A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Developmentin AfricaACC Arab Cooperation CouncilACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle etTechnique; see Agency for Culturaland Technical Cooperation; changedname in 1996 to Agence de lafrancophonie or Agency for theFrench-Speaking CommunityACP Group African, Caribbean, and PacificGroup of StatesAfDB African Development BankAFESD Arab Fund for Economic and SocialDevelopmentAG Andean Group; see Andean Communityof Nations (CAN)Air Pollution Convention on Long-RangeTransboundary Air PollutionAir Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention onNitrogen Oxides Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution Concerning the Control ofEmissions of Nitrogen Oxides orTheir Transboundary FluxesAir Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention onPersistent Long-Range Transboundary AirOrganic Pollution on Persistent OrganicPollutants PollutantsAir Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention onSulphur 85 Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on the Reduction ofSulphur Emissions or TheirTransboundary Fluxes by at Least30%Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention onSulphur 94 Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on Further Reduction ofSulphur EmissionsAir Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention onVolatile Organic Long-Range Transboundary AirCompounds Pollution Concerning the Control ofEmissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or Their TransboundaryFluxesAL Arab LeagueALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana deIntegracion; see Latin AmericanIntegration Association (LAIA)AMF Arab Monetary FundAMU Arab Maghreb UnionAncom Andean Common Market; see AndeanCommunity ofNations (CAN)Antarctic- Protocol on EnvironmentalEnvironmental Protection to the Antarctic TreatyProtocolANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United StatesSecurity TreatyAPEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationArabsat Arab Satellite CommunicationsOrganizationAsDB Asian Development BankASEAN Association of Southeast AsianNationsAutodin Automatic Digital NetworkB BAD Banque africaine de developpement;see African Development Bank (AfDB)BADEA Banque Arabe de DeveloppementEconomique en Afrique; see ArabBank for Economic Development inAfrica (ABEDA)BCIE Banco Centroamericano deIntegracion Economico; see CentralAmerican Bank for EconomicIntegration (BCIE)BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats del'Afrique Centrale; see CentralAfrican States Development Bank(BDEAC)Benelux Benelux Economic UnionBID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo;see Inter-American Development Bank(IADB) Biodiversity Convention onBiological DiversityBIS Bank for International SettlementsBOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine deDeveloppement; see West AfricanDevelopment Bank (WADB)BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation ZoneC C CommonwealthCACM Central American Common MarketCAEU Council of Arab Economic UnityCAN Andean Community of NationsCaricom Caribbean Community and CommonMarketCB citizen's band mobile radiocommunicationsCBSS Council of the Baltic Sea StatesCCC Customs Cooperation CouncilCDB Caribbean Development BankCE Council of EuropeCEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afriquede l'Ouest; see West AfricanEconomic Community (CEAO)CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats del'Afrique Centrale; see EconomicCommunity of Central African States(CEEAC)CEI Central European InitiativeCEMA Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance; also known as CMEA orComeconCEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays desGrands Lacs; see Economic Communityof the Great Lakes Countries(CEPGL)CERN Conseil Europeen pour la RechercheNucleaire; see EuropeanOrganization for Nuclear Research(CERN)CG Contadora Groupc.i.f. cost, insurance, and freightCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCITES see Endangered SpeciesClimate Change United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate ChangeClimate Change- Kyoto Protocol to the UnitedKyoto Protocol Nations Framework Convention onClimate ChangeCMEA Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance (CEMA); also known asComeconCOCOM Coordinating Committee on ExportControlsComecon Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance (CEMA); also known asCMEAComsat Communications SatelliteCorporationCP Colombo PlanCSCE Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe; seeOrganization on Security andCooperation in Europe (OSCE)CY calendar yearD DC developed countryDesertification United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification in Those CountriesExperiencing Serious Drought and/orDesertification, Particularly inAfricaDSN Defense Switched NetworkDWT deadweight tonE EADB East African Development BankEAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership CouncilEBRD European Bank for Reconstructionand DevelopmentEC European Community; see EuropeanUnion (EU)ECA Economic Commission for AfricaECAFE Economic Commission for Asia andthe Far East; see Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP)ECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLA Economic Commission for LatinAmerica; see Economic Commissionfor Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC)ECLAC Economic Commission for LatinAmerica and the CaribbeanECO Economic Cooperation OrganizationECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West AfricanStatesECSC European Coal and Steel Community;see European Union (EU)ECWA Economic Commission for WesternAsia; see