Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Aminatta DIBBA chancery: Suite 1000, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 785-1399, 1379, 1425 FAX: [1] (202) 785-1430
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Andrew J. WINTER embassy: Fajara, Kairaba Avenue, Banjul mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391970, 391971 FAX: [220] 392475
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green
@The Gambia:Economy
Overview: The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a limited agricultural base. About 75% of the population is engaged in crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - accounts for less than 10% of GDP. A sustained structural adjustment program, including a liberalized trade policy, had fostered a respectable 4% rate of growth in recent years. Reexport trade constitutes one-third of economic activity; however, border closures associated with Senegal's monetary crisis in late 1993 led to a halving of reexport trade, reducing government revenues in turn. The 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 has made Senegalese goods more competitive and apparently prompted a relaxation of Senegalese controls, paving the way for a comeback in reexports. But overwhelming these developments were the devastating effects of the military's takeover in July 1994. By October, traffic at the Port of Banjul had fallen precipitously as importers nervously scaled back their activities with the commencement of the anticorruption drive by the new regime. Concerned with the growing potential for serious unrest after a countercoup attempt was bloodily put down by the regime, the United Kingdom and the EU in November issued a travelers advisory for The Gambia, which brought a halt to tourism almost immediately. The Gambia faces additional problems in 1995 if, as is likely, economic sanctions by Western governments remain in effect in response to indications that the military regime intends to stay in power far longer than expected by the donors.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $1,050 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1993)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $94 millionexpenditures: $89 million, including capital expenditures of $24million (FY92/93 est.)
Exports: $81 million (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.)commodities: peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palmkernelspartners: Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989)
Imports: $154 million (f.o.b., FY92/93 est.)commodities: foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machineryand transport equipmentpartners: Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%,other 3% (1989)
External debt: $286 million (FY92/93 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 6.7%
Electricity: capacity: 30,000 kW production: 70 million kWh consumption per capita: 64 kWh (1993)
Industries: peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; one-third of food requirements is imported; major export crop is peanuts; other principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully exploited
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $535 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million
Currency: 1 dalasi (D) = 100 butut
Exchange rates: dalasi (D) per US$1 - 9.565 (January 1995), 9.576 (1994), 9.129 (1993), 8.888 (1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@The Gambia:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 3,083 km paved: 431 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 501 km; unimproved earth 2,151 km
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: Banjul
Merchant marine: total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,194 GRT/19,394 DWT
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1
@The Gambia:Communications
Telephone system: 3,500 telephones; telephone density - 4telephones/1,000 personslocal: NAintercity: adequate network of radio relay and wireinternational: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@The Gambia:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 214,680; males fit for militaryservice 108,659 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 million, 3.8% ofGDP (FY93/94)
________________________________________________________________________
Note—The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provides for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, final status negotiations are to begin no later than the beginning of the third year of the transitional period.
@Gaza Strip:Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Israel
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 360 sq kmland area: 360 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims: Israeli occupied with interim status subject toIsraeli/Palestinian negotiations - final status to be determined
International disputes: West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with interim status subject to Israeli/Palestinian negotiations - final status to be determined
Climate: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Terrain: flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 32% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 55%
Irrigated land: 115 sq km (1992 est.)
Environment: current issues: desertification natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA
Note: there are 24 Jewish settlements and civilian land use sites in the Gaza Strip (August 1994 est.)
@Gaza Strip:People
Population: 813,322 (July 1995 est.)note: in addition, there are 4,800 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip(August 1994 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 52% (female 205,192; male 215,158)15-64 years: 45% (female 185,748; male 183,886)65 years and over: 3% (female 13,106; male 10,232) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 4.55% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 50.24 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.75 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 30.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.09 years male: 69.56 years female: 72.69 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 7.74 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: NA adjective: NA
Ethnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 98.7%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish0.6%
Languages: Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English(widely understood)
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NAby occupation: construction 33.4%, agriculture 20.0%, commerce,restaurants, and hotels 14.9%, industry 10.0%, other services 21.7%(1991)note: excluding Jewish settlers
@Gaza Strip:Government
Note: Under the Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements ("the DOP"), Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, and subsequently to an elected Palestinian Council, as part of interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho has taken place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israelis. Final status is to be determined through direct negotiations within five years.
