Names:conventional long form:Republic of Yemenconventional short form:Yemenlocal long form:Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyahlocal short form:Al YamanDigraph:YMType:republicCapital:SanaaAdministrative divisions:17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda',Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb,Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izznote:there may be a new capital district of San'a'Independence:22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the mergerof the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and theMarxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) orSouth Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30November 1967 (from the UK)Constitution:16 April 1991Legal system:based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customarylaw; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)Political parties and leaders:General People's Congress, 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party(YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front,Ba'th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reformor Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAROther political or pressure groups:conservative tribal groups; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist parties; pro-IraqiBa'thists; NasiristsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held NA (next to be held 27 April 1993); results - percent of vote NA;seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of thenew House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly(159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), andappointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members)Executive branch:five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two membersfrom northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameral House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Supreme Court
*Yemen, Government
Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president ofNorth Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990);Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential CouncilMember Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-AzizABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS (since 22 May 1990,the former president of South Yemen)Member of:ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNIchancery:Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 965-4760 or 4761consulate general:Detroitconsulate:San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHESembassy:Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaamailing address:P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa or Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC20521-6330telephone:[967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852FAX:[967] (2) 251-563Flag:three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to theflag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three greenstars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in thewhite band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eaglecentered in the white band
*Yemen, Economy
Overview:Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen,the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is theeconomic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavilyon Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. Former SouthYemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline inSoviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculturehave made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of itsessential needs. Large trade deficits have been compensated for byremittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Onceself-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a majorimporter. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables -has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed byYemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues startedflowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million.Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack ofincentives, partly stemming from centralized control over productiondecisions, investment allocation, and import choices.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita:$775 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):100% (December 1992)Unemployment rate:30% (December 1992)Budget:revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$908 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fishpartners:US, EC countries, South Korea, Saudi ArabiaImports:$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar,grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicalspartners:Japan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia, USExternal debt:$5.75 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity:714,000 kW capacity; 1,224 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production ofcotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; smallaluminum products factory; cementAgriculture:accounted for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildlynarcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; notself-sufficient in grain
*Yemen, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4billionCurrency:Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 SouthYemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 filsnote:following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, theNorth Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a newYemeni rialExchange rates:Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 30-40 (unofficial) (est.); NorthYemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12.1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600(1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemenidinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate)note:following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, theNorth Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a newYemeni rialFiscal year:calendar year
*Yemen, Communications
Highways:15,500 km total; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.)Pipelines:crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 kmPorts:Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, SalifMerchant marine:3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo,1 oil tankerAirports:total:45usable:39with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:18with runways 1,220-2,439 m:11Telecommunications:since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a nationaldomestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwaveradio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcaststations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian OceanINTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwaveradio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti
*Yemen, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,060,124; fit for military service 1,172,633; reachmilitary age (14) annually 133,727 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $762 million, 10% of GDP (1992)
*Zaire, Geography
Location:Central Africa, between Congo and ZambiaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:2,345,410 km2land area:2,267,600 km2comparative area:slightly more than one-quarter the size of USLand boundaries:total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia1,930 kmCoastline:37 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer beindefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of theZaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along theCongo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has beenmade)Climate:tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier insouthern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator- wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south ofEquator - wet season November to March, dry season April to OctoberTerrain:vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in eastNatural resources:cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold,silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore,coal, hydropower potentialLand use:arable land:3%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:78%other:15%Irrigated land:100 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands;periodic droughts in southNote:straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower CongoRiver and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean
*Zaire, People
Population:41,345,738 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.2% (1993 est.)Birth rate:48.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:16.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:47.26 yearsmale:45.45 yearsfemale:49.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Zairian(s)adjective:ZairianEthnic divisions:over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes- Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make upabout 45% of the populationReligions:Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, othersyncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%Languages:French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, TshilubaLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:72%male:84%female:61%Labor force:15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population isof working age)by occupation:agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985)
*Zaire, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Zaireconventional short form:Zairelocal long form:Republique du Zairelocal short form:Zaireformer:Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/KinshasaDigraph:CGType:republic with a strong presidential systemCapital:KinshasaAdministrative divisions:10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu,, Bas-Zaire, Equateur,Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental,Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu, Independence:30 June 1960 (from Belgium)Constitution:24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April1990; new constitution to be put to referendum in 1993Legal system:based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)Political parties and leaders:sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution(MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS),Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC),Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZa Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), leader NASuffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections:President:last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, theopposition-controlled transition legislature); results - President MOBUTUwas reelected without oppositionLegislative Council:last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by High Council); results -MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holdsmajority of seats but some deputies have joined other partiesExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Parliament; anti-Mobutu opposition claims NationalParliament replaced by High CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24November 1965)
*Zaire, Government
Head of Government:Interim Prime Minister Faustin BIRINDWA (since 18 March 1993)Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador TATANENE Manatachancery:1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 234-7690 or 7691US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Deputy Chief of Mission John YATESembassy:310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasamailing address:APO AE 09828telephone:[243] (12) 21532, 21628FAX:[243] (12) 21232consulate general:Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poorsecurity situation)Flag:light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding ared flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoistside; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Zaire, Economy
Overview:In 1992, Zaire's formal economy continued to disintegrate. While meaningfuleconomic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, thelargest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have madethe country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions areconducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost allvalue, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities.Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming andpetty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financialobligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place thefinancial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects forimprovement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire'slong-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral andagricultural resources.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.2 billion (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)National product real growth rate:-6% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$235 (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)Inflation rate (consumer prices):35-40% per month (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oilpartners:US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South AfricaImports:$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment,fuelspartners:South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UKExternal debt:$9.2 billion (May 1992 est.)Industrial production:growth grate NA%Electricity:2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear,and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamondsAgriculture:cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava,bananas, root crops, cornIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumptionEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263million; except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no USassistance was given to Zaire in 1992
*Zaire, Economy
Currency:1 zaire (Z) = 100 makutaExchange rates:zaire (Z) per US$1 - 2,000,000 (January1993), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381(1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Zaire, Communications
Railroads:5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge;limited trackage in use because of civil strifeHighways:146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth;97,500 unimproved earthInland waterways:15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakesPipelines:petroleum products 390 kmPorts:Matadi, Boma, BananaMerchant marine:1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWTAirports:total:281usable:235with permanent-surface runways:25with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:6with runways 1,220-2,439 m:73Telecommunications:barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
*Zaire, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard,Special Presidential DivisionManpower availability: males age 15-49 8,879,731; fit for military service 4,521,768 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988)
*Zambia, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, between Zaire and ZimbabweMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:752,610 km2land area:740,720 km2comparative area:slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries:total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement;Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer beindefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of theZaire-Zambia boundary has been settledClimate:tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)Terrain:mostly high plateau with some hills and mountainsNatural resources:copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,hydropower potentialLand use:arable land:7%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:47%forest and woodland:27%other:19%Irrigated land:320 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:deforestation; soil erosion; desertificationNote:landlocked
*Zambia, People
Population:8,926,099 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.96% (1993 est.)Birth rate:46.53 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:16.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:83.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:45.56 yearsmale:44.97 yearsfemale:46.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Zambian(s)adjective:ZambianEthnic divisions:African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%Religions:Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%Languages:English (official)note:about 70 indigenous languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:73%male:81%female:65%Labor force:2.455 millionby occupation:agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport andservices 9%
*Zambia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Zambiaconventional short form:Zambiaformer:Northern RhodesiaDigraph:ZAType:republicCapital:LusakaAdministrative divisions:9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern,North-Western, Southern, WesternIndependence:24 October 1964 (from UK)Constitution:NA August 1991Legal system:based on English common law and customary law; judicial review oflegislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 24 October (1964)Political parties and leaders:Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United NationalIndependence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; United Democratic Party, EnochKAVINDELESuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - FrederickCHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16%National Assembly:last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25Executive branch:president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991)Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Dunstan KAMONAchancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 265-9717 through 9721
*Zambia, Government
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Gordon L. STREEBembassy:corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusakamailing address:P. O. Box 31617, Lusakatelephone:[260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603FAX:[260-1] 251-578Flag:green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, andorange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
*Zambia, Economy
Overview:The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling importsand growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronicallydepressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growthof more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the pastdecade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes inrecent years, as well as severe drought in the crop year 1991/92.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-3% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$550 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):170% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capitalexpenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)Exports:$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobaccopartners:EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, IndiaImports:$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufacturespartners:EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, USExternal debt:$7.6 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDPElectricity:2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages,chemicals, textiles, and fertilizerAgriculture:accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple),sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava;cattle, goats, beef, eggsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533millionCurrency:1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngweeExchange rates:Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 178.5714 (August 1992), 61.7284 (1991),28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Zambia, Communications
Railroads:1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double trackHighways:36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, orstabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways:2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake TanganyikaPipelines:crude oil 1,724 kmPorts:Mpulungu (lake port)Airports:total:116usable:104with permanent-surface runways:13with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:22Telecommunications:facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwaveconnects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT
*Zambia, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitaryManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,810,442; fit for military service 949,878 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.)
*Zimbabwe, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, between South Africa and ZambiaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:390,580 km2land area:386,670 km2comparative area:slightly larger than MontanaLand boundaries:total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km,Zambia 797 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreementClimate:tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)Terrain:mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains ineastNatural resources:coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,lithium, tin, platinum group metalsLand use:arable land:7%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures:12%forest and woodland:62%other:19%Irrigated land:2,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soilerosion; air and water pollutionNote:landlocked
*Zimbabwe, People
Population:10,837,772 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate:38.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:17.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-7.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:75.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:42.82 yearsmale:41.2 yearsfemale:44.49 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:5.26 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Zimbabwean(s)adjective:ZimbabweanEthnic divisions:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian1%Religions:syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%,indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%Languages:English (official), Shona, SindebeleLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 67%male:74%female:60%Labor force:3.1 millionby occupation:agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing,construction 10% (1987)
*Zimbabwe, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Zimbabweconventional short form:Zimbabweformer:Southern RhodesiaDigraph:ZIType:parliamentary democracyCapital:HarareAdministrative divisions:8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, MashonalandWest, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, MidlandsIndependence:18 April 1980 (from UK)Constitution:21 December 1979Legal system:mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 18 April (1980)Political parties and leaders:Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE;Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE;Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), EmmanuelMAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENASuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Executive President:last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - RobertMUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7%Parliament:last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117,ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1Executive branch:executive president, 2 vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-VicePresident Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice PresidentJoshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate AmosBernard Muvengwa MIDZI
*Zimbabwe, Government
chancery:1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 332-7100US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHERembassy:172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Hararemailing address:P. O. Box 3340, Hararetelephone:[263] (4) 794-521FAX:[263] (4) 796-488Flag:seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, andgreen with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoistside; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star inthe center of the triangle
*Zimbabwe, Economy
Overview:Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40%of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining,produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts foronly 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metalsaccount for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agriculturalproduction over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate,one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helpedby an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about10% in 1992.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-10% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$545 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):45% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:at least 35% (1993 est.)Budget:revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $330 million (FY91)Exports:$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%,ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%partners:UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991)Imports:$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%,chemicals 16%, fuels 15%partners:UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991)External debt:$3.9 billion (March 1993 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDPElectricity:3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer,beverage, transportation equipment, wood productsAgriculture:accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land areadivided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops -corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts;livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134millionCurrency:1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
*Zimbabwe, Economy
Exchange rates:Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992),3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Zimbabwe, Communications
Railroads:2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 kmelectrified)Highways:85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel,stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earthInland waterways:Lake Kariba is a potential line of communicationPipelines:petroleum products 212 kmAirports:total:485usable:403with permanent-surface runways:22with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:3with runways 1,220-2,439 m:29Telecommunications:system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poormaintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Zimbabwe, Defense Forces
Branches:Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police(including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's MilitiaManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)
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Appendix A:
The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner forRefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUN Institute for Training and ResearchUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRefugees in the Near EastUN Special FundUN UniversityWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food Program
3) Security Council:UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in Indiaand PakistanUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision OrganizationUNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation MissionMINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum inWestern SaharaONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El SalvadorUNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in CambodiaUNPROFOR United Nations Protection ForceUNOSOM United Nations Operation in SomoliaUNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):Specialized agenciesFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNationsIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIDA International Development AssociationIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationILO International Labor OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationITU International Telecommunication UnionUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, andCultural OrganizationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological Organization
Related organizationsGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeIAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Regional commissionsECA Economic Commission for AfricaECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and theCaribbeanESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Functional commissionsCommission on Human RightsCommission on Narcotics DrugsCommission for Social DevelopmentCommission on the Status of WomenPopulation CommissionStatistical CommissionCommission on Science and Technology for DevelopmentCommission on Sustainable DevelopmentCommission on Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeCommission on Transnational Corporations
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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Appendix BAbbreviations forInternationalOrganizations and GroupsA ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in AfricaACC Arab Cooperation CouncilACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique;see Agency for Cultural and Technical CooperationACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific CountriesAfDB African Development BankAFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social DevelopmentAG Andean GroupAL Arab LeagueALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion;see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)AMF Arab Monetary FundAMU Arab Maghreb UnionANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security TreatyAPEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAsDB Asian Development BankASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsB BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement;see African Development Bank (AfDB)BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique;see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico;see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)Benelux Benelux Economic UnionBID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo;see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)BIS Bank for International SettlementsBOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement;see West African Development Bank (WADB)BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation ZoneC C CommonwealthCACM Central American Common MarketCAEU Council of Arab Economic UnityCARICOM Caribbean Community and Common MarketCBSS Council of the Baltic Sea StatesCCC Customs Cooperation CouncilCDB Caribbean Development BankCE Council of EuropeCEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest;see West African Economic Community (CEAO)CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;see Economic Community of Central AfricanStates (CEEAC)CEI Central European InitiativeCEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance;also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs;see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries(CEPGL)CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire;see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)CG Contadora GroupCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known asComecon; abolished 1 January 1991COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export ControlsComecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA;abolished 1 January 1991CP Colombo PlanCSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeD DC developed countryE EADB East African Development BankEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEC European CommunityECA Economic Commission for AfricaECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East;see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)ECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLA Economic Commission for Latin America;see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC)ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanECO Economic Cooperation OrganizationECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia;see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)EFTA European Free Trade AssociationEIB European Investment BankEntente Council of the EntenteESA European Space AgencyESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western AsiaF FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFLS Front Line StatesFZ Franc ZoneG G-2 Group of 2G-3 Group of 3G-5 Group of 5G-6 Group of 6 (not to beconfused with the Big Six)G-7 Group of 7G-8 Group of 8G-9 Group of 9G-10 Group of 10G-11 Group of 11G-15 Group of 15G-19 Group of 19G-24 Group of 24G-30 Group of 30G-33 Group of 33G-77 Group of 77GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilH Habitat Commission on Human SettlementsI IADB Inter-American Development BankIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIBEC International Bank for Economic CooperationIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICC International Chamber of CommerceICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration;see International Organization for Migration (IOM)ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsICJ International Court of JusticeICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration;see International Organization for Migration (IOM)ICRC International Committee of the Red CrossIDA International Development AssociationIDB Islamic Development BankIEA International Energy AgencyIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and DevelopmentIIB International Investment BankILO International Labor OrganizationIMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization;see International Maritime Organization (IMO)IMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationINMARSAT International Maritime Satellite OrganizationINTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationINTERPOL International Criminal Police OrganizationIOC International Olympic CommitteeIOM International Organization for MigrationISO International Organization for StandardizationITU International Telecommunication UnionL LAES Latin American Economic SystemLAIA Latin American Integration AssociationLAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)LDC less developed countryLLDC least developed countryLORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesM MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur;see Southern Cone Common MarketMINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western SaharaMTCR Missile Technology Control RegimeN NACC North Atlantic Cooperation CouncilNAM Nonaligned MovementNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Nordic CouncilNEA Nuclear Energy AgencyNIB Nordic Investment BankNIC newly industrializing country;see newly industrializing economy (NIE)NIE newly industrializing economyNSG Nuclear Suppliers GroupO OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting CountriesOAS Organization of American StatesOAU Organization of African UnityOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOIC Organization of the Islamic ConferenceONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El SalvadorOPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en laAmerica Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition ofNuclear Weapons in Latin America and the CaribbeanOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesP PCA Permanent Court of ArbitrationR RG Rio GroupS SAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSACU Southern African Customs UnionSADC Southern African Development CommunitySELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana;see Latin American Economic System (LAES)SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation AgreementSPC South Pacific CommissionSPF South Pacific ForumU UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale;see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)UN United NationsUNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, andCultural OrganizationUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities;see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation MissionUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and PakistanUNOMOZ United Nations Operation in MozambiqueUNOSOM United Nations Operation in SomaliaUNPROFOR United Nations ProtectionForceUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near EastUNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in CambodiaUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionUSSR/EE USSR/Eastern EuropeW WADB West African Development BankWCL World Confederation of LaborWEU Western European UnionWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food ProgramWFTU World Federation of Trade UnionsWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 todissolve the alliance)WTO World Tourism OrganizationZ ZC Zangger CommitteeNote: Not all international organizations and groups haveabbreviations
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Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups
advanced developing countries another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established-1 April 1976
aim-members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EC
members-(69) Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana,Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho,Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea,Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincentand the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan,Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire,Zambia, Zimbabwe
African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
established-4 August 1963
aim-to promote economic and social development
regional members-(50)Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti,Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon,The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland,Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwenonregional members-(25)Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea,Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
note-acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
established-21 March 1970
aim-to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries
members-(31) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi,Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, EquatorialGuinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda,Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire
associate members-(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and theCaribbean (OPANAL)
note-acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
established-14 February 1967
aim-to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons
members-(26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada,Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG)
established-26 May 1969
effective-16 October 1969
aim-to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela associate member-(1) Panama observers-(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken.
Arab Bank for EconomicDevelopment in Africa (ABEDA)
note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) established-18 February 1974
effective-16 September 1974
aim-to promote economic development
members-(17 plus the Palestine LiberationOrganization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq,Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria,Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization;
note-these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
Arab Cooperation Council(ACC)
established-16 February 1989
aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market
members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established-16 May 1968
aim-to promote economic and social development
members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Arab League (AL)
note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
established-22 March 1945
aim-to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation
members-(20 plus the Palestine LiberationOrganization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt,Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine LiberationOrganization
Arab Maghreb Union(AMU)
established-17 February 1989
aim-to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa
members-(5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established-27 April 1976
effective-2 February 1977
aim-to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs
members-(19 plus the Palestine LiberationOrganization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia,UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established-NA November 1989
aim-to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
members-(15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US
Asian Development Bank(AsDB)
established-19 December 1966
aim-to promote regional economic cooperation
regional members-(36)Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India,Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos,Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands,Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal,NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga,Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa nonregional members-(16)Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established-9 August 1967
aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members-(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand observer-(1) Papua New Guinea
Australia Group
established-1984
aim-to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons
members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US observer-(1) Singapore
Australia—New Zealand—United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established-1 September 1951
effective-29 April 1952
aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 members-(3) Australia, NZ, US
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established-20 January 1930
effective-17 March 1930
aim-to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements
members-(30) Australia, Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia