Pacific Ocean:surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic andearthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring ofFire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and eastAsia from May to December (most frequent from July to October);tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strikeCentral America and Mexico from June to October (most common inAugust and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs inthe equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the WesternHemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructureicing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in thenorthern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
Pakistan:frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially innorth and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July andAugust)
Palau:typhoons (June to December)
Palmyra Atoll:NA
Panama:NA
Papua New Guinea:active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Rimof Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severeearthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis
Paracel Islands:typhoons
Paraguay:local flooding in southeast (early September to June);poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
Peru:earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanicactivity
Philippines:astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struckby five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; activevolcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis
Pitcairn Islands:typhoons (especially November to March)
Poland:NA
Portugal:Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Puerto Rico:periodic droughts; hurricanes
Qatar:haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
Reunion:periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Pitonde la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano
Romania:earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologicstructure and climate promote landslides
Russia:permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment todevelopment; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes andearthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula
Rwanda:periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in thenorthwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
Saint Helena:active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
Saint Kitts and Nevis:hurricanes (July to October)
Saint Lucia:hurricanes and volcanic activity
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:persistent fog throughout the year can bea maritime hazard
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:hurricanes; Soufriere volcano onthe island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat
Samoa:occasional typhoons; active volcanism
San Marino:NA
Sao Tome and Principe:NA
Saudi Arabia:frequent sand and dust storms
Senegal:lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Seychelles:lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms arerare; short droughts possible
Sierra Leone:dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara(December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
Singapore:NA
Slovakia:NA
Slovenia:flooding and earthquakes
Solomon Islands:typhoons, but they are rarely destructive;geologically active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanicactivity
Somalia:recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over easternplains in summer; floods during rainy season
South Africa:prolonged droughts
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:the South SandwichIslands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make themdifficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to activevolcanism
Southern Ocean:huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundredmeters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations andwith large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelffloored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances;high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especiallyMay-October; most of region is remote from sources of search andrescue
Spain:periodic droughts
Spratly Islands: typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals
Sri Lanka:occasional cyclones and tornadoes
Sudan:dust storms
Suriname:NA
Svalbard:ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (atransit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionallymake parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic
Swaziland:NA
Sweden:ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulfof Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
Switzerland:avalanches, landslides, flash floods
Syria:dust storms, sandstorms
Tajikistan:NA
Tanzania:flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season;drought
Thailand:land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from thedepletion of the water table; droughts
Togo:hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north duringwinter; periodic droughts
Tokelau:lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Tonga:cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanicactivity on Fonuafo'ou
Trinidad and Tobago:outside usual path of hurricanes and othertropical storms
Tromelin Island:NA
Tunisia:NA
Turkey:very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey,along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
Turkmenistan:NA
Turks and Caicos Islands:frequent hurricanes
Tuvalu:severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, therewere three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitiveto changes in sea level
Uganda:NA
Ukraine:NA
United Arab Emirates:frequent sand and dust storms
United Kingdom:NA
United States:tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity aroundPacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexicocoasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides inCalifornia; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost innorthern Alaska, a major impediment to development
Uruguay:seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly andoccasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentinepampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains,which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularlyvulnerable to rapid changes in weather fronts
Uzbekistan:NA
Vanuatu:tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanismcauses minor earthquakes
Venezuela:subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodicdroughts
Vietnam:occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding
Virgin Islands:several hurricanes in recent years; frequent andsevere droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes
Wake Island:occasional typhoons
Wallis and Futuna:NA
West Bank:droughts
Western Sahara:hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occurduring winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% oftime, often severely restricting visibility
World:large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones),natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcaniceruptions)
Yemen:sandstorms and dust storms in summer
Yugoslavia:destructive earthquakes
Zambia:tropical storms (November to April)
Zimbabwe:recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
Taiwan:earthquakes and typhoons
======================================================================
@Natural resources
Afghanistan:natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc,barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious andsemiprecious stones
Albania:petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber,nickel, hydropower
Algeria:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium,lead, zinc
American Samoa:pumice, pumicite
Andorra:hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
Angola:petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,gold, bauxite, uranium
Anguilla:salt, fish, lobster
Antarctica:iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum andother minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in smalluncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish,and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries
Antigua and Barbuda:NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism
Arctic Ocean:sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits,polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals(seals and whales)
Argentina:fertile plains of the Pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper,iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Armenia:small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Aruba:NEGL; white sandy beaches
Ashmore and Cartier Islands:fish
Atlantic Ocean:oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals andwhales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallicnodules, precious stones
Australia:bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium,nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas,petroleum
Austria:iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite,copper, hydropower
Azerbaijan:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals,alumina
Bahamas, The:salt, aragonite, timber, arable land
Bahrain:oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Baker Island:guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial andaquatic wildlife
