@Taiwan, Communications
Railroads:about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25km South Link Line connection was completed in late 1991; commoncarrier lines owned by the government and operated by the RailwayAdministration under Ministry of Communications; industrial linesowned and operated by government enterprisesHighways:total:20,041 kmpaved:bituminous, concrete pavement 17,095 kmunpaved:crushed stone, gravel 2,371 km; graded earth 575 kmPipelines:petroleum products 615 km; natural gas 97 kmPorts:Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tungMerchant marine:212 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,910,453 GRT/9,098,315 DWT,bulk 54, cargo 38, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 2, combinationore/oil 2, container 85, oil tanker 17, passenger-cargo 1,refrigerated cargo 11, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1Airports:total:40usable:38with permanent-surface runways:36with runways over 3,659 m:3with runways 2,440-3,659 m:16with runways 1,220-2,439 m:7Telecommunications:best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones;extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts;broadcast stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satelliteearth stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT;submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam,Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and WesternEurope
@Taiwan, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and DefenseCommand, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Military Police CommandManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,205,707; fit for military service 4,806,456; reachmilitary age (19) annually 192,083 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, 5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)
@Tajikistan, Geography
Location:Central Asia, between Uzbekistan and ChinaMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:143,100 sq kmland area:142,700 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than WisconsinLand boundaries:total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km,Uzbekistan 1,161 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:boundary with China in dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan onnorthern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's and otherforeign support to Tajik rebels based in northern AfghanistanClimate:midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polarin Pamir MountainsTerrain:Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley innorth, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwestNatural resources:significant hydropower potential, some petroleum, uranium, mercury,brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungstenLand use:arable land:6%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:23%forest and woodland:0%other:71%Irrigated land:6,940 sq km (1990)Environment:current issues:inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity;industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; Tajikistan is part of thebasin of the shrinking Aral Sea which suffers from severeoverutilization of available water for irrigation and associatedpollutionnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:NANote:landlocked
@Tajikistan, People
Population:5,995,469 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.67% (1994 est.)Birth rate:34.79 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:6.71 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:62 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:68.76 yearsmale:65.88 yearsfemale:71.79 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:4.62 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Tajik(s)adjective:TajikEthnic divisions:Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because ofemigration), other 6.6%Religions:Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5%Languages:Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and businessLiteracy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population:100%male:100%female:99%Labor force:1.95 million (1992)by occupation:agriculture and forestry 43%, government and services 24%, industry14%, trade and communications 11%, construction 8% (1990)
@Tajikistan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Tajikistanconventional short form:Tajikistanlocal long form:Respublika i Tojikistonlocal short form:noneformer:Tajik Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph:TIType:republicCapital:DushanbeAdministrative divisions:2 oblasts (viloyotho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast*(viloyati avtonomii); Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuni* (Khorugh -formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerlyKurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobad (Khujand - formerly Leninabad)note:the administrative center names are in parenthesesIndependence:9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)National holiday:National Day, 9 September (1991)Constitution:a referendum on new constitution planned for June 1994Legal system:based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Head of State and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMONOV (since NANovember 1992); election last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NASeptember 1994); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, Communist Party 60%;Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth Party andRastokhoz Party 30%head of government:Prime Minister Abdujalil SAMADOV (since 27 December 993)cabinet:Council of Ministersnote:the presidency was abolished in November 1992, when RAKHMANOV becamehead of state; a referendum on presidential or parliamentary system isplanned for June 1994Legislative branch:unicameralSupreme Soviet:elections last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA September1994); results - Communist Party 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total)Communist Party 227, other 3Judicial branch:Prosecutor GeneralPolitical parties and leaders:Communist Party (Tajik Socialist Party - TSP), Shodi SHABDOLOV,chairman; Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Shodmon YUSUF; Islamic RevivalParty (IRP), Mohammed Sharif HIMOTZODA, Davat OUSMAN; RastokhezMovement, Tohir ABDUJABBAR; Lali Badakhshan Society, Atobek AMIRBEKnote:all the above-listed parties but the Communist Party were banned inJune 1993Other political or pressure groups:Tajikistan Opposition Movement based in northern AfghanistanMember of:CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IDB, IMF, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), IOC, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, WHO,WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:NAchancery:NAtelephone:NAUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDEROembassy:Hotel October, 105A Rudaki Prospect, Dushanbemailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[7] (3772) 21-03-56 and 21-03-60Flag:three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, andgreen; a crown surmounted by seven five-pointed stars is located inthe center of the white stripe
@Tajikistan, Economy
