Turkey:NA
Turkmenistan:less than 100 (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands:NA
Tuvalu:NA
Uganda:820,000 (1999 est.)
Ukraine:240,000 (1999 est.)
United Arab Emirates:NA
United Kingdom:31,000 (1999 est.)
United States:850,000 (1999 est.)
Uruguay:6,000 (1999 est.)
Uzbekistan:less than 100 (1999 est.)
Vanuatu:NA
Venezuela:62,000 (1999 est.)
Vietnam:100,000 (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands:NA
Wake Island:NA
Wallis and Futuna:NA
West Bank:NA
Western Sahara:NA
World:NA
Yemen:NA
Yugoslavia:NA
Zambia:870,000 (1999 est.)
Zimbabwe:1.5 million (1999 est.)
Taiwan:NA
======================================================================
@Household income or consumption by
Household income or consumption by percentage share
Country profile category: Economy
Afghanistan:lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Albania: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Algeria: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)
American Samoa: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Andorra: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Angola: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Anguilla: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Antigua and Barbuda: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Argentina: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Armenia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Aruba: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Australia: lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)
Azerbaijan: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bahamas, The: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bahrain: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bangladesh: lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)
Barbados: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Belarus: lowest 10%: 4.9%
highest 10%: 19.4% (1993)
Belgium: lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 20.2% (1992)
Belize: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Benin: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bermuda: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bhutan: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bolivia: lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1990)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Botswana: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Brazil: lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 47.6% (1996)
British Virgin Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Brunei: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Bulgaria: lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)
Burkina Faso: lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 39.5% (1994)
Burma: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)
Burundi: lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 26.6% (1992)
Cambodia: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)
Cameroon: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Canada: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)
Cape Verde: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Cayman Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Central African Republic: lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 47.7% (1993)
Chad: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Chile: lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 41.3% (1998)
China: lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.4% (1998)
Christmas Island: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Colombia: lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 44% (1999)
Comoros: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Congo, Republic of the: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Cook Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Costa Rica: lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 34.7% (1996)
Cote d'Ivoire: lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)
Croatia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Cuba: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Cyprus: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Czech Republic: lowest 10%: 4.3%
highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)
Denmark: lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 24% (2000 est.)
Djibouti: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Dominica: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Dominican Republic: lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 39.6% (1989)
Ecuador: lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1995)
Egypt: lowest 10%: 4.4%
highest 10%: 25% (1995)
El Salvador: lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 38.3% (1995)
Equatorial Guinea: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Eritrea: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Estonia: lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 28.5% (1996)
Ethiopia: lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 33.7% (1995)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Faroe Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Fiji: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Finland: lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)
France: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)
French Guiana: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
French Polynesia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Gabon: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Gambia, The: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Gaza Strip: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Georgia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Ghana: lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 26.1% (1997)
Gibraltar: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Greece: lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.3% (1993 est.)
Greenland: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Grenada: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Guadeloupe: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Guam: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Guatemala: lowest 10%: 0.6%
highest 10%: 46.6% (1989)
Guernsey: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Guinea: lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 32% (1994)
Guinea-Bissau: lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)
Guyana: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Haiti: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Holy See (Vatican City): lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Honduras: lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 42.1% (1996)
Hong Kong: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Hungary: lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 24.8% (1996)
Iceland: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
India: lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)
Indonesia: lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 30.3% (1996)
Iran: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Iraq: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Ireland: lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 27.3% (1997)
Israel: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.9% (1992)
Italy: lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)
Jamaica: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 28.9% (1996)
Japan: lowest 10%: 4.8%
highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)
Jersey: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Jordan: lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 34.7% (1991)
Kazakhstan: lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 26.3% (1996)
Kenya: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 34.9% (1994)
Kiribati: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Korea, North: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Korea, South: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 24.3% (1993)
Kuwait: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Kyrgyzstan: lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1997)
Laos: lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 26.4% (1992)
Latvia: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)
Lebanon: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Lesotho: lowest 10%: 0.9%
highest 10%: 43.4% (1986-87)
Liberia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Libya: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Liechtenstein: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Lithuania: lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 25.6% (1996)
Luxembourg: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Macau: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Madagascar: lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 36.7% (1993)
Malawi: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Malaysia: lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 20.4% (1997 est.)
Maldives: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Mali: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)
Malta: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Man, Isle of: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Marshall Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Martinique: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Mauritania: lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 29.9% (1995)
Mauritius: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Mayotte: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Mexico: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 36.6% (1996)
Micronesia, Federated States of: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Moldova: lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 25.8% (1992)
Monaco: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Mongolia: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 24.5% (1995)
Montserrat: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Morocco: lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 30.9% (1998-99)
Mozambique: lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1996-97)
Namibia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Nauru: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Nepal: lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1995-96)
Netherlands: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)
Netherlands Antilles: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
New Caledonia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
New Zealand: lowest 10%: 0.3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1991 est.)