Bangladesh:natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Barbados:petroleum, fish, natural gas
Bassas da India:none
Belarus:forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and naturalgas
Belgium:coal, natural gas
Belize:arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower
Benin:small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Bermuda:limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Bhutan:timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide
Bolivia:tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony,silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Bosnia and Herzegovina:coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydropower
Botswana:diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal,iron ore, silver
Bouvet Island:none
Brazil:bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates,platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
British Indian Ocean Territory:coconuts, fish, sugarcane
British Virgin Islands:NEGL
Brunei:petroleum, natural gas, timber
Bulgaria:bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Burkina Faso:manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold,antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
Burma:petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten,lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas,hydropower
Burundi:nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper,platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower
Cambodia:timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates,hydropower potential
Cameroon:petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower
Canada:iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum,potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, naturalgas, hydropower
Cape Verde:salt, basalt rock, pozzuolana (a siliceous volcanic ashused to produce hydraulic cement), limestone, kaolin, fish
Cayman Islands:fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Central African Republic:diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil,hydropower
Chad:petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium,natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Chile:copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals,molybdenum, hydropower
China:coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin,tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)
Christmas Island:phosphate
Clipperton Island:fish
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:fish
Colombia:petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold,copper, emeralds, hydropower
Comoros:NEGL
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower, timber
Congo, Republic of the: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas, hydropower
Cook Islands:NEGL
Coral Sea Islands:NEGL
Costa Rica:hydropower
Cote d'Ivoire:petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, ironore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydropower
Croatia:oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium,natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower
Cuba:cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber,silica, petroleum, arable land
Cyprus:copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble,clay earth pigment
Czech Republic:hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Denmark:petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone,gravel and sand
Djibouti:geothermal areas
Dominica:timber, hydropower, arable land
Dominican Republic:nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Ecuador:petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower
Egypt:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese,limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
El Salvador:hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land
Equatorial Guinea:oil, petroleum, timber, small unexploiteddeposits of gold, manganese, uranium
Eritrea:gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and naturalgas, fish
Estonia:shale oil (kukersite), peat, phosphorite, amber, cambrianblue clay, limestone, dolomite, arable land
Ethiopia:small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, naturalgas, hydropower
Europa Island:NEGL
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):fish, wildlife
Faroe Islands:fish, whales, hydropower
Fiji:timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Finland:timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
France:coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish
French Guiana:bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar,kaolin, fish
French Polynesia:timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:fish, crayfish
Gabon:petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore,hydropower
Gambia, The:fish
Gaza Strip:arable land, natural gas
Georgia:forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper,minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow forimportant tea and citrus growth
Germany:iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper,natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land
Ghana:gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish,rubber, hydropower
Gibraltar:NEGL
Glorioso Islands:guano, coconuts
Greece:bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropowerpotential
Greenland:zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum,uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Grenada:timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
Guadeloupe:cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism
Guam:fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)
Guatemala:petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
Guernsey:cropland
Guinea:bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
Guinea-Bissau:fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploiteddeposits of petroleum
Guyana:bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Haiti:bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:none
Holy See (Vatican City):none
Honduras:timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore,antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
Hong Kong:outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
Howland Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Hungary:bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Iceland:fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
India:coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas,diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
Indian Ocean:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravelaggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Indonesia:petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Iran:petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore,lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Iraq:petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Ireland:zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone,dolomite, peat, silver
Israel:timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock,magnesium bromide, clays, sand, oil
Italy:mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, natural gas and crude oilreserves, fish, coal, arable land
Jamaica:bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Jan Mayen:none
Japan:negligible mineral resources, fish
Jarvis Island:guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrialand aquatic wildlife
Jersey:arable land
Johnston Atoll:guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890,terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jordan:phosphates, potash, shale oil
Juan de Nova Island:guano deposits and other fertilizers
Kazakhstan:major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, ironore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum,lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Kenya:gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar,garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Kingman Reef:terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Kiribati:phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Korea, North:coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, ironore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
Korea, South:coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropowerpotential
Kuwait:petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
Kyrgyzstan:abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold andrare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas;other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Laos:timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Latvia:minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower,arable land
Lebanon:limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in awater-deficit region, arable land
Lesotho:water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds andother minerals
Liberia:iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower
Libya:petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Liechtenstein:hydroelectric potential, arable land
Lithuania:peat, arable land
Luxembourg:iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Macau:NEGL
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:chromium, lead, zinc,manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur,timber, arable land