Overview:Tajikistan had the lowest per capita GDP in the former USSR, thehighest rate of population growth, and the lowest standard of living.Its economy at the start of 1994 is producing at roughly the 1989level and faces urgent reconstruction tasks from the 1992 civil war.Tajikistan's economy was severely disrupted by the breakup of theSoviet economy, which provided guaranteed trade relations and heavysubsidies and in which specialized tasks were assigned to eachrepublic. Its economy is highly agricultural (43% of the work force);it has specialized in growing cotton for export and must import alarge share of its food. Its industry (14% of the work force) producesaluminum, hydropower, machinery, and household appliances. Nearly allpetroleum products must be imported. Constant political turmoil andcontinued dominance of former Communist officials have slowed theprocess of economic reform and brought near economic collapse whilelimiting foreign assistance. Tajikistan is in the midst of a prolongedmonetary crisis in which it is attempting to continue to use theRussian ruble as its currency while its neighbors have switched to newindependent currencies; Russia is unwilling to advance sufficientrubles without attaching stringent reform conditions.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.9 billion (1993 estimate fromthe UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 andpublished in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and asextrapolated to 1993 using official Tajik statistics, which are veryuncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)National product real growth rate:-21% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$1,180 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):38% per month (1993 average)Unemployment rate:1.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; also largenumbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed peopleBudget:revenues:$NAexpenditures:$NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$263 million to outside the FSU countries (1993)commodities:cotton, aluminum, fruits, vegetable oil, textilespartners:Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, TurkmenistanImports:$371 million from outside the FSU countries (1993)commodities:fuel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles,foodstuffspartners:Russia, Uzbekistan, KazakhstanExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate -20% (1993 est.)Electricity:capacity:4,585,000 kWproduction:16.8 billion kWhconsumption per capita:2,879 kWh (1992)Industries:aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetableoil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezersAgriculture:cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep and goatsIllicit drugs:illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CISconsumption; limited government eradication programs; used astransshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to WesternEurope and North AmericaEconomic aid:recipient:Russia reportedly provided substantial general assistance throughout1993 and continues to provide assistance in 1994; Western aid andcredits promised through the end of 1993 were $700 million butdisbursements were only $104 million; large scale development loansawait IMF approval of a reform and stabilization planCurrency:1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks; acquiring new Russian rubles as currencyunder December 1993 agreementExchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
@Tajikistan, Communications
Railroads:480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:total:29,900 kmpaved:21,400 kmunpaved:earth 8,500 km (1990)Pipelines:natural gas 400 km (1992)Ports:none; landlockedAirports:total:58usable:30with permanent-surface runways:12with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,060-2,439 m:13note:a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstripTelecommunications:poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reachedby the national network; 303,000 telephone circuits (December 1991);telephone density about 55 per 1000 persons(1951); linked by cable andmicrowave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to theMoscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by INTELSAT tointernational gateway switch in Ankara; satellite earth stations - 1Orbita and 2 INTELSAT (one INTELSAT earth station provides TVreceive-only service from Turkey)
@Tajikistan, Defense Forces
Branches:Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal andborder troops)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 1,361,143; fit for military service 1,116,246; reachmilitary age (18) annually 57,681 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Tanzania, Geography
Location:Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya andMozambiqueMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:945,090 sq kmland area:886,040 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than twice the size of Californianote:includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and ZanzibarLand boundaries:total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km,Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 kmCoastline:1,424 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambiatripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it isreported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary hasbeen settledClimate:varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlandsTerrain:plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, southNatural resources:hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds,gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickelLand use:arable land:5%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:40%forest and woodland:47%other:7%Irrigated land:1,530 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coralreefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginalagriculturenatural hazards:the tsetse fly and lack of water limit agriculture; flooding on thecentral plateau during the rainy seasoninternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -Biodiversity, Climate ChangeNote:Mount Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
@Tanzania, People
Population:27,985,660 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.5% (1994 est.)Birth rate:45.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:19.42 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:109.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:43.25 yearsmale:41.52 yearsfemale:45.03 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.2 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Tanzanian(s)adjective:TanzanianEthnic divisions:mainland:native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes)Asian, European, and Arab 1%Zanzibar:NAReligions:mainland:Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20%Zanzibar:Muslim 99% plusLanguages:Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used forcommunication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education),English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, andhigher education)note:first language of most people is one of the local languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1978)total population:46%male:62%female:31%Labor force:732,200 wage earnersby occupation:agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)
@Tanzania, Government
