, NongKhai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi,Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram,Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri,Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, UthaiThani, Uttaradit, Yala, YasothonIndependence:1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)Constitution:22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June1992Legal system:based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991military coupNational holiday:Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)Political parties and leaders:Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat ThaiParty), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana),Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; PhalangTham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP),Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), AthitURAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon),Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), SamakSUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's ForceParty (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREONSuffrage:21 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, PhalangTham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People'sParty 1, People's Force Party 0Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers(cabinet), Privy Council
*Thailand, Government
Legislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house orSenate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Sarndika)Leaders:Chief of State:King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown PrinceWACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)Head of Government:Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992)Member of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO,WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsichancery:2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-7200consulates general:Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSONembassy:95 Wireless Road, Bangkokmailing address:APO AP 96546telephone:[66] (2) 252-5040FAX:[66] (2) 254-2990consulate general:Chiang Mai consulates:Songkhla, UdornFlag:five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, andred
*Thailand, Economy
Overview:Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the moreadvanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufacturesand the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapidgrowth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much ofThailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting thatthe export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investmentslowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capitaldomestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifthgovernment in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok'sprobusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected governmenthas improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcomedivisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructuredevelopment programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place forbusiness investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more collegegraduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continueits rapid economic development.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:7% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:4.7% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.)Exports:$32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheriesproducts 5.9% (1992)partners:US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%,Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.)Imports:$41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumergoods 10.4%, oil 8.2%partners:Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, SouthKorea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.)External debt:$33.4 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDPElectricity:10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita(1992)
*Thailand, Economy
Industries:tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments,agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing,such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits,furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer andthird-largest tin producerAgriculture:accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer andexporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn,sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly fromBurma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradicationefforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted someproduction to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has beenaffected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering centerEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $19 millionCurrency:1 baht (B) = 100 satangExchange rates:baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991),25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988)Fiscal year:1 October-30 September
*Thailand, Communications
Railroads:3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double trackHighways:77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 kmgravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988)Inland waterways:3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m ormore throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable byshallow-draft native craftPipelines:natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 kmPorts:Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si RachaMerchant marine:169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas,2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1passengerAirports:total:106usable:95with permanent-surface runways:51with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:14with runways 1,220-2,439 m:28Telecommunications:service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to governmentactivities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network;739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 IndianOcean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system beingdeveloped
*Thailand, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), RoyalThai Air Force, Paramilitary ForcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reachmilitary age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)
*Togo, Geography
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and GhanaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:56,790 km2land area:54,390 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries:total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 kmCoastline:56 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:30 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in northTerrain:gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; lowcoastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshesNatural resources:phosphates, limestone, marbleLand use:arable land:25%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:28%other:42%Irrigated land:70 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recentdroughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
*Togo, People
Population:4,104,657 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.61% (1993 est.)Birth rate:47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.46 yearsmale:54.45 years female:58.53 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Togolese (singular and plural)adjective:TogoleseEthnic divisions:37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European andSyrian-Lebanese under 1%Religions:indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%Languages:French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two majorAfrican languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major Africanlanguages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages inthe north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:43%male:56%female:31%Labor force:NAby occupation:agriculture 78%, industry 22%note:about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and privatesectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
*Togo, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Togoconventional short form:Togolocal long form:Republique Togolaiselocal short form:noneformer:French TogoDigraph:TOType:republic under transition to multiparty democratic ruleCapital:LomeAdministrative divisions:21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame(Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar(Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)note:the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included inparenthesesIndependence:27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)Constitution:1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transitionconstitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent toHigh Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted bypublic referendum September 1992Legal system:French-based court systemNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 April (1960)Political parties and leaders:Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the onlyparty until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;transition regime in place since August 1991Suffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:President:last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMAwas reelected without oppositionNational Assembly:last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next tobe held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77;interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August1991Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