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Gaza Striplocal long form: nonelocal short form: Qita Ghazzah
Digraph: GZ
@Gaza Strip:Economy
Overview: In 1991 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker remittances supplementing GDP by roughly 50%. Gaza depends upon Israel for nearly 90% of its external trade. Aggravating the impact of Israeli military administration, unrest in the territory since 1988 (intifadah) has raised unemployment and lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt blows to Gaza since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have dropped, unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen. The withdrawal of Israel from the Gaza Strip in May 1994 brings a new set of adjustment problems.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $2,400 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (1993)
Unemployment rate: 45% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $33.6 millionexpenditures: $34.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY89/90)
Exports: $83 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: citruspartners: Israel, Egypt
Imports: $365 million (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: food, consumer goods, construction materials partners: Israel, Egypt
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate 11% (1991 est.)
Electricity: power supplied by Israel
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial center
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits; vegetables; beef anddairy products
Economic aid: $240 million disbursed from international aid pledges in1994
Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.0270 (December 1994), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992)
@Gaza Strip:Transportation
Railroads:total: NA km; note - one line, abandoned and in disrepair, littletrackage remains
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA note: small, poorly developed road network
Ports: Gaza
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 1
@Gaza Strip:Communications
Telephone system: NA; note - 10% of Palestinian households havetelephones (1992 est.)local: NAintercity: NAinternational: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA; note - 95% of Palestinian households have radios (1992est.)
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA; note - 59% of Palestinian households have televisions(1992 est.)
@Gaza Strip:Defense Forces
Branches: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
Note—Georgia has been beset by ethnic and civil strife since independence. In late 1991, the country's first elected president, Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA was ousted in an armed coup. In October 1993, GAMSAKHURDIA, and his supporters sponsored a failed attempt to retake power from the current government led by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard SHEVARDNADZE. The Georgian government has also faced armed separatist conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions. A cease-fire went into effect in South Ossetia in June 1992 and a joint Georgian-Ossetian-Russian peacekeeping force has been in place since that time. Georgian forces were driven out of the Abkhaz region in September 1993 after a yearlong war with Abkhaz separatists. Nearly 200,000 Georgian refugees have since fled Abkhazia, adding substantially to the estimated 100,000 internally displaced persons already in Georgia. Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the border of Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia.
@Georgia:Geography
Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 69,700 sq kmland area: 69,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than South Carolina
Land boundaries: total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km,Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km
Coastline: 310 km
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: none
Climate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Terrain: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland
Natural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Land use: arable land: 11% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 29% forest and woodland: 38% other: 18%
Irrigated land: 4,660 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavypollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies ofpotable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicalsnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
@Georgia:People
Population: 5,725,972 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 24% (female 674,331; male 707,355)15-64 years: 64% (female 1,894,681; male 1,791,847)65 years and over: 12% (female 410,703; male 247,055) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.77% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.77 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.1 years male: 69.43 years female: 76.95 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Georgian(s) adjective: Georgian
Ethnic divisions: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%,Armenian Orthodox 8%, unknown 6%
Languages: Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%,other 7%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)total population: 99%male: 100%female: 98%
Labor force: 2.763 million by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44% (1990)
@Georgia:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Georgiaconventional short form: Georgialocal long form: Sak'art'velos Respublikalocal short form: Sak'art'veloformer: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph: GG