Names:conventional long form:United Republic of Tanzaniaconventional short form:Tanzaniaformer:United Republic of Tanganyika and ZanzibarDigraph:TZType:republicCapital:Dar es Salaamnote:some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which isplanned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990sAdministrative divisions:25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma,Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, PembaNorth, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora,Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West,Ziwa MagharibiIndependence:26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UNtrusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamedUnited Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964National holiday:Union Day, 26 April (1964)Constitution:25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative actslimited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First VicePresident John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice Presidentand President of Zanzibar Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990)election last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995);results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without oppositionhead of government:Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National AssemblyLegislative branch:unicameralNational Assembly (Bunge):elections last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995);results - CCM was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM168Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI;Civic United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee forConstitutional Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for MultipartyDemocracy (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo(CHADEMA), Edwin I. M. MTEI, chairmanMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABUchancery:2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 939-6125FAX:(202) 797-7408US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOSembassy:36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaammailing address:P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaamtelephone:[255] (51) 66010 through 13FAX:[255] (51) 66701Flag:divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lowerhoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and thelower triangle is blue
@Tanzania, Economy
Overview:Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy isheavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP,provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industryaccounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processingagricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recoveryprogram announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases inagricultural production and financial support for the program bybilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, andbilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania'sdeteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-93 featured apickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in outputof minerals led by gold.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $16.7 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:3.2% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$600 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):21% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$495 millionexpenditures:$631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (1990est.)Exports:$418 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisalpartners:FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, USImports:$1.51 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cottonpiece goods, crude oil, foodstuffspartners:FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, DenmarkExternal debt:$6.44 billion (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 8% of GDPElectricity:capacity:405,000 kWproduction:600 million kWhconsumption per capita:20 kWh (1991)Industries:primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisaltwine), diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement,textiles, wood products, fertilizerAgriculture:accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limitcultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal,tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums),cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat,cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep,and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain productionIllicit drugs:growing role in transshipment of Southwest Asian heroin destined forUS and European marketsEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $614 millionCurrency:1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 centsExchange rates:Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 486.75 (January 1994), 405.27(1993), 297.71 (1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989)Fiscal year:1 July-30 June
@Tanzania, Communications
Railroads:969 km total; all of 1.067-meter gauge; connects with Zambia railroadat TazaraHighways:total:81,900 kmpaved:3,600 kmunpaved:gravel, crushed stone 5,600 km; improved, unimproved earth 72,700 kmInland waterways:Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake NyasaPipelines:crude oil 982 kmPorts:Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza onLake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland portsMerchant marine:7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,145 GRT/39,186 DWT, cargo 3,oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1Airports:total:109usable:100with permanent-surface runways:12with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:40Telecommunications:fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, andtroposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2TV; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Tanzania, Defense Forces
Branches:Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and AirForce), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, MilitiaManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,011,564; fit for military service 3,480,179Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Thailand, Geography
Location:Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma andCambodiaMap references:Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:514,000 sq kmland area:511,770 sq kmcomparative area:slightly more than twice the size of WyomingLand boundaries:total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km,Malaysia 506 kmCoastline:3,219 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam;parts of border with Thailand in dispute; maritime boundary withThailand not clearly definedClimate:tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May toSeptember); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);southern isthmus always hot and humidTerrain:central plain; Khorat plateau in the east; mountains elsewhereNatural resources:tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish,gypsum, lignite, fluoriteLand use:arable land:34%permanent crops:4%meadows and pastures:1%forest and woodland:30%other:31%Irrigated land:42,300 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:air pollution increasing from vehicle emissions; water pollution fromorganic and factory wastes; deforestation; wildlife populationsthreatened by illegal huntingnatural hazards:land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of thewater tableinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservaiton, Nuclear TestBan, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the SeaNote:controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
@Thailand, People
Population:59,510,471 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:1.3% (1994 est.)Birth rate:19.43 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:37.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:68.35 yearsmale:64.99 yearsfemale:71.87 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:2.1 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Thai (singular and plural)adjective:ThaiEthnic divisions:Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%Religions:Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other0.6% (1991)Languages:Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regionaldialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:93%male:96%female:90%Labor force:30.87 millionby occupation:agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (includinggovernment) 14% (1989 est.)
@Thailand, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Thailandconventional short form:ThailandDigraph:THType:constitutional monarchyCapital:BangkokAdministrative divisions:73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram,Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, ChiangRai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, KhonKaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom,Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat,Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani,Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit,Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri,Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon,Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, SingBuri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin,Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani,Uttaradit, Yala, YasothonIndependence:1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)National holiday:Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)Constitution:new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June 1992Legal system:based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23February 1991 military coupSuffrage:21 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent CrownPrince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)head of government:Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992)cabinet:Council of MinistersPrivy Council:NALegislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha)Senate (Vuthisatha):consists of a 270-member appointed bodyHouse of Representatives(Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn):elections last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP60, NAP 51, Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, ThaiCitizen's Party 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Sarndika)Political parties and leaders:Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat ThaiParty), Banhan SINLAPA-ACHA; National Development Party (NDP or ChatPhattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party (NAP), Gen.Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham (Palang Dharma), BunchuROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri PHONGPHANIT; LiberalDemocratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit URAIRAT; Solidarity Party(SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. ChoemYUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET;People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force Party(Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREONMember of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador PHIRAPHONG Kasemsichancery:2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-7200FAX:(202) 234-4498consulate(s) general:Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSONembassy:95 Wireless Road, Bangkokmailing address:APO AP 96546telephone:[66] (2) 252-5040FAX:[66] (2) 254-2990consulate(s) general:Chiang Maiconsulate(s):Udorn (Udon Thani)Flag:five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white,and red
@Thailand, Economy
Overview: Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7.5% growth rate for the year and 7.8% in 1993. One of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, Thailand depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of domestic capital. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid economic development. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $323 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 7.8% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $5,500 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 3.1% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $21.36 billion expenditures: $22.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.24 billion (1993 est.) Exports: $28.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries products 5.9% (1992) partners: US 22%, Japan 18%, Singapore 8%, Hong Kong 5%, Germany 4%, Netherlands 4%, UK 4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992) Imports: $37.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer goods 10.4%, oil 8.2% partners: Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992) External debt: $33.4 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1992); accounts for about 26% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 10,000,000 kW production: 43.75 billion kWh consumption per capita: 760 kWh (1992) Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium and marijuana; major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.446 (December 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
@Thailand, Communications
Railroads:3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double trackHighways:total:77,697 kmpaved:35,855 km (including 88 km of expressways)unpaved:gravel, other stabilization 14,092 km; earth 27,750 km (1988)Inland waterways:3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 mor more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable byshallow-draft native craftPipelines:petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 kmPorts:Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si RachaMerchant marine:198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 998,372 GRT/1,561,824 DWT, bulk14, cargo 105, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 2, container 13,liquefied gas 9, oil tanker 43, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1Airports:total:105usable:96with permanent-surface runways:51with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:14with runways 1,220-2,439 m:28Telecommunications:service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to governmentactivities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relaynetwork; 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM,100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earthstations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT;domestic satellite system being developed
@Thailand, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps),Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary ForcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 16,982,226; fit for military service 10,312,744; reachmilitary age (18) annually 599,240 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 2.9% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Geography
Location:Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro andGreeceMap references:Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:25,333 sq kmland area:24,856 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than VermontLand boundaries:total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbiaand Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)Coastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims againstAegean MacedoniaClimate:hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavysnowfallTerrain:mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there arethree large lakes, each divided by a frontier lineNatural resources:chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore,asbestos, sulphur, timberLand use:arable land:5%permanent crops:5%meadows and pastures:20%forest and woodland:30%other:40%Irrigated land:NA sq kmEnvironment:current issues:air pollution from metallurgical plantsnatural hazards:high seismic risksinternational agreements:party to - Ozone Layer ProtectionNote:landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and CentralEurope to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, People
Population: 2,213,785 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.89% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 15.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.72 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 27.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.59 years male: 71.51 years female: 75.85 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.98 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Macedonian(s) adjective: Macedonian Ethnic divisions: Macedonian 65%, Albanian 22%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, Gypsies 3%, other 4% Religions: Eastern Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3% Languages: Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 507,324 by occupation: agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Government
Names:conventional long form:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaconventional short form:nonelocal long form:Republika Makedonijalocal short form:MakedonijaAbbreviation:F.Y.R.O.M.Digraph:MKType:emerging democracyCapital:SkopjeAdministrative divisions:34 counties (opstinas, singular - opstina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod,Debar, Delcevo, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani,Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Murgasevo, Negotino, Ohrid,Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair,Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga,Strumica, Sveti Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, VinicaIndependence:17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)National holiday:NAConstitution:adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative actsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991); election last held 27January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was electedby the Assemblyhead of government:Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 4 September 1992), DeputyPrime Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Risto IVANOV(since NA), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991)cabinet:Council of Ministers; elected by the majority vote of all the deputiesin the SobranjeLegislative branch:unicameralAssembly (Sobranje):elections last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to beheld November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -(120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 32, SDSM 29, PDPM 23, SRSM 19, SPM 4, DP 4, SJM2, others 7Judicial branch:Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the RepublicPolitical parties and leaders:Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia (SDSM; former CommunistParty), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity(PDPM); National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI, president;Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia - Liberal Party (SRSM-LP),Stojan ANDOV, president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), KiroPOPOVSKI, president; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization -Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), LjupcoGEORGIEVSKI, president; Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), MilanDURCINOV, president; Democratic Party (DP), Petal GOSEV, presidentOther political or pressure groups:Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); Democratic Party of Serbs;Democratic Party of Turks; Party for Democratic Action (Slavic Muslim)Member of:CE (guest), CSCE (observer), EBRD, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), ITU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,WMODiplomatic representation in US:the US recognized The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9February 1994US diplomatic representation:the US recognized The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9February 1994Flag:16-point gold sun (Vergina, Sun) centered on a red field
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Economy
Overview:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the poorestrepublic in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food andenergy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. Itseconomic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or enlargedwith its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, andBulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oiland gas and its modern machinery and parts. Continued politicalturmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, prevents anyswift readjustments of trade patterns and economic programs. Thecountry's industrial output and GDP are expected to decline further in1994. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's geographicalisolation, technological backwardness, and potential politicalinstability place it far down the list of countries of interest toWestern investors. Resolution of the dispute with Greece and aninternal commitment to economic reform would help to encourage foreigninvestment over the long run. In the immediate future, the worstscenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across itsborders.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.2 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:-14.7% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):13% monthly average (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:27% (1993 est.)Budget:revenues:$NAexpenditures:$NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$889 million (1993)commodities:manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%,miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food(rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals4.7% (1990)partners:principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslavrepublics, Germany, Greece, AlbaniaImports:$963 million (1993)commodities:fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery andtransport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%,raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beveragesand tobacco 3.5% (1990)partners:other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, BulgariaExternal debt:$840 million (1992)Industrial production:growth rate -14% (1993 est.)Electricity:capacity:1,600,000 kWproduction:6.3 billion kWhconsumption per capita:2,900 kWh (1992)Industries:low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining bydistillation only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallicchromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry produces basictextiles, wood products, and tobaccoAgriculture:provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic needs for food; principalcrops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown arecotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; TheFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is one of the seven legalcultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry,including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highlylabor intensiveIllicit drugs:limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point for AsianheroinEconomic aid:recipient:US $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance)EC promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package (1993)Currency:the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature 26 April1992, was initially issued in the form of a coupon pegged to theGerman mark; subsequently repegged to a basket of seven currenciesExchange rates:denar per US$1 - 865 (October 1992)Fiscal year:calendar year
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Communications
Railroads:NAHighways:total:10,591 kmpaved:5,091 kmunpaved:gravel 1,404 km; earth 4,096 km (1991)Inland waterways:NA kmPipelines:nonePorts:none; landlockedAirports:total:16usable:16with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:2Telecommunications:125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations -none
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 604,257; fit for military service 489,746; reachmilitary age (19) annually 19,539 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of themilitary budget into US dollars using the prevailing exchange ratecould produce misleading results