*Togo, Government
Legislative branch:National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-memberinterim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislatureduring transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduledto be held in 1993Judicial branch:Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)Head of Government:interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77,GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUSchancery:2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 234-4212 or 4213US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBYembassy:Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lomemailing address:B. P. 852, Lometelephone:[228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17FAX:[228] 21-79-52Flag:five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating withyellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upperhoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Togo, Economy
Overview:The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accountsfor about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force.Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which togetheraccount for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient inbasic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sectorphosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphateexports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togoserves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over thepast decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a numberof economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bringrevenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private andpublic sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reformprogram and has disrupted vital economic activity.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:0% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$400 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):0.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:2% (1987)Budget:revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports:$512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffeepartners:EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)Imports:$583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical productspartners:EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)External debt:$1.3 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles,beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops -yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production notsignificant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tonsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51millionCurrency:1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
*Togo, Economy
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85(1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Togo, Communications
Railroads:570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single trackHighways:6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roadsInland waterways: 50 km Mono RiverPorts:Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)Merchant marine:2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWTAirports:total:9usable:9with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wirelines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earthstations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
*Togo, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, GendarmerieManpower availability:males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); noconscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
*Tokelau, Header
Affiliation: (territory of New Zealand)
*Tokelau, Geography
Location:Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, abouthalfway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references:OceaniaArea:total area:10 km2land area:10 km2 comparative area:about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:101 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)Terrain:coral atolls enclosing large lagoonsNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:lies in Pacific typhoon belt
*Tokelau, People
Population:1,544 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:-1.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate:NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate:NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth:total population:NA yearsmale:NA years female:NA yearsTotal fertility rate:NA children born/womanNationality:noun:Tokelauan(s)adjective:TokelauanEthnic divisions:PolynesianReligions:Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%note:on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, allRoman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the CongregationalChristian Church predominantLanguages:Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), EnglishLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NA
*Tokelau, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:TokelauDigraph:TLType:territory of New ZealandCapital:none; each atoll has its own administrative centerAdministrative divisions:none (territory of New Zealand)Independence:none (territory of New Zealand)Constitution:administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970Legal system:British and local statutesNational holiday:Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established Britishsovereignty over New Zealand)Political parties and leaders: NASuffrage:NAElections:NAExecutive branch:British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairsin New Zealand), official secretaryLegislative branch:unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atollJudicial branch:High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New ZealandLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government:Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J.PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Councilwill elect its first head of government in 1993Member of:SPC, WHO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US:none (territory of New Zealand)US diplomatic representation:none (territory of New Zealand)Flag:the flag of New Zealand is used
*Tokelau, Economy
Overview:Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restraineconomic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. Thepeople must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annualaid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenuecome from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts.Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$800 (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expendituresof $37,300 (FY87)Exports:$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)commodities:stamps, copra, handicraftspartners:NZImports:$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)commodities:foodstuffs, building materials, fuelpartners:NZExternal debt:$0Industrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craftgoods; stamps, coins; fishingAgriculture:coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas;pigs, poultry, goatsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24millionCurrency:1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates:New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992),l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year:1 April-31 March
*Tokelau, Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western SamoaTelecommunications:radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
*Tokelau, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
*Tonga, Geography
Location:Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of theway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references:Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:748 km2land area:718 km2comparative area:slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:419 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:not specifiedexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), coolseason (May to December)Terrain:most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;others have limestone overlying volcanic baseNatural resources:fish, fertile soilLand use:arable land:25%permanent crops:55%meadows and pastures:6%forest and woodland:12%other:2%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October toApril); deforestation
*Tonga, People
Population:103,949 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.79 yearsmale:65.5 yearsfemale:70.24 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Tongan(s)adjective:TonganEthnic divisions:Polynesian, Europeans about 300Religions:Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)Languages:Tongan, EnglishLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1976)total population:57%male:60%female:60%Labor force:NAby occupation:agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)
*Tonga, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Tongaconventional short form:Tongaformer:Friendly IslandsDigraph:TNType:hereditary constitutional monarchyCapital: Nuku alofaAdministrative divisions:three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'uIndependence:4 June 1970 (from UK)Constitution:4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967Legal system:based on English lawNational holiday:Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)Political parties and leaders:Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party,leader NASuffrage:all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21Elections:Legislative Assembly:last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results -percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3traditionalistExecutive branch:monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers(cabinet), Privy CouncilLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)Head of Government:Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S.Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)Member of:ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WHODiplomatic representation in US:Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in LondonUS diplomatic representation:the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited toTonga and makes periodic visitsFlag:red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-sidecorner
*Tonga, Economy
Overview:The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the laborforce and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans arethe main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import ahigh proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturingsector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hardcurrency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aidand remittances to offset its trade deficit.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90)National product real growth rate:0.4% (FY92 est.)National product per capita:$900 (FY90)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4% (FY92 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capitalexpenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.)Exports:$18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)commodities:coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans,fruits, vegetables, fishpartners:Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)Imports:$68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)commodities:food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,chemicalspartners:NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)External debt:$47.5 million (FY91)Industrial production:growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:tourism, fishingAgriculture:accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production;vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepperEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 millionCurrency:1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 senitiExchange rates:pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991),1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988)Fiscal year:1 July-30 June
*Tonga, Communications
Highways:198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usableonly in dry weatherPorts:Nukualofa, Neiafu, PangaiMerchant marine:3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo,1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gasAirports:total:6usable:6with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, noFM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Tonga, Defense Forces
Branches:Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, RoyalTongan Guard, PoliceManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Trinidad and Tobago, Geography
Location:in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of VenezuelaMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:5,130 km2land area:5,130 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than DelawareLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline: 362 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the outer edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; rainy season (June to December)Terrain:mostly plains with some hills and low mountainsNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, asphaltLand use:arable land:14%permanent crops:17%meadows and pastures:2%forest and woodland:44%other:23%Irrigated land:220 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
*Trinidad and Tobago, People
Population:1,313,738 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.1% (1993 est.)Birth rate:20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:70.53 yearsmale:67.91 yearsfemale: 73.22 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)adjective:Trinidadian, TobagonianEthnic divisions:black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%,Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%Languages:English (official), Hindi, French, SpanishLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population:95%male:97%female:93%Labor force:463,900by occupation:construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)
*Trinidad and Tobago, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Trinidad and Tobagoconventional short form:Trinidad and TobagoDigraph:TDType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port-of-SpainAdministrative divisions:8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,, Port-of-Spain*,,Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, SanFernando*, Tobago**, Victoria, Independence:31 August 1962 (from UK)Constitution:31 August 1976Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in theSupreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)Political parties and leaders:People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress(UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), CarsonCHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGASuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower houseor House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)Head of Government:Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991)Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTEchancery:1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 467-6490
*Trinidad and Tobago, Government
consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Sally G. COWALembassy:15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spainmailing address:P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spaintelephone:(809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176FAX:(809) 628-5462Flag:red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy
Overview:Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from alengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply throughmost of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sectoraccounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government,in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measuresthat pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showedsigns of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oilprices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and producesabout 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorbthe large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks todiversify its export base.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991)National product real growth rate:2.6% (1991)National product per capita:$3,800 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.8% (1991)Unemployment rate:18.5% (1991)Budget:revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $158 million (1993 est.)Exports:$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988)partners:US 49%, CARICOM 12%Imports:$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods23% (1991)partners:US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991)External debt:$2.4 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP,including petroleumElectricity:1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cottontextilesAgriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa,sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee,vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; mustimport large share of food needsIllicit drugs:transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 millionCurrency:1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 centsExchange rates:Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Trinidad and Tobago, Communications
Railroads:minimal agricultural railroad system near San FernandoHighways:8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimprovedearthPipelines:crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 kmPorts:Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, ScarboroughMerchant marine:2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWTAirports:total:6usable:5with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbadosand Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces
Branches:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, andAir Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police ServiceManpower availability:males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)
*Tromelin Island, Header
Affiliation: (possession of France)
*Tromelin Island, Geography
Location:in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north ofReunionMap references:WorldArea:total area:1 km2land area:1 km2comparative area:about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:3.7 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:12 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and SeychellesClimate:tropicalTerrain:sandyNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land: 0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100% (scattered bushes)Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:wildlife sanctuaryNote:climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
*Tromelin Island, People
Population: uninhabited
*Tromelin Island, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Tromelin Islandlocal long form:nonelocal short form:Ile TromelinDigraph:TEType:French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident inReunionCapital:none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence:none (possession of France)
*Tromelin Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Tromelin Island, Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:0with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:important meteorological station
*Tromelin Island, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
*Tunisia, Geography
Location:Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, betweenAlgeria and LibyaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:163,610 km2land area:155,360 km2comparative area:slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries:total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 kmCoastline:1,148 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeriaunder discussionClimate:temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert insouthTerrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into theSaharaNatural resources:petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, saltLand use:arable land:20%permanent crops:10%meadows and pastures:19%forest and woodland:4%other:47%Irrigated land:2,750 km2 (1989)Environment:deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote:strategic location in central Mediterranean
*Tunisia, People
Population:8,570,868 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate:24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72.54 yearsmale:70.55 yearsfemale:74.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Tunisian(s)adjective:TunisianEthnic divisions:Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%Religions:Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%Languages:Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:65%male:74%female:56%Labor force:2.25 millionby occupation:agriculture 32%note:shortage of skilled labor
*Tunisia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Tunisiaconventional short form:Tunisialocal long form:Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyahlocal short form:TunisDigraph:TSType:republicCapital:TunisAdministrative divisions:23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan,Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul,Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, ZaghouanIndependence:20 March 1956 (from France)Constitution:1 June 1959Legal system:based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review oflegislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint sessionNational holiday:National Day, 20 March (1956)Political parties and leaders:Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (officialruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA;five other political parties are legal, including the Communist PartyOther political or pressure groups:the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawedSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zineel Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without oppositionChamber of Deputies:last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%,independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD141Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)Judicial branch:Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)Leaders:Chief of State:President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)Head of Government:Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)
*Tunisia, Government
Member of:ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew fromactive membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ismail KHELILchancery:1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005telephone:(202) 862-1850US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador John T. McCARTHYembassy:144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvederemailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[216] (1) 782-566FAX:[216] (1) 789-719Flag:red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encirclinga red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols ofIslam
*Tunisia, Economy
Overview:The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exportsof light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economicdecline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of goodharvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. Highunemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, andforced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, thegovernment appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structuraladjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:8% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,650 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:15.7% (1992)Budget:revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports:$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicalspartners:EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republicsImports:$6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumergoodspartners:EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, AlgeriaExternal debt:$7.7 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles,footwear, food, beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject tosevere fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives,dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes,poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200metric tons (1987)Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410millionCurrency:1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
*Tunisia, Economy
Exchange rates:Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992),0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Tunisia, Communications
Railroads:2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-metergaugeHighways:17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earthPipelines:crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 kmPorts:Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, ZarzisMerchant marine:22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulkAirports:total:29usable:26with permanent-surface runways:13with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:7with runways 1,220-2,439 m:7note:a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NATelecommunications:the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wirelines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax,Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables;satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT withback-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeriaand Libya
*Tunisia, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reachmilitary age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Turkey, Geography
Location:Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea andBlack Sea, between Bulgaria and IranMap references:Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:780,580 km2land area:770,760 km2comparative area:slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries:total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 kmCoastline:7,200 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the formerUSSRterritorial sea:6 nm in the Aegean Sea,12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean SeaInternational disputes:complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece inAegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute withdownstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for theTigris and Euphrates RiversClimate:temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interiorTerrain:mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)Natural resources:antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron oreLand use:arable land:30%permanent crops:4%meadows and pastures: 12%forest and woodland:26%other:28%Irrigated land:22,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;air pollution; desertificationNote:strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea ofMarmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas