@Midway Islands:Communications
Telephone system: local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Midway Islands:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
@Moldova:Geography
Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States
Area:total area: 33,700 sq kmland area: 33,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
Land boundaries: total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940
Climate: moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
Land use: arable land: 50% permanent crops: 13% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 0% other: 28%
Irrigated land: 2,920 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including bannedpesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;extensive soil erosion from poor farming methodsnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,Climate Change
Note: landlocked
@Moldova:People
Population: 4,489,657 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 27% (female 588,155; male 609,372)15-64 years: 64% (female 1,487,170; male 1,386,293)65 years and over: 9% (female 258,958; male 159,709) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.36% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 29.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.22 years male: 64.81 years female: 71.8 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan
Ethnic divisions: Moldavian/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in theDniester region and Gagauz Turks in the south
Religions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about1,000 members) (1991)note: the large majority of churchgoers are ethnic Moldavian
Languages: Moldovan (official; virtually the same as the Romanianlanguage), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)total population: 96%male: 99%female: 94%
Labor force: 2.03 million (January 1994) by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
@Moldova:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Moldovaconventional short form: Moldovalocal long form: Republica Moldovalocal short form: noneformer: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Digraph: MD
Type: republic
Capital: Chisinau
Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; new districts possible under new constitution in 1994
Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991
Constitution: new constitution adopted NA July 1994; replaces oldSoviet constitution of 1979
Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and OSCE documents
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990);election last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results- Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote; note - PresidentSNEGUR was named executive president by the Supreme Soviet on 3September 1990 and was confirmed by popular election on 8 December1991head of government: Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992;reappointed 5 April 1994 after elections for new legislature); FirstDeputy Prime Minister Ion GUTU (since NA)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president onrecommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament: elections last held 27 February 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent by party NA; seats - (104 total) Agrarian-Democratic Party 56, Socialist/Yedinstvo Bloc 28, Peasants and Intellectual Bloc 11, Christian Democratic Popular Front 9
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front(formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Iurie ROSCA, chairman; YedinstvoIntermovement, Vladimir SOLONARI, chairman; Social Democratic Party,Oazu NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian-Democratic Party,Dumitru MOTPAN, chairman; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman;Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman; Reform Party,Anatol SELARU; Republican Party, Victor PUSCAS; Socialist Party,Valeriu SENIC, cochairman; Communist Party, Vladimir VORONIN,cochairman; Peasants and Intellectuals Bloc
Other political or pressure groups: United Council of LaborCollectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Congress of Intellectuals,Alexandru MOSANU; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK,chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM),L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D.TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement GagauzKhalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia(DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People ofMoldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for GreaterRomania; Stefan the Great Movement; Liberal Convention of Moldova;Association of Victims of Repression; Christian Democratic YouthLeague
Member of: BSEC, CE (guest), CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO,IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU,NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nicolae TAU chancery: Suites 329, 333, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 783-3012 FAX: [1] (202) 783-3342
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72 FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44
Flag: same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
@Moldova:Economy
Overview: Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, Moldova's economy is primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, and energy shortages have contributed to sharp production declines since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Moldovan government is making steady progress on an ambitious economic reform agenda, and the IMF has called Moldova a model for the region. As part of its reform efforts, Chisinau has introduced a stable currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises and backed their steady privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. Chisinau appears strongly committed to continuing these reforms in 1995. Meanwhile, privatization of medium and large enterprises got underway in mid-1994 and is expected to pick up speed in 1995. To improve its precarious energy situation, Chisinau reached an agreement with Moscow in December 1994 on gas deliveries for 1995. Gazprom, Russia's national gas company, has agreed to reduce prices for natural gas deliveries to Moldova from the world market price of $80/thousand cubic meters (tcm) to $58/tcm in return for part ownership of the Moldovan pipeline system.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $11.9 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,670 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.6% per month (1994)