@Togo, Geography
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin andGhanaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:56,790 sq kmland area:54,390 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries:total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 kmCoastline:56 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:30 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in northTerrain:gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; lowcoastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshesNatural resources:phosphates, limestone, marbleLand use:arable land:25%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:28%other:42%Irrigated land:70 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the useof wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculturenatural hazards:hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winterinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, but notratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Togo, People
Population:4,255,090 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:3.59% (1994 est.)Birth rate:47.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:11.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:88.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.93 yearsmale:54.87 yearsfemale:59.06 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.9 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Togolese (singular and plural)adjective:TogoleseEthnic divisions:37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye,European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%Religions:indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%Languages:French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the twomajor African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two majorAfrican languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major Africanlanguages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languagesin the north)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:43%male:56%female:31%Labor force:NAby occupation:agriculture 78%, industry 22%note:about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and privatesectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
@Togo, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Togoconventional short form:Togolocal long form:Republique Togolaiselocal short form:noneformer:French TogoDigraph:TOType:republic under transition to multiparty democratic ruleCapital:LomeAdministrative divisions:23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription);Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo(Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto(Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango(Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua,Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)note:the 23 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units areincluded in parenthesesIndependence:27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)National holiday:Independence Day, 27 April (1960)Constitution:multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992Legal system:French-based court systemSuffrage:universal adult at age NAExecutive branch:chief of state:President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); election lastheld 25 August 1993 (next election to be held NA 1998); all majoropposition parties boycotted the election; Gen. EYADEMA won 96.5% ofthe votehead of government:Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994)cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and the primeministerLegislative branch:unicameralNational Assembly:elections last held on 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by party NA; SEATS - (81 total) RPT andallies (pro government) 38, CAR, UTD (the opposition) 40, stillcontested as of 3 May 1994Judicial branch:Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Political parties and leaders:pro-government:Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA;Coordination des Forces Nouvelles (CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOHmoderate:The Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem KODJO; The ActionCommittee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBORradical:The Union for Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; ThePan-African Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radicalparties: The Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA), LeopoldGNININVI; The Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou AYEVA;The Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; The Union ofForces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile)note:Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was theonly party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12April 1991Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ,G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Charge d'Affaires Edem Frederic HEGBEchancery:2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 234-4212US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY (Ambassador Johnny YOUNG to replaceAmbassador KIRBY during the summer of 1994)embassy:Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lomemailing address:B. P. 852, Lometelephone:[228] 21-29-91FAX:[228] 21-79-52Flag:five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating withyellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in theupper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors ofEthiopia
@Togo, Economy
Overview:The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, whichaccounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of thelabor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, andcotton, which together generate about 30% of total export earnings.Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal.In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most importantactivity, although it has suffered from the collapse of Worldphosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as aregional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long IMFand World Bank supported effort to implement economic reform measuresto encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line withexpenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private andpublic sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized thereform program and has disrupted vital economic activity.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.3 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:NANational product per capita:$800 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):0.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$284 millionexpenditures:$407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports:$558 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffeepartners:EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)Imports:$636 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical productspartners:EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)External debt:$1.3 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:capacity:179,000 kWproduction:209 million kWhconsumption per capita:60 kWh (1990)Industries:phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts,textiles, beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; foodcrops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestockproduction not significant; annual fish catch of 10,000-14,000 tonsIllicit drugs:increasingly used as transit hub by heroin traffickersEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $51 millionCurrency:1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05(January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26(1990), 319.01 (1989)note:the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French francfrom CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948Fiscal year:calendar year