Madagascar:graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tarsands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Malawi:limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits ofuranium, coal, and bauxite
Malaysia:tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas,bauxite
Maldives:fish
Mali:gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits areknown but not exploited
Malta:limestone, salt, arable land
Man, Isle of:none
Marshall Islands: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals
Martinique:coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
Mauritania:iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold
Mauritius:arable land, fish
Mayotte:NEGL
Mexico:petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas,timber
Micronesia, Federated States of:forests, marine products,deep-seabed minerals
Midway Islands:wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic
Moldova:lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land
Monaco:none
Mongolia:oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin,nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate
Montserrat:NEGL
Morocco:phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Mozambique:coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum,graphite
Namibia:diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium,cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore
Nauru:phosphates
Navassa Island:guano
Nepal:quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, smalldeposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Netherlands:natural gas, petroleum, arable land
Netherlands Antilles:phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
New Caledonia:nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver,gold, lead, copper
New Zealand:natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower,gold, limestone
Nicaragua:gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Niger:uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum
Nigeria:natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal,limestone, lead, zinc, arable land
Niue:fish, arable land
Norfolk Island:fish
Northern Mariana Islands:arable land, fish
Norway:petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore,zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
Oman:petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium,gypsum, natural gas
Pacific Ocean:oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand andgravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Pakistan:land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum,poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Palau:forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products,deep-seabed minerals
Palmyra Atoll:terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Panama:copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Papua New Guinea: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Paracel Islands:none
Paraguay:hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Peru:copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,phosphate, potash, hydropower
Philippines:timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt,copper
Pitcairn Islands:miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have beendiscovered offshore
Poland:coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt,arable land
Portugal:fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore,marble, arable land, hydro power
Puerto Rico:some copper and nickel; potential for onshore andoffshore oil
Qatar:petroleum, natural gas, fish
Reunion:fish, arable land, hydropower
Romania:petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal,iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Russia:wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil,natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinderexploitation of natural resources
Rwanda:gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore),methane, hydropower, arable land
Saint Helena:fish
Saint Kitts and Nevis:arable land
Saint Lucia:forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineralsprings, geothermal potential
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:fish, deepwater ports
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:hydropower, cropland
Samoa:hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
San Marino:building stone
Sao Tome and Principe:fish, hydropower
Saudi Arabia:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Senegal:fish, phosphates, iron ore
Seychelles:fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Sierra Leone:diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold,chromite
Singapore:fish, deepwater ports
Slovakia:brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copperand manganese ore; salt; arable land
Slovenia:lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver,hydropower
Solomon Islands:fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead,zinc, nickel
Somalia:uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin,gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
South Africa:gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese,nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper,vanadium, salt, natural gas
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:fish
Southern Ocean:probable large and possible giant oil and gas fieldson the continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placerdeposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs, squid, whales,and seals - none exploited; krill, fishes
Spain:coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites,fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash,hydropower, arable land
Spratly Islands:fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gaspotential
Sri Lanka:limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates,clay, hydropower
Sudan:petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore,zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
Suriname:timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold,and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore
Svalbard:coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
Swaziland:asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests,small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Sweden:zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium,hydropower
Switzerland:hydropower potential, timber, salt
Syria:petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt,iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Tajikistan:hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, browncoal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Tanzania:hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds,gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Thailand:tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber,lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
Togo:phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Tokelau:NEGL
Tonga:fish, fertile soil
Trinidad and Tobago:petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Tromelin Island:fish
Tunisia:petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Turkey:antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur,iron ore, arable land, hydropower
Turkmenistan:petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Turks and Caicos Islands:spiny lobster, conch
Tuvalu:fish
Uganda:copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land
Ukraine:iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber,arable land
United Arab Emirates:petroleum, natural gas
United Kingdom:coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, ironore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land
United States:coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium,bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten,zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber
Uruguay:arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries
Uzbekistan:natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver,copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Vanuatu:manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Venezuela:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, otherminerals, hydropower, diamonds
Vietnam:phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshoreoil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Virgin Islands:sun, sand, sea, surf
Wake Island:none
Wallis and Futuna:NEGL
West Bank:arable land
Western Sahara:phosphates, iron ore
World:the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, thedepletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal andplant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality(especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) poseserious long-term problems that governments and peoples are onlybeginning to address
Yemen:petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal,gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Yugoslavia:oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel,gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land
Zambia:copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver,uranium, hydropower
Zimbabwe:coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, ironore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Taiwan:small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, andasbestos
======================================================================
@Net migration rate