Type: republic
Capital: T'bilisi
Administrative divisions: 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); Abkhazia (Sokhumi), Ajaria (Bat'umi) note: the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction
Independence: 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 May (1991)
Constitution: adopted 21 February 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and popular review by late 1995
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Chairman of Parliament Eduard AmvrosiyevichSHEVARDNADZE (Chairman of the Government Council since 10 March 1992;elected Chairman of Parliament in 11 October 1992; note - theGovernment Council has since been disbanded); election last held 11October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - EduardSHEVARDNADZE 95%head of government: Prime Minister Otar PATSATSIA (since September1993); Deputy Prime Ministers Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI(since 25 November 1992), Tamaz NADAREISHVILI (since September 1993),Temur BASILIA (since 17 March 1994), Bakur GULA (since NA)cabinet: Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): elections last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Citizens Union (CU), EduardSHEVARDNADZE, Zurab SHVANIA, general secretary; National DemocraticParty (NDP), Georgi (Gia) CHANTURIA, Ivane GIORGADZE; UnitedRepublican Party, umbrella organization for parties including the GPFand the Charter 1991 Party, cochairmen Bakhtand DZABIRADZE, NotarNATADZE, and Theodor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Popular Front (GPF), NodarNATADZE, chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Thedor PAATASHVILI; GeorgianSocial Democratic Party (GSDP), Guram MUCHAIDZE, secretary general;National Reconstruction and Rebirth of Georgia Union, ValerianADVADZE; Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Irakli SHENGELAYA;Democratic Georgia Union (DGU), El'dar SHENGELAYA; NationalIndependence Party (NIP), Irakliy TSERETELI, chairman; GeorgianMonarchists' Party (GMP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI; Green Party, ZurabZHVANIA; Republican Party (RP), Ivliane KHAINDRAVA; Workers' Union ofGeorgia (WUG), Vakhtang GABUNIA; Agrarian Party of Georgia (APG), RoinLIPARTELIANI; Choice Society (Archevani), Jaba IOSELIANI, chairman;Georgian Workers Communist Party, Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman;National Liberation Front, Tengiz SIGULA, chairman
Other political or pressure groups: supporters of ousted PresidentZviad GAMSAKHURDIA (deceased 1 January 1994) boycotted the Octoberelections and remain a source of opposition
Member of: BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Tedo JAPARIDZEchancery: (temporary) Suite 424, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC20005telephone: [1] (202) 393-6060, 5959
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN embassy: #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi 380026 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (8832) 98-99-67, 93-38-03 FAX: [7] (8832) 93-37-59
Flag: maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below
@Georgia:Economy
Overview: Georgia's economy has traditionally revolved around Black Sea tourism; cultivation of citrus fruits, tea, and grapes; mining of manganese and copper; and a small industrial sector producing wine, metals, machinery, chemicals, and textiles. The country imports the bulk of its energy needs, including natural gas and oil products. Its only sizable domestic energy resource is hydropower. Since 1990, widespread conflicts, e.g., in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Mingreliya, have severely aggravated the economic crisis resulting from the disintegration of the Soviet command economy in December 1991. Throughout 1993 and 1994, much of industry was functioning at only 20% of capacity; heavy disruptions in agricultural cultivation were reported; and tourism was shut down. The country is precariously dependent on US and EU humanitarian grain shipments, as most other foods are priced beyond reach of the average citizen. Georgia is also suffering from an acute energy crisis, as it is having problems paying for even minimal imports. Georgia is pinning its hopes for recovery on reestablishing trade ties with Russia and on developing international transportation through the key Black Sea ports of P'ot'i and Bat'umi. The government began a tenuous program in 1994 aiming to stabilize prices and reduce large consumer subsidies.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,060 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40.5% per month (2nd half 1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: officially less than 5% but real unemployment may be more than 20%, with even larger numbers of underemployed workers
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $NAcommodities: citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products;diverse types of machinery; ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles;chemicals; fuel re-exportspartners: Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992)
Imports: $NAcommodities: fuel, grain and other foods, machinery and parts,transport equipmentpartners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (1993); note - EU and US senthumanitarian food shipments
External debt: NA (T'bilisi owes about $400 million to Turkmenistanfor natural gas as of January 1995)
Industrial production: growth rate -27% (1993); accounts for 36% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 4,410,000 kW production: 9.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,526 kWh (1993)
Industries: heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, airplanes; machine tools, foundry equipment, electric locomotives, tower cranes, electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation and meat packing, electric motors, process control equipment, instruments; trucks, tractors, and other farm machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes; chemicals; wood-working industries; the most important food industry is wine
Agriculture: accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; important producer of grapes; also cultivates vegetables and potatoes; dependent on imports for grain, dairy products, sugar; small livestock sector
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:recipient: heavily dependent on US and EU for humanitarian grainshipments; EC granted around $70 million in trade credits in 1992 andanother $40 million in 1993; Turkey granted $50 million in 1993;smaller scale credits granted by Russia and China
Currency: coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari at undetermined future date; in July 1993 use of the Russian ruble was banned
Exchange rates: coupons per $US1 - 1,280,000 (end December 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Georgia:Transportation
Railroads:total: 1,570 km in common carrier service; does not include industriallinesbroad gauge: 1,570 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:total: 33,900 kmpaved and graveled: 29,500 kmunpaved: earth 4,400 km (1990)
Pipelines: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440km (1992)
Ports: Bat'umi, P'ot'i, Sokhumi
Merchant marine:total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 419,416 GRT/640,897 DWTships by type: bulk 11, cargo 1, oil tanker 19, short-sea passenger 1
Airports:total: 28with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with unpaved runways under 914 m: 6
Note: transportation network is in poor condition and disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network lacks maintenance and repair
@Georgia:Communications
Telephone system: 672,000 telephones (mid-1993); 117 telephones/1,000persons; poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications fortelephones (December 1990)local: NAintercity: NAinternational: links via landline to CIS members and Turkey;low-capacity satellite link and leased international connections viathe Moscow international gateway switch with other countries;international electronic mail and telex service available
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Georgia:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Interior Ministry Troops, BorderGuards/National Guard
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,385,593; males fit formilitary service 1,095,835; males reach military age (18) annually42,207 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $85 million, NA% ofGDP (1992)
Note: Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under thegovernment's control
________________________________________________________________________
@Germany:Geography
Location: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 356,910 sq kmland area: 349,520 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Montananote: includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, theGerman Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on3 October 1990
Land boundaries: total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, CzechRepublic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km,Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km
Coastline: 2,389 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity
Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel
Land use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 16% forest and woodland: 30% other: 19%
Irrigated land: 4,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: emissions from coal-burning utilities and industriesand lead emissions from vehicle exhausts (the result of continued useof leaded fuels) contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resultingfrom sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; heavy pollution inthe Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers ineastern Germanynatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, AirPollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-EnvironmentalProtocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, TropicalTimber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - AirPollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes
Note: strategic location on North European Plain and along theentrance to the Baltic Sea
@Germany:People
Population: 81,337,541 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 16% (female 6,518,108; male 6,857,577)15-64 years: 68% (female 27,167,824; male 28,130,083)65 years and over: 16% (female 8,127,938; male 4,536,011) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 0.26% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 10.98 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.83 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 2.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.62 years male: 73.5 years female: 79.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: German(s) adjective: German