@Togo, Communications
Railroads:570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single trackHighways:total:6,462 kmpaved:1,762 kmunpaved:unimproved earth 4,700 kmInland waterways:50 km Mono RiverPorts:Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)Merchant marine:2 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118GRT/20,529 DWTAirports:total:9usable:9with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented byopen wire lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV;satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
@Togo, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, GendarmerieManpower availability:males age 15-49 898,448; fit for military service 471,807Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
@Tokelau
Header Affiliation: (territory of New Zealand)
@Tokelau, Geography
Location: Oceania, Polynesia, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 10 sq km land area: 10 sq km comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 101 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt international agreements: NA
@Tokelau, People
Population:1,523 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:-1.35% (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Tokelauan(s)adjective:TokelauanEthnic divisions:PolynesianReligions:Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%note:on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu,all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with theCongregational Christian Church predominantLanguages:Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), EnglishLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NA
@Tokelau, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:TokelauDigraph:TLType:territory of New ZealandCapital:none; each atoll has its own administrative centerAdministrative divisions:none (territory of New Zealand)Independence:none (territory of New Zealand)National holiday:Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi establishedBritish sovereignty over New Zealand)Constitution:administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970Legal system:British and local statutesSuffrage:NAExecutive branch:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government:Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990; appointed by the Ministerof Foreign Affairs in New Zealand); Official Secretary Casimilo J.PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governingCouncil will elect its first head of governmentLegislative branch:unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atollJudicial branch:High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New ZealandPolitical parties and leaders:NAMember of:SPC, WHO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US:none (territory of New Zealand)US diplomatic representation:none (territory of New Zealand)Flag:the flag of New Zealand is used
@Tokelau, Economy
Overview:Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatlyrestrain economic development and confine agriculture to thesubsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand tomaintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater thanGDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra,postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is alsoremitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$800 (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$430,830expenditures:$2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)Exports:$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)commodities:stamps, copra, handicraftspartners:NZImports:$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)commodities:foodstuffs, building materials, fuelpartners:NZExternal debt:$0Industrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:capacity:200 kWproduction:300,000 kWhconsumption per capita:180 kWh (1990)Industries:small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craftgoods; stamps, coins; fishingAgriculture:coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya,bananas; pigs, poultry, goatsEconomic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $24 millionCurrency:1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates:New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.7771 (January 1994), 1.8495(1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989)Fiscal year:1 April-31 March
@Tokelau, Communications
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA Ports: none; offshore anchorage only Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa Telecommunications: radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
@Tokelau, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
@Tonga, Geography
Location: Oceania, Polynesia, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand Map references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 748 sq km land area: 718 sq km comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 419 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base Natural resources: fish, fertile soil Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 55% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 2% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: deforestation natural hazards: subject to cyclones (October to April) international agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation Note: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)
@Tonga, People
Population: 104,778 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.79% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 24.76 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 20.79 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.97 years male: 65.64 years female: 70.43 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.62 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300 Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) Languages: Tongan, English Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write simple message in Tongan or English (1976) total population: 57% male: 60% female: 60% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)
@Tonga, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Tongaconventional short form:Tongaformer:Friendly IslandsDigraph:TNType:hereditary constitutional monarchyCapital:Nuku'alofaAdministrative divisions:three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'uIndependence:4 June 1970 (from UK)National holiday:Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)Constitution:4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967Legal system:based on English lawSuffrage:all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21Executive branch:chief of state:King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)head of government:Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy PrimeMinister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the kingPrivy Council:consists of the king and the cabinetLegislative branch:unicameralLegislative Assembly (Fale Alea):elections last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6proreform, 3 traditionalistJudicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian DemocraticParty, leader NAMember of:ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US:Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in Londonconsulate(s) general:San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation:the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accreditedto Tonga and makes periodic visitsFlag:red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-sidecorner