Economic and SocialCommission for Western Asia (ESCWA)EEC European Economic Community; seeEuropean Union (EU)EFTA European Free Trade AssociationEIB European Investment BankEMU European Monetary UnionEndangered Convention on the InternationalSpecies Trade in Endangered Species of WildFlora and Fauna (CITES)Entente Council of the EntenteEnvironmental Convention on the Prohibition ofModification Military or Any Other Hostile Useof Environmental ModificationTechniquesESA European Space AgencyESCAP Economic and Social Commission forAsia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission forWestern Asiaest. estimateEU European UnionEuratom European Atomic Energy Community;see European Community (EC)Eutelsat European TelecommunicationsSatellite OrganizationEx-Im Export-Import Bank of the UnitedStatesF FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFAX facsimilef.o.b. free on boardFLS Front Line StatesFRG Federal Republic of Germany (WestGermany); used for informationdated before 3 October 1990 or CY91FSU former Soviet UnionFY fiscal year (FY93/94, for example,began in calendar year 1993 andended in calendar year 1994)FYROM The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedoniaFZ Franc ZoneG G-2 Group of 2G-3 Group of 3G-5 Group of 5G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused withthe Big Six)G-7 Group of 7G-8 Group of 8G-9 Group of 9G-10 Group of 10G-11 Group of 11G-15 Group of 15G-19 Group of 19G-24 Group of 24G-30 Group of 30G-33 Group of 33G-77 Group of 77GATT General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade; subsumed by the World TradeOrganization (WTrO) on 1 January1995GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGDP gross domestic productGDR German Democratic Republic (EastGermany); used for informationdated before 3 October 1990 or CY91GNP gross national productGRT gross register tonGWP gross world productH Hazardous Wastes Basel Convention on the Control ofTransboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes and Their DisposalHF high-frequencyI IADB Inter-American Development BankIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIBEC International Bank for EconomicCooperationIBRD International Bank forReconstruction and Development(World Bank)ICAO International Civil AviationOrganizationICC International Chamber of CommerceICEM Intergovernmental Committee forEuropean Migration; seeInternational Organization forMigration (IOM)ICFTU International Confederation of FreeTrade Unions; see WorldConfederation of Labor (WCL)ICJ International Court of JusticeICM Intergovernmental Committee forMigration; see InternationalOrganization for Migration (IOM)ICRC International Committee of the RedCrossICRM International Red Cross and RedCrescent MovementIDA International DevelopmentAssociationIDB Islamic Development BankIEA International Energy AgencyIFAD International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIFCTU International Federation ofChristian Trade UnionsIFRCS International Federation of RedCross and Red Crescent SocietiesIGAD Inter-Governmental Authority onDevelopmentIGADD Inter-Governmental Authority onDrought and DevelopmentIHO International HydrographicOrganizationIIB International Investment BankILO International Labor OrganizationIMCO Intergovernmental MaritimeConsultative Organization; seeInternational Maritime Organization(IMO)IMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationInmarsat International Mobile SatelliteOrganizationInOC Indian Ocean CommissionIntelsat International TelecommunicationsSatellite OrganizationInterpol International Criminal PoliceOrganizationIntersputnik International Organization of SpaceCommunicationsIOC International Olympic CommitteeIOM International Organization forMigrationISO International Organization forStandardizationITU International TelecommunicationUnionK kHz kilohertzkm kilometerkW kilowattkWh kilowatt hourL LAES Latin American Economic SystemLAIA Latin American IntegrationAssociationLAS League of Arab States; see ArabLeague (AL)Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea (LOS)LDC less developed countryLLDC least developed countryLondon see Marine DumpingConventionLORCS League of Red Cross and RedCrescent Societies; seeInternational Federation of RedCross and Red Crescent Societies(IFRCS)LOS see Law of the SeaM m meterMarecs Maritime European CommunicationsSatelliteMarine Dumping Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution by Dumping Wastesand Other MatterMarine Life Convention on Fishing andConservation Conservation of Living Resources ofthe High SeasMARPOL see Ship PollutionMedarabtel Middle East TelecommunicationsProject of the InternationalTelecommunications UnionMercosur Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; seeSouthern Cone Common MarketMHz megahertzMINURSO United Nations Mission for theReferendum in Western SaharaMINUGUA United Nations Verification Missionin GuatemalaMIPONUH United Nations Civilian PoliceMission in HaitiMONUA United Nations Observer Mission inAngolaMTCR Missile Technology Control RegimeN NA not availableNACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council;see Euro-Atlantic PartnershipCouncil (EAPC)NAM Nonaligned MovementNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Nordic CouncilNEA Nuclear Energy AgencyNEGL negligibleNIB Nordic Investment BankNIC newly industrializing country; seenewly industrializing economy (NIE)NIE newly industrializing economynm nautical mileNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneNSG Nuclear Suppliers GroupNuclear Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear WeaponsTests in the Atmosphere, in OuterSpace, and Under WaterNZ New ZealandO OAPEC Organization of Arab PetroleumExporting CountriesOAS Organization of American StatesOAU Organization of African UnityODA official development assistanceOECD Organization for EconomicCooperation and DevelopmentOECS Organization of Eastern CaribbeanStatesOIC Organization of the IslamicConferenceONUMOZ see United Nations Operation inMozambique (UNOMOZ)ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission inEl SalvadorOOF other official flowsOPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion delas Armas Nucleares en la AmericaLatina y el Caribe; see Agency forthe Prohibition of Nuclear Weaponsin Latin America and the CaribbeanOPCW Organization for the Prohibition ofChemical WeaponsOPEC Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountriesOSCE Organization on Security andCooperation in Europe Ozone LayerProtection Montreal Protocol onSubstances That Deplete the OzoneLayerP PCA Permanent Court of ArbitrationPDRY People's Democratic Republic ofYemen [Yemen (Aden) or SouthYemen]; used for information datedbefore 22 May 1990 or CY91PFP Partnership for PeaceR Ramsar see WetlandsRG Rio GroupS SAARC South Asian Association forRegional CooperationSACU Southern African Customs UnionSADC Southern African DevelopmentCommunitySADCC Southern African DevelopmentCoordination Conference; seeSouthern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC)SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana;see Latin American Economic System(LAES)SFRY Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia; dissolved 5 December1991SHF super-high-frequencyShip Pollution Protocol of 1978 Relating to theInternational Convention for thePrevention of Pollution From Ships,1973 (MARPOL)Sparteca South Pacific Regional Trade andEconomic Cooperation AgreementSPC South Pacific CommissionSPF South Pacific Forumsq km square kilometersq mi square mileT TAT Trans-Atlantic TelephoneTropical Timber International Tropical Timber83 Agreement, 1983Tropical Timber International Tropical Timber94 Agreement, 1994U UAE United Arab EmiratesUDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique del'Afrique Centrale; see CentralAfrican Customs and Economic Union(UDEAC)UEMOA Union economique et monetaire Ouestafricaine; see West AfricanEconomic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)UHF ultra-high-frequencyUK United KingdomUN United NationsUNAMIR United Nations Assistance Missionfor RwandaUNAVEM III United Nations Angola VerificationMission IIIUNCRO United Nations ConfidenceRestoration Operation in CroatiaUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Tradeand DevelopmentUNDOF United Nations DisengagementObserver ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational,Scientific, and CulturalOrganizationUNFICYP United Nations Peace-keeping Forcein CyprusUNFPA United Nations Fund for PopulationActivities; see UN Population Fund(UNFPA)UNHCR United Nations High Commissionerfor RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNIDO United Nations IndustrialDevelopment OrganizationUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force inLebanonUNIKOM United Nations Iraq-KuwaitObservation MissionUNITAR United Nations Institute forTraining and ResearchUNMIH United Nations Mission in HaitiUNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosniaand HerzegovinaUNMOGIP United Nations Military ObserverGroup in India and PakistanUNMOP United Nations Mission of Observersin PrevlakaUNMOT United Nations Mission of Observersin TajikistanUNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission inGeorgiaUNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission inLiberiaUNOMOZ United Nations Operation inMozambiqueUNOMSIL United Nations Mission of Observersin Sierra LeoneUNOMUR United Nations Observer MissionUganda-RwandaUNOSOM II United Nations Operation in SomaliaIIUNPREDEP United Nations PreventiveDeployment ForceUNPROFOR United Nations Protection ForceUNRISD United Nations Research Institutefor Social DevelopmentUNRWA United Nations Relief and WorksAgency for Palestine Refugees inthe Near EastUNSMIH United Nations Support Mission inHaitiUNTAC United Nations TransitionalAuthority in CambodiaUNTAES United Nations TransitionalAdministration in Eastern Slavonia,Baranja, and Western SirmiumUNTSO United Nations Truce SupervisionOrganizationUNU United Nations UniversityUPU Universal Postal UnionUS United StatesUSSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(Soviet Union); used forinformation dated before 25December 1991USSR/EE Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics/Eastern EuropeV VHF very-high-frequencyW WADB West African Development BankWAEMU West African Economic and MonetaryUnionWCL World Confederation of LaborWCO World Customs Organization; seeCustoms Cooperation CouncilWetlands Convention on Wetlands ofInternational Importance EspeciallyAs Waterfowl HabitatWEU Western European UnionWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food ProgramWFTU World Federation of Trade UnionsWhaling International Convention for theRegulation of WhalingWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual PropertyOrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWP Warsaw PactWTO see WToO for World TourismOrganization or WTrO for WorldTrade OrganizationWToO World Tourism OrganizationWTrO World Trade OrganizationY YAR Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa)or North Yemen]; used forinformation dated before 22 May1990 or CY91Z ZC Zangger Committee
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Appendix B: United Nations System
Transcriber's note: this appeared to be an empty appendix, possibly under development. It does not appear in later editions of the Factbook.
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Appendix D: Selected International Environmental Agreements
Air Pollution
see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Antarctic Treaty
opened for signature—1 December 1959 entered into force—23 June 1961 objective—to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties—(43) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and Their Disposal
note—abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes opened for signature—22 March 1989 entered into force—5 May 1992 objective—to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties—(123) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(3) Afghanistan, Haiti, US
Biodiversity
see Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on Biological Diversity
note—abbreviated as Biodiversityopened for signature—5 June 1992entered into force—29 December 1993objective—to develop national strategies for the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversityparties—(175) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana,Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia,Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States ofMicronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania,Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(12) Afghanistan,Azerbaijan, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malta, Sao Tome and Principe,Thailand, Tuvalu, UAE, US, former Yugoslavia
Climate Change
see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the HighSeas
note—abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation opened for signature—29 April 1958 entered into force—20 March 1966 objective—to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited parties—(37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution opened for signature—13 November 1979 entered into force—16 March 1983 objective—to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties—(44) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(2) Holy See, San Marino
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFlora and Fauna (CITES)
note—abbreviated as Endangered Speciesopened for signature—3 March 1973entered into force—1 July 1975objective—to protect certain endangered species from overexploitationby means of a system of import/export permitsparties—(137) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize,Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad,Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel,Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Latvia, Liberia,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania,Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK,US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(3) Ireland, Kuwait,Lesotho
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes andOther Matter (London Convention)
note—abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature—29 December 1972 entered into force—30 August 1975 objective—to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties—(75) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, former Yugoslavia
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use ofEnvironmental Modification Techniques
note—abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature—10 December 1976 entered into force—5 October 1978 objective—to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties—(64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(17) Bolivia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially asWaterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note—abbreviated as Wetlands opened for signature—2 February 1971 entered into force—21 December 1975 objective—to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value parties—(101) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia
Desertification
see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Endangered Species
see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Environmental Modification
see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
Hazardous Wastes
see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note—abbreviated as Whaling opened for signature—2 December 1946 entered into force—10 November 1948 objective—to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks parties—(51) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Grenada, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
note—abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 opened for signature—18 November 1983 entered into force—1 April 1985; this agreement expired when the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, went into force objective—to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties—(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
note—abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 opened for signature—26 January 1994 entered into force—1 January 1997 objective—to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective parties—(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(2) Ireland, Portugal
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange
note—abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol opened for signature—16 March 1998, but not yet in force objective—to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries parties—(7) Antigua and Barbuda, El Salvador, Fiji, Maldives, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(72) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkmenistan, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zambia
Law of the Sea
see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
Marine Dumping
see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)
Marine Life Conservation
see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note—abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protectionopened for signature—16 September 1987entered into force—1 January 1989objective—to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions ofsubstances that deplete itparties—(168) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, ElSalvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, TheGambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, FederatedStates of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau),Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, formerYugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Nuclear Test Ban
see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
Ozone Layer Protection
see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
note—abbreviated as Ship Pollution opened for signature—17 February 1978 entered into force—2 October 1983 objective—to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances parties—(100) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
note—abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol opened for signature—4 October 1991 entered into force—14 January 1998 objective—to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems parties—(28) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(15) Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides orTheir Transboundary Fluxes
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides opened for signature—31 October 1988 entered into force—14 February 1991 objective—to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes parties—(26) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(2) Belgium, Poland
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds opened for signature—18 November 1991 entered into force—29 September 1997 objective—to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects parties—(17) Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(7) Belgium, Canada, EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 opened for signature—14 June 1994 entered into force—5 August 1998 objective—to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes parties—(21) Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(7) Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Ukraine
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants opened for signature—24 June 1998, but not yet in force objective—to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects
partie—(1) Canadacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(35) Armenia, Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their TransboundaryFluxes by at Least 30%
note—abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 opened for signature—8 July 1985 entered into force—2 September 1987 objective—to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993 parties—(21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
Ship Pollution
see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
note—abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban opened for signature—5 August 1963 entered into force—10 October 1963 objective—to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons parties—(122) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(12) Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam
Tropical Timber 83
see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber 94
see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
note—abbreviated as Law of the Sea opened for signature—10 December 1982 entered into force—16 November 1994 objective—to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment parties—(130) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(40) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, North Korea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Qatar, Rwanda, Swaziland, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, Vanuatu
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those CountriesExperiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly inAfrica
note—abbreviated as Desertification opened for signature—14 October 1994 entered into force—26 December 1996 objective—to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements parties—(148) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified—(9) Australia, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Georgia, South Korea, Philippines, US, Vanuatu