Ethnic divisions: German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other 1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the war in the former Yugoslavia)
Religions: Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18%
Languages: German
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991 est.)total population: 99%
Labor force: 36.75 millionby occupation: industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987)
@Germany:Government
Names:conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germanyconventional short form: Germanylocal long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschlandlocal short form: Deutschland
Digraph: GM
Type: federal republic
Capital: Berlinnote: the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period ofyears with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and severalministries
Administrative divisions: 16 states (laender, singular - land);Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg,Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen,Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt,Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen
Independence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991
National holiday: German Unity Day (Day of Unity), 3 October (1990)
Constitution: 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Roman HERZOG (since 1 July 1994)head of government: Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president upon the proposal of thechancellor
Legislative branch: bicameral chamber (no official name for the twochambers as a whole)Federal Assembly (Bundestag): last held 16 October 1994 (next to beheld by NA 1998); results - CDU 34.2%, SPD 36.4%, Alliance 90/Greens7.3%, CSU 7.3%, FDP 6.9%, PDS 4.4%, Republicans 1.9% ; seats - (662total, but number can vary) CDU 244, SPD 252, Alliance 90/Greens 49,CSU 50, FDP 47, PDS 30; elected by direct popular vote under a systemcombining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5%of the national vote or 3 direct mandates to gain representationFederal Council (Bundesrat): State governments are directlyrepresented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on size and arerequired to vote as a block; current composition: votes - (68 total)SPD-led states 37, CDU-led states 31
Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court(Bundesverfassungsgericht)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU),Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL,chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus KINKEL, chairman; SocialDemocratic Party (SPD), Rudolf SCHARPING, chairman; Alliance'90/Greens, Krista SAGER, Juergen TRITTIN, cochairpersons; Party ofDemocratic Socialism (PDS), Lothar BISKY, chairman; Republikaner, RolfSCHLIERER, chairman; National Democratic Party (NPD), Guenter DECKERT;Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER
Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veteransgroups
Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS,CBSS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO,G- 5, G- 7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG,OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UNITAR, UNOMIG, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juergen CHROBOG chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-4000 FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle consulate(s): Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and Wellington (America Samoa)
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN embassy: Deichmanns Aue 29, 53170 Bonn mailing address: Unit 21701, Bonn; APO AE 09080 telephone: [49] (228) 3391 FAX: [49] (228) 339-2663 branch office: Berlin consulate(s) general: Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow
@Germany:Economy
Overview: Five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, progress towards economic integration between eastern and western Germany is clearly visible, yet the eastern region almost certainly will remain dependent on subsidies funded by western Germany until well into the next century. The staggering $390 billion in western German assistance that the eastern states have received since 1990 - 40 times the amount in real terms of US Marshall Fund aid sent to West Germany after World War II - is just beginning to have an impact on the eastern German standard of living, which plummeted after unification. Assistance to the east continues to run at roughly $100 billion annually. Although the growth rate in the east was much greater than in the west in 1993-94, eastern GDP per capita nonetheless remains well below preunification levels; it will take 10-15 years for the eastern states to match western Germany's living standards. The economic recovery in the east is led by the construction industries which account for one-third of industrial output, with growth increasingly supported by the service sectors and light manufacturing industries. Eastern Germany's economy is changing from one anchored on manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy. Western Germany, with three times the per capita output of the eastern states, has an advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports. The strong recovery in 1994 from recession began in the export sector and spread to the investment and consumption sectors in response to falling interest rates. Western Germany has a highly urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. It is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activities, and raw materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports.