Nicaragua: lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 39.8% (1993)
Niger: lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)
Nigeria: lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)
Niue: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Norfolk Island: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Northern Mariana Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Norway: lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)
Oman: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Pakistan: lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 27.7% (1996)
Palau: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Panama: lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)
Papua New Guinea: lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)
Paraguay: lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 46.6% (1995)
Peru: lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 34.3% (1994)
Philippines: lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 39.3% (1998)
Pitcairn Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Poland: lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 26.3% (1996)
Portugal: lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)
Puerto Rico: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Qatar: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Reunion: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Romania: lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 20.2% (1992)
Russia: lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 38.7% (1998)
Rwanda: lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 24.2% (1983-85)
Saint Helena: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Saint Kitts and Nevis: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Saint Lucia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Samoa: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
San Marino: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Sao Tome and Principe: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Saudi Arabia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Senegal: lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 42.8% (1991)
Seychelles: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Sierra Leone: lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)
Singapore: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Slovakia: lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)
Slovenia: lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 20.7% (1995)
Solomon Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Somalia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
South Africa: lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)
Spain: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1990)
Sri Lanka: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 39.7% (1995-96 est.)
Sudan: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Suriname: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Svalbard: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Swaziland: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Sweden: lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)
Switzerland: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1992)
Syria: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tajikistan: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tanzania: lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 30.2% (1993)
Thailand: lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 37.1% (1992)
Togo: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tokelau: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tonga: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Trinidad and Tobago: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tunisia: lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 30.7% (1990)
Turkey: lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 32.3% (1994)
Turkmenistan: lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
Turks and Caicos Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Tuvalu: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Uganda: lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 33.4% (1992)
Ukraine: lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 26.4% (1996)
United Arab Emirates: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
United Kingdom: lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 27.3% (1991)
United States: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 30.5% (1997)
Uruguay: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Uzbekistan: lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1993)
Vanuatu: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Venezuela: lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 35.6% (1995)
Vietnam: lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 29% (1993)
Virgin Islands: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Wallis and Futuna: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
West Bank: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Western Sahara: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
World: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Yemen: lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 30.8% (1992)
Yugoslavia: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Zambia: lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 39.2% (1995)
Zimbabwe: lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 46.9% (1990)
Taiwan: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
======================================================================
@Illicit drugs
Afghanistan:world's largest illicit opium producer, surpassingBurma (potential production in 1999 - 1,670 metric tons; cultivationin 1999 - 51,500 hectares, a 23% increase over 1998); a major sourceof hashish; increasing number of heroin-processing laboratoriesbeing set up in the country; major political factions in the countryprofit from drug trade
Albania:increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asianopiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - toa far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined forWestern Europe; limited opium and cannabis production; ethnicAlbanian narcotrafficking organizations active and rapidly expandingin Europe
Angola:increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocaine andheroin destined for Western Europe and other African states
Anguilla:transshipment point for South American narcotics destinedfor the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbuda:considered a minor transshipment point fornarcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as adrug-money-laundering center
Argentina:use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed forEurope and the US; increasing use as a money-laundering center;domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers is increasing
Armenia:illicit cultivator of cannabis mostly for domesticconsumption; increasingly used as a transshipment point for illicitdrugs - mostly opium and hashish - to Western Europe and the US viaIran, Central Asia, and Russia
Aruba:drug-money-laundering center and transit point for narcoticsbound for the US and Europe
Australia:Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licitopiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas ofopium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
Austria:transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and SouthAmerican cocaine destined for Western Europe
Azerbaijan:limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program;transshipment point for opiates via Iran, Central Asia, and Russiato Western Europe
Bahamas, The:transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana boundfor US and Europe; banking industry vulnerable to money laundering
Bangladesh:transit country for illegal drugs produced inneighboring countries
Barbados:one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcoticsbound for Europe and the US
Belarus:limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forthe domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to andvia Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe
Belgium:growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point forUS-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South Americancocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe
Belize:minor transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicitproducer of cannabis for the international drug trade; minormoney-laundering center
Benin:transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigeriantrafficking organizations and most commonly destined for WesternEurope and the US
Bolivia:world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombiaand Peru, a distant second) with an estimated 14,600 hectares undercultivation in 2000, a 33% decrease in overall cultivation of cocafrom 1999 levels; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported toor through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US andother international drug markets; eradication and alternative cropprograms have slashed illicit coca cultivation during the BANZERadministration beginning in 1997
Bosnia and Herzegovina:minor transit point for marijuana and opiatetrafficking routes to Western Europe
Brazil:limited illicit producer of cannabis, minor coca cultivationin the Amazon region, mostly used for domestic consumption;government has a large-scale eradication program to controlcannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian,and Peruvian cocaine headed for the US and Europe; also used bytraffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipmentsbetween Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence andweapons smuggling; important market for Bolivian, Peruvian, andColombian cocaine
British Virgin Islands:transshipment point for South Americannarcotics destined for the US and Europe
Brunei:drug trafficking and illegally importing controlledsubstances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatorydeath penalty
Bulgaria:major European transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for theEuropean market; limited producer of precursor chemicals
Burma:world's second largest producer of illicit opium, afterAfghanistan (potential production in 1999 - 1,090 metric tons, down38% due to drought; cultivation in 1999 - 89,500 hectares, a 31%decline from 1998); surrender of drug warlord KHUN SA's Mong TaiArmy in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a majorcounternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability totake on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitmentagainst money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrugeffort; becoming a major source of methamphetamine for regionalconsumption
Cambodia:possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruptionreportedly involving some in the government, military, and police;possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production;large producer of cannabis for the international market
Canada:illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant largequantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point forheroin and cocaine entering the US market
Cape Verde:used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs movingfrom Latin America and Africa destined for Western Europe
Cayman Islands:vulnerable to drug money laundering and drugtransshipment to the US and Europe
Chile:a growing transshipment country for cocaine destined for theUS and Europe; economic prosperity has made Chile more attractive totraffickers seeking to launder drug profits; imported precursorspassed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising
China:major transshipment point for heroin produced in the GoldenTriangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country forchemical precursors and methamphetamine
Colombia:illicit producer of coca, opium poppies, and cannabis;world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 1999 -122,500 hectares, a 20.3% increase over 1998); cultivation of opiumin 1999 increased to 7,500 hectares from 6,100 hectares in 1998;potential production of opium in 1999 - 75 metric tons, a 25%increase over 1998; potential production of heroin in 1999 - nearly8 metric tons, as compared with 6 tons in 1998; the world's largestprocessor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier of about 90% ofthe cocaine to the US and the great majority of cocaine to otherinternational drug markets, and an important supplier of heroin tothe US market; active aerial eradication program
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:illicit producer of cannabis,mostly for domestic consumption
Costa Rica:transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from SouthAmerica; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine;those who previously only trafficked are now becoming users
Cote d'Ivoire:illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for localconsumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asianheroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin Americancocaine destined for Europe
Croatia:transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asianheroin to Western Europe; a minor transit point for maritimeshipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe
Cuba:territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zonefor cocaine bound for the US and Europe; established the deathpenalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
Cyprus:minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routesand container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;some cocaine transits as well
Czech Republic:major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroinand minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to WesternEurope; domestic consumption - especially of locally producedsynthetic drugs - on the rise
Dominica:transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US andEurope; minor cannabis producer; banking industry is vulnerable tomoney laundering
Dominican Republic:transshipment point for South American drugsdestined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point forecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada
Ecuador:significant transit country for cocaine and derivatives ofcoca originating in Colombia and Peru; importer of precursorchemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; importantmoney-laundering hub; increased activity on the northern frontier bytrafficking groups and Colombian insurgents
Egypt:a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asianheroin and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; populartransit stop for Nigerian couriers
El Salvador:transshipment point for cocaine; marijuana produced forlocal consumption; domestic drug abuse on the rise
Estonia:transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from SouthwestAsia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America toWestern Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from WesternEurope to Scandinavia; possible precursor manufacturing and/ortrafficking; synthetic drug production growing, trafficked toRussia, Baltics, Finland
Ethiopia:transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest andSoutheast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well ascocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djiboutiand Somalia
France:transshipment point for and consumer of South Americancocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guiana:small amount of marijuana grown for localconsumption; minor transshipment point to Europe
Georgia:limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly fordomestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates viaCentral Asia to Western Europe and Russia
Germany:source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaineprocessors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asianheroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs
Ghana:illicit producer of cannabis for the international drugtrade; transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin andSouth American cocaine destined for Europe and the US
Greece:a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis andheroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West andprecursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocainetransits or is consumed in Greece
Grenada:small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipmentpoint for marijuana and cocaine to US