Afghanistan:11.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania:-3.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria:-0.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa:3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra:6.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola:-0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla:17.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda:-6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina:0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia:-3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba:NEGL
Australia:4.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria:2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan:-5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The:-2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain:1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh:-0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados:-0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus:2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium:0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda:2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia:-1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:8.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil:-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands:11.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei:4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria:-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso:-0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma:-1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NAmigrant(s)/1,000 population
Canada:6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde:-12.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands:12.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US
Central African Republic:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China:-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Colombia:-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros:NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: one million refugees fled into Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo or DROC) in 1994 to escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis; fighting in the DROC between rebels and government forces in October 1996 caused 875,000 refugees to return to Rwanda in late 1996 and early 1997; an additional 173,000 Rwandan refugees disappeared in early 1997 and are assumed to have been killed by Zairian forces; fighting between the Congolese government and Uganda- and Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese displaced in DROC and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding countries
Congo, Republic of the:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica:0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire:1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: after Liberia's civil war started in 1990, more than 350,000 refugees fled to Cote d'Ivoire; by the end of 1999 most Liberian refugees were assumed to have returned
Croatia:13.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba:-1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus:0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic:0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark:1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica:-20.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic:-3.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador:-0.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt:-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador:-3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea:NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea:7.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, about 150,000 Eritrean refugees in Sudan have registered for voluntary repatriation, following the restoration of diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Sudan in January 2000
Estonia:-0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia:0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several years; small numbers of Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Faroe Islands:2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji:-3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland:0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France:0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana:10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia:3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The:2.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip:1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia:-2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany:4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana:-0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar:NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece:1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland:-8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada:-15.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe:-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala:-1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey:3.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea:-2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: as a result of civil war in neighboring countries, Guinea ishost to almost half a million Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
Guinea-Bissau:-1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana:-8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti:-2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras:-2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong:7.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary:0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland:-2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India:-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran:-4.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland:4.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel:2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy:1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica:-7.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey:2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan:7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan:-6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya:-1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 1999 Kenya was host to 223,700 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 141,000 and Sudan 64,250
Kiribati:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait:14.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan:-2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia:-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho:-0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia:-11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999, all Liberian refugees, who had fled thedomestic strife, were assumed to have returned
Libya:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein:4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania:0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg:9.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau:9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegalimmigrants from other countries in the region
Maldives:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali:-0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta:2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of:5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique:-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius:-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte:10.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico:-2.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova:-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco:7.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat:123.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco:-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands:2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles:-0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand:4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua:-1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger:-0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria:0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Norfolk Island:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands:18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway:2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman:0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan:-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau:4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama:-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay:-0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru:-1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines:-1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Poland:-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal:0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico:-2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar:20.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania:-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia:0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda:-1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:-10.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)