National product:Germany: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.3446 trillion (1994 est.)western: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2363 trillion (1994 est.)eastern: GDP - purchasing power parity - $108.3 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate:Germany: 2.9% (1994 est.)western: 2.3% (1994 est.)eastern: 9.2% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:Germany: $16,580 (1994 est.)western: $19,660 (1994 est.)eastern: $5,950 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):western: 3% (1994)eastern: 3.2% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate:western: 8.2% (December 1994)eastern: 13.5% (December 1994)
Budget:revenues: $690 billionexpenditures: $780 billion, including capital expenditures of $96.5billion (1994)
Exports: $437 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, raw materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993) partners: EC 47.9% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 7.5%, UK 7.7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.6%), EFTA 15.5%, US 7.7%, Eastern Europe 5.2%, OPEC 3.0% (1993)
Imports: $362 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: manufactures 75.1%, agricultural products 10.0%, fuels 8.3%, raw materials 5.0% (1993) partners: EC 46.4% (France 11.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 5.7%), EFTA 14.3%, US 7.3%, Japan 6.3%, Eastern Europe 5.1%, OPEC 2.6% (1993)
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: western: growth rate 2.8% (1994) eastern: growth rate $NA
Electricity: capacity: 115,430,000 kW production: 493 billion kWh consumption per capita: 5,683 kWh (1993)
Industries:western: among world's largest and technologically advanced producersof iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machinetools, electronics; food and beverageseastern: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding,machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining
Agriculture:western: accounts for about 1% of GDP (including fishing andforestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops andlivestock include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit,cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net importer of foodeastern: accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing andforestry); principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugarbeets, fruit; livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk,hides and skins; net importer of food
Illicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South Americancocaine processors; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andLatin American cocaine for West European markets
Economic aid:western-donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billioneastern-donor: bilateral to non-Communist less developed countries(1956-89) $4 billion
Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige
Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.5313 (January 1995), 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Germany:Transportation
Railroads:total: 43,457 kmstandard gauge: 43,190 km (electrified 16,694 km)narrow gauge: 267 km (1994)
Highways:total: 636,282 kmpaved: 501,282 km (10,955 km of autobahn)unpaved: 135,000 km (1991)
Inland waterways:western: 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhineand Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Seaand North Seaeastern: 2,319 km (1988)
Pipelines: crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; naturalgas 97,564 km (1988)
Ports: Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden,Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lubeck, Magdeburg,Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart
Merchant marine:total: 481 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,065,074 GRT/6,409,198DWTships by type: barge carrier 6, bulk 8, cargo 224, chemical tanker 16,combination bulk 4, combination ore/oil 5, container 158, liquefiedgas tanker 13, oil tanker 10, passenger 3, railcar carrier 4,refrigerated cargo 7, roll-on/roll-off cargo 18, short-sea passenger 5
note: the German register includes ships of the former East and WestGermany
Airports:total: 660with paved runways over 3,047 m: 13with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 64with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 68with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 53with paved runways under 914 m: 381with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 62
@Germany:Communications
Telephone system:western: 40,300,000 telephones; highly developed, moderntelecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequatein all respects; intensively developed, highly redundant cable andmicrowave radio relay networks, all completely automaticlocal: very modernintercity: domestic satellite, microwave radio relay, and cablesystemsinternational: 12 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean), 2 INTELSAT (IndianOcean), and 1 EUTELSAT earth station; 2 HF radiocommunication centers;tropospheric scatter linkseastern: 3,970,000 telephones; badly needs modernizationlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 INTELSAT earth station and 1 Intersputnik system
Radio:western: NAbroadcast stations: AM 80, FM 470, shortwave 0radios: NAeastern: NAbroadcast stations: AM 23, FM 17, shortwave 0radios: 67 million
Television:broadcast stations: 246 (repeaters 6,000); note - there are 15 Russianrepeaters in eastern Germanytelevisions: 25 million in western Germany, 6 million in easternGermany
@Germany:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm), Air Force, BorderPolice, Coast Guard
Manpower availability: males 15-49 20,274,127; males fit for militaryservice 17,472,940; males reach military age (18) annually 428,082(1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $40 billion, 1.8% ofGNP (1995)
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@Ghana:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, betweenCote d'Ivoire and Togo
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 238,540 sq kmland area: 230,020 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km,Togo 877 km
Coastline: 539 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-centralarea
Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite,manganese, fish, rubber
Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 37% other: 36%
Irrigated land: 80 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: recent drought in north severely affectingagricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; waterpollution; inadequate supplies of potable waternatural hazards: dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January toMarch; droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands;signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification, MarineLife Conservation