Guatemala:transit country for cocaine and heroin; minor producer ofillicit opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade;proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging area for drugs(cocaine and heroin shipments); money laundering is probablyincreasing
Guyana:transshipment point for narcotics from South America -primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis
Haiti:major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route tothe US and Europe; vulnerable to money laundering
Honduras:transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicitproducer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principallyfor local consumption; corruption is a major problem; vulnerable tomoney laundering
Hong Kong:a hub for Southeast Asian heroin and regional stimulantstrade; transshipment and money-laundering center; increasingindigenous amphetamine abuse
Hungary:major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andcannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined forWestern Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals,particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine
India:world's largest producer of licit opium for thepharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium isdiverted to illicit international drug markets; transit country forillicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicitproducer of hashish and methaqualone
Indonesia:illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangleheroin
Iran:despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a keytransshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domesticconsumption of narcotics remains a persistent problem and Iranianpress reports estimate that there are at least 1.2 million drugusers in the country
Ireland:transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from NorthAfrica to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced syntheticdrugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined forWestern Europe
Israel:increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugsarrive in country from Lebanon and increasingly Jordan
Italy:important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaineand Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market
Jamaica:major transshipment point for cocaine from South America toNorth America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;corruption is a major concern
Kazakhstan:significant illicit cultivation of cannabis and limitedcultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrone);limited government eradication program; cannabis consumed largely inthe CIS; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia,North America, and Western Europe from Southwest Asia; developingheroin addiction problem
Kenya:widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transitcountry for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and NorthAmerica; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa
Kyrgyzstan:limited illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy,mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program;increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russiaand Western Europe from Southwest Asia
Laos:world's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimatedcultivation in 1999 - 21,800 hectares, a 16% decrease over 1998;estimated potential production in 1999 - 140 metric tons, about thesame as in 1998); potential heroin producer; transshipment point forheroin and methamphetamine produced in Burma; illicit producer ofcannabis
Latvia:transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Centraland Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and LatinAmerican cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS;limited production of illicit amphetamine, ephedrine, and ecstasyfor export
Lebanon:inconsequential producer of hashish; a Lebanese/Syrianeradication campaign started in the early 1990s has practicallyeliminated the opium and cannabis crops
Liberia:increasingly a transshipment point for Southeast andSouthwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine for the Europeanand US markets
Liechtenstein:multilateral organizations engaged in issuinginternational guidelines for financial sector oversight have foundgaps in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that make itvulnerable to money laundering
Lithuania:transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugsfrom Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to WesternEurope and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine andecstasy
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:increasing transshipmentpoint for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit pointfor South American cocaine destined for Europe
Madagascar:illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wildvarieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment pointfor heroin
Malaysia:transit point for some illicit drugs; drug traffickingprosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties
Malta:minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa toWestern Europe
Martinique:transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound forthe US and Europe
Mauritius:minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin fromSouth Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally
Mexico:illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2000 -1,900 hectares; potential heroin production - 2.4 metric tons) andcannabis cultivation in 2000 - 3,900 hectares; governmenteradication efforts have been key in keeping illicit crop levelslow; major supplier of heroin and marijuana to the US market;continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocainefrom South America; two major drug syndicates control majority ofdrug trafficking throughout the country; primary supplier ofmethamphetamine to the US market; growing producer and distributorof ecstasy
Moldova:limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly forCIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs fromSouthwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, andpossibly the US
Montserrat:transshipment point for South American narcoticsdestined for the US and Europe
Morocco:illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increasefor both domestic and international drug markets; shipments ofhashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocainefrom South America destined for Western Europe
Mozambique:Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish,South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined forthe European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (forlocal consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa)
Nepal:illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic andinternational drug markets; transit point for opiates from SoutheastAsia to the West
Netherlands:major European producer of illicit amphetamine andother synthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, andhashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy
Netherlands Antilles:money-laundering center; transshipment pointfor South American drugs bound for the US and Europe
Nicaragua:transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US andtransshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Nigeria:facilitates movement of heroin en route from Southeast andSouthwest Asia to Western Europe and North America; increasingly atransit route for cocaine from South America intended for European,East Asian, and North American markets
Pakistan:key transit area for Southwest Asian heroin moving toWestern markets; narcotics still move from Afghanistan intoBalochistan Province
Panama:major cocaine transshipment point and major drugmoney-laundering center; no recent signs of coca cultivation;monitoring of financial transactions is improving; officialcorruption remains a major problem; Panama was cited by theFinancial Action Task Force (FATF) an international organizationthat includes the US Government, for its lack of cooperation in thefight against international money laundering
Paraguay:illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which isconsumed in South America; transshipment country for Andean cocaineheaded for Southern Cone markets and Europe