Unemployment rate: 1% (includes only officially registered unemployed;large numbers of underemployed workers)
Budget:revenues: $NAexpenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAnote: budget deficit for 1993 approximately 6% of GDP
Exports: $144 million to outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% of exports go to FSU countries commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals (1991) partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania, Germany
Imports: $174 million from outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% of imports are from FSU countries commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel, machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer durables partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania, Germany
External debt: $300 million (as of 11 December 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate -30% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 3,000,000 kW production: 8.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,830 kWh (1994)
Industries: key products are canned food, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, refined sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP; Moldova's principaleconomic activity; products are vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugarbeets, sunflower seed, meat, milk, tobacco
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostlyfor CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to WesternEurope
Economic aid:recipient: joint EC-US loan (1993), $127 million; IMF STF credit(1993), $64 million; IMF stand-by loan (1993), $72 million; UScommitments (1992-93), $61 million in humanitarian aid, $11 million intechnical assistance; World Bank loan (1993), $60 million; Russia(1993), 50 billion ruble credit; Romania (1993), 20 billion lei credit
Currency: the leu (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993
Exchange rates: lei per US$1 - 4.277 (22 December 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Moldova:Transportation
Railroads:total: 1,150 km in common carrier service; does not include industriallinesbroad gauge: 1,150 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:total: 20,000 kmpaved or graveled: 13,900 kmunpaved: earth 6,100 km (1990)
Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992)
Ports: none
Airports:total: 26with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2with paved runways under 914 m: 3with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with unpaved runways under 914 m: 8
@Moldova:Communications
Telephone system: 577,000 telephones; 134 telephones/1,000 persons;telecommunication system not well developed; 215,000 unsatisfiedrequests for telephone service (1991)local: NAintercity: NAinternational: international connections to the other former Sovietrepublics by land line and microwave radio relay through Ukraine, andto other countries by leased connections to the Moscow internationalgateway switch; 1 EUTELSAT and 1 INTELSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Moldova:Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic SecurityForces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,116,912; males fit for military service 881,642; males reach military age (18) annually 35,447 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, 2% of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
@Monaco:Geography
Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 1.9 sq kmland area: 1.9 sq kmcomparative area: about three times the size of The Mall inWashington, DC
Land boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km
Coastline: 4.1 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: NAnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law ofthe Sea
Note: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See);almost entirely urban
@Monaco:People
Population: 31,515 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 17% (female 2,691; male 2,740)15-64 years: 63% (female 10,233; male 9,645)65 years and over: 20% (female 3,939; male 2,267) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.7% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.12 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 8.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.9 years male: 74.18 years female: 81.8 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) adjective: Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions: Roman Catholic 95%
Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
@Monaco:Government
Names:conventional long form: Principality of Monacoconventional short form: Monacolocal long form: Principaute de Monacolocal short form: Monaco
Digraph: MN
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier);Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday: National Day, 19 November
Constitution: 17 December 1962
Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 25 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); HeirApparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)head of government: Minister of State Paul DIJOUD (since NA)cabinet: Council of Government; under the authority of the Prince
Legislative branch: unicameralNational Council (Conseil National): elections last held 24 and 31January 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by partyNA; seats - (18 total) Campora List 15, Medecin List 2, independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND);Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-Louis MEDECIN
Member of: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US:honorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, NewOrleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, andWashington, DC
US diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US ConsulGeneral in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
@Monaco:Economy
Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $558 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $18,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NEGL%
Budget:revenues: $424 millionexpenditures: $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1991 est.)
Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects andrebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market systemthrough customs union with France
Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity:capacity: 10,000 kW standby; power imported from Franceproduction: NA kWhconsumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)
Agriculture: none
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9243 (January 1995), 5.520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Monaco:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1.7 km standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: Monaco
Merchant marine: none
Airports: linked to airport in Nice, France, by helicopter service
@Monaco:Communications
Telephone system: 38,200 telephones; automatic telephone systemlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: no satellite links; served by cable into the Frenchcommunications system
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 5televisions: NA
@Monaco:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
________________________________________________________________________
@Mongolia:Geography
Location: Northern Asia, north of China
Map references: Asia
Area:total area: 1.565 million sq kmland area: 1.565 million sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperatureranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west andsouthwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 79% forest and woodland: 10% other: 10%
Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies of theformer communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrialgrowth have raised concerns about their negative effects on theenvironment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration offactories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air;deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land toagricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind andrain; desertificationnatural hazards: duststorms can occur in the springinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified- Desertification, Law of the Sea
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
@Mongolia:People
Population: 2,493,615 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 40% (female 495,919; male 511,464)15-64 years: 56% (female 693,037; male 693,776)65 years and over: 4% (female 54,991; male 44,428) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.58% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 32.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.54 years male: 64.28 years female: 68.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.26 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NAby occupation: primarily herding/agriculturalnote: over half the adult population is in the labor force, includinga large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
@Mongolia:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Mongolialocal long form: nonelocal short form: Mongol Ulsformer: Outer Mongolia
Digraph: MG
Type: republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor,Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay,Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September1990); election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997);results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with57.8% of the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and ChoijilsurengiynPUREVDORJ (since NA)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural
Legislative branch: unicameral State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1 note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party(MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general; MongolianNational Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; MongolianSocial Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; United Party ofMongolia, leader NAnote: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL,IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAAGIW chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606 FAX: [976] (1) 320776
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
@Mongolia:Economy
Overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has been gradually making the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth of the population below the poverty line.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,800 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Budget:revenues: $NAexpenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)note: deficit of $67 million
Exports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool,hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metalspartners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports: $361 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrialconsumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, teapartners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 900,000 kW production: 3.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993)
Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture: accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
Economic aid: NA
Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 415.34 (January 1995), 412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990) note: the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was in force to the end of 1992; beginning 27 May 1993 the exchange rate is the midpoint of the average buying and selling rates that are freely determined on the basis of market transactions between commercial banks and the nonbank public
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Mongolia:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,750 km broad gauge: 1,750 km 1.524-m gauge (1988)
Highways: total: 46,700 km paved: 1,000 km unpaved: 45,700 km (1988)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports: none
Airports:total: 34with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 3with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5
@Mongolia:Communications
Telephone system: 63,000 telephones (1989)local: NAintercity: NAinternational: at least 1 satellite earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0radios: 220,000
Television:broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters - 18)televisions: 120,000
@Mongolia:Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 605,633; males fit for military service 394,433; males reach military age (18) annually 25,862 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1% ofGDP (1992)
________________________________________________________________________
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Montserrat:Geography
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of PuertoRico
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 100 sq kmland area: 100 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 40% other: 30%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been clearedfor cultivationnatural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcaniceruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island)international agreements: NA
@Montserrat:People
Population: 12,738 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.3% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.5 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 9.81 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 11.69 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.69 years male: 73.93 years female: 77.49 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans
Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages: English
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970)total population: 97%male: 97%female: 97%
Labor force: 5,100by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%,construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%,manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other14.4% (1983 est.)
@Montserrat:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Montserrat
Digraph: MH
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Plymouth
Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges,Saint Peter's
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (secondSaturday of June)
Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Legal system: English common law and statute law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NA February 1993)head of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October1991)cabinet: Executive Council; consists of the governor, the chiefminister, three other ministries, the attorney-general, and thefinance secretary
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) ReubenT. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; NationalDevelopment Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL(subbureau), OECS, WCL
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
@Montserrat:Economy
Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $55.6 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: 1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita: $4,380 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1992)
Unemployment rate: NA
Budget:revenues: $12.1 millionexpenditures: $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2million (1988 est.)
Exports: $2.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers,live plants, cattlepartners: NA
Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materialspartners: NA
External debt: $2.05 million (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 5,271 kW production: 17 million kWh consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993)
Industries: tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops -tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especiallylivestock products
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $90 million
Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@Montserrat:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 280 km paved: 200 km unpaved: gravel, earth 80 km
Ports: Plymouth
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Montserrat:Communications
Telephone system: 3,000 telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@Montserrat:Defense Forces
Branches: Police Force
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
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@Morocco:Geography
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and theMediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 446,550 sq kmland area: 446,300 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443km
Coastline: 1,835 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areasof bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish,salt
Land use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 28% forest and woodland: 12% other: 41%
Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosionresulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction ofvegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation ofreservoirs; oil pollution of coastal watersnatural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable and subjectto earthquakes; periodic droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, MarineDumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but notratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
@Morocco:People
Population: 29,168,848 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38% (female 5,486,176; male 5,659,410)15-64 years: 58% (female 8,456,525; male 8,327,560)65 years and over: 4% (female 641,236; male 597,941) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.09% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 27.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 45.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.98 years male: 67.03 years female: 71.02 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.69 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often thelanguage of business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 50%male: 61%female: 38%
Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
@Morocco:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of Moroccoconventional short form: Moroccolocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyahlocal short form: Al Maghrib
Digraph: MO
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Rabat
Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, AlHoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Er Rachidia,Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra,Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*,Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, SidiKacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,Tiznit
Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of KingHassan II's accession to the throne)
Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)head of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May1994)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the King
Legislative branch: unicameralChamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected bydirect, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college ofgovernment, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popularelections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats (333 total, 222 directly elected)USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS 6, PDI 3,SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest elections last held 17September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (333 total, 111 indirectly elected) UC 27, MP 18,RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura and Istiqlal 6, USFP 4,PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammadal-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progressand Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic and PopularAction (OADP), leader NApro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; PopularMovement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND),Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP), MahjoubiAHARDANEindependents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA),Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NAlabor unions and community organizations (indirect elections) only):Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Unionof Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union ofWorkers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA
Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC,EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982 FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65 FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61 consulate(s) general: Casablanca
Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
@Morocco:Economy
Overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of developing countries - restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation within bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has pursued an economic program toward these objectives with the support of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantial assets to draw on: the world's largest phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing sector, and remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe drought in 1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. Real GDP contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these setbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the banking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993-94. Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by 40%. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability to external economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $87.5 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,060 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994)
Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $8.1 billion expenditures: $8.9 billion (1994 est.)
Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17% partners: EU 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993)
Imports: $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods9%partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993)
External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 2,620,000 kW production: 9.9 billion kWh consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on theincrease for both domestic and international drug markets; shipmentsof hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point forcocaine from South America destined for Western Europe
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; UScommitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $123.6 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion;OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries(1970-89), $2.5 billionnote: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standbyagreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 2.892 (January 1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Morocco:Transportation
Railroads:total: 1,893 kmstandard gauge: 1,893 km 1.435-m gauge (974 km electrified; 246 kmdouble track)
Highways:total: 59,474 kmpaved: 29,440 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, unimproved earth30,034 km
Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km;natural gas 241 km
Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra,Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceutaand Melilla
Merchant marine:total: 38 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 183,951 GRT/273,057 DWTships by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, container 2, oil tanker 4,refrigerated cargo 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea passenger 1
Airports:total: 74with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 13with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 24
@Morocco:Communications
Telephone system: 280,000 telephones; 10.5 telephones/1,000 personslocal: NAintercity: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwaveradio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat;secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouaninternational: 5 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1ARABSAT earth station; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, andWestern Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria;microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya,Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26)televisions: NA
@Morocco:Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan AirForce, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,307,076; males fit formilitary service 4,637,453; males reach military age (18) annually323,921 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, 3.8% ofGDP (1994)
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@Mozambique:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, betweenSouth Africa and Tanzania
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 801,590 sq kmland area: 784,090 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California