Note: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake; northeasterlyharmattan wind (January to March)
@Ghana:People
Population: 17,763,138 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 46% (female 4,030,154; male 4,069,945)15-64 years: 51% (female 4,638,451; male 4,494,533)65 years and over: 3% (female 276,186; male 253,869) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.06% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 43.57 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.02 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 81.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 55.85 years male: 53.88 years female: 57.88 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.09 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Ghanaian(s) adjective: Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%,Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%
Languages: English (official), African languages (including Akan,Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 60%male: 70%female: 51%
Labor force: 3.7 millionby occupation: agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, salesand clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%,professional 3.7%
@Ghana:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Ghanaconventional short form: Ghanaformer: Gold Coast
Digraph: GH
Type: constitutional democracy
Capital: Accra
Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central,Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta,Western
Independence: 6 March 1957 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
Constitution: new constitution approved 28 April 1992
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Jerry John RAWLINGS(since 3 November 1992) election last held 3 November 1992 (next to beheld November 1996); results - opposition boycotted the election, theNational Democratic Congress won 198 of the total 200 seats and 2seats were won by independentscabinet: Cabinet; president nominates members subject to approval bythe Parliament
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly: elections last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held December 1996); results - opposition boycotted the election; the National Democratic Congress won 198 0f 200 total seats and independents won 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress, JerryJohn RAWLINGS; New Patriotic Party, Albert Adu BOAHEN; People'sHeritage Party, Alex ERSKINE; various other smaller parties
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN,UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNU, UPU,WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ekwow SPIO-GARBRAH chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520 FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN (scheduled to leave inJune 1995)embassy: Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accramailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accratelephone: [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775297, 775298FAX: [233] (21) 776008
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
@Ghana:Economy
Overview: Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana is relatively well off, having twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. Heavily reliant on international assistance, Ghana has made steady progress in liberalizing its economy since 1983. Overall growth continued at a rate of approximately 5% in 1994, due largely to increased gold, timber, and cocoa production - major sources of foreign exchange. The economy, however, continues to revolve around subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 45% of GDP and employs 55% of the work force, mainly small landholders. Public sector wage increases, regional peacekeeping commitments, and the containment of internal unrest in the underdeveloped north have placed substantial demands on the government's budget and have led to inflationary deficit financing and a 27% depreciation of the cedi in 1994.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $22.6 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,310 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1991)
Budget:revenues: $1.05 billionexpenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $178million (1993)
Exports: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: cocoa 40%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminumpartners: Germany 31%, US 12%, UK 11%, Netherlands 6%, Japan 5% (1991)
Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)commodities: petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods,capital equipmentpartners: UK 22%, US 11%, Germany 9%, Japan 6%
External debt: $4.6 billion (December 1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% in manufacturing (1993); accounts for almost 15% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 1,180,000 kW production: 6.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 323 kWh (1993)
Industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food processing
Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin destined for Europe and the US
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million;Communist countries (1970-89) $106 million
Currency: 1 new cedi (C) = 100 pesewas
Exchange rates: new cedis per US$1 - 1,046.74 (December 1994), 936.71 (1994), 649.06 (1993), 437.09 (1992), 367.83 (1991), 326.33 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Ghana:Transportation
Railroads:total: 953 km; note - undergoing major renovationnarrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track)
Highways:total: 32,250 kmpaved: concrete, bituminous 6,084 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 26,166 km
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways
Pipelines: none
Ports: Takoradi, Tema
Merchant marine:total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 27,427 GRT/35,894 DWTships by type: cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1
Airports:total: 12with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2with paved runways under 914 m: 2with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2
@Ghana:Communications
Telephone system: 42,300 telephones; poor to fair system; telephonedensity - 2.4/1,000 personslocal: NAintercity: primarily microwave radio relayinternational: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 4 (translators 8)televisions: NA
@Ghana:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Palace Guard, CivilDefense
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,975,767; males fit formilitary service 2,217,032; males reach military age (18) annually170,723 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $108 million, 1.5% ofGDP (1993)
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