Saint Lucia:-4.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:-4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:-7.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population(2001 est.)
Samoa:-11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino:11.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe:-3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia:1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal:0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles:-6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone:10.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed tobe returning
Singapore:26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia:0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia:2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia:5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa:-1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain:0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka:-1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan:0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname:-8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Swaziland:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden:0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland:1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan:-3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania:-0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo:0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Tonga:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago:-9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia:-0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan:-1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 13.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda:-0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 1999, Uganda was host to 218,000 refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including: Sudan 200,600, Rwanda 8,000, and Democratic Republic of the Congo 8,000
Ukraine:-0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates:1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom:1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States:3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay:-0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan:-2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela:-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam:-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands:0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna:NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
West Bank:3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia:-4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia:-0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into SouthAfrica in search of better paid employment
Taiwan:-0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@People - note
Cuba:illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt todepart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, aliensmugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubanstook to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guardinterdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also usenon-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrivedoverland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami
======================================================================
@Pipelines
Afghanistan:petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram andTurkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km
Albania:crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64km (1991)
Algeria:crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas2,948 km
Angola:crude oil 179 km
Argentina:crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; naturalgas 9,918 km
Armenia:natural gas 900 km (1991)
Australia:crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; naturalgas 5,600 km
Austria:crude oil 777 km; natural gas 840 km (1999)
Azerbaijan:crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; naturalgas 1,240 km
Bahrain:crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Bangladesh:natural gas 1,250 km
Belarus:crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas1,980 km (1992)
Belgium:crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas3,300 km
Bolivia:crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas1,495 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina:crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)
Brazil:crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas4,246 km (1998)
Brunei:crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920km
Bulgaria:petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)
Burma:crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Canada:crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
Chile:crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320km
China:crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas9,383 km (1998)
Colombia:crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; naturalgas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:petroleum products 390 km
Congo, Republic of the:crude oil 25 km
Costa Rica:petroleum products 176 km
Croatia:crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310km (1992)
Czech Republic:natural gas 3,550 km (2000)
Denmark:crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas700 km
Dominican Republic:crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km
Ecuador:crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km
Egypt:crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas460 km
Estonia:natural gas 420 km (1992)
Finland:natural gas 580 km
France:crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas24,746 km
Gabon:crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km
Georgia:crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440km (1992)
Germany:crude oil 2,500 km (1998)
Ghana:0 km
Gibraltar:0 km
Greece:crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
Guatemala:crude oil 275 km
Hungary:crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
India:crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km; natural gas1,700 km (1995)
Indonesia:crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; naturalgas 1,703 km (1989)
Iran:crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas4,550 km
Iraq:crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas1,360 km
Ireland:natural gas 7,592 km (transmission 1,158 km; distribution6,434 km) (2000)
Israel:crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89km
Italy:crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas19,400 km
Jamaica:petroleum products 10 km
Japan:crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800km
Jordan:crude oil 209 km; note - may not be in use
Kazakhstan:crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; naturalgas 3,480 km (1992)
Kenya:petroleum products 483 km
Korea, North:crude oil 37 km; petroleum product 180 km
Korea, South:petroleum products 455 km; note - additionally, thereis a parallel petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) pipeline beingcompleted
Kuwait:crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165km
Kyrgyzstan:natural gas 200 km
Laos:petroleum products 136 km
Latvia:crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560km (1992)
Lebanon:crude oil 72 km (none in operation)
Libya:crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includesliquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Lithuania:crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)
Luxembourg:petroleum products 48 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:10 km
Malaysia:crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Mexico:crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; naturalgas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km
Midway Islands:7.8 km
Moldova:natural gas 310 km (1992)
Morocco:crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km (abandoned);natural gas 241 km
Mozambique:crude oil 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
note: not operating
Netherlands:crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; naturalgas 10,230 km
New Zealand:petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km;liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 150 km
Nicaragua:crude oil 56 km
Nigeria:crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; naturalgas 500 km
Norway:refined petroleum products 53 km
Oman:crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
Pakistan:crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas4,044 km (1987)
Panama:crude oil 130 km (2001)
Peru:crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Philippines:petroleum products 357 km
Poland:crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas17,000 km (1996)
Portugal:crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700km
note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be300 km long have not yet been built
Qatar:crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km
Romania:crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; naturalgas 6,400 km (1992)
Russia:crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; naturalgas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia:crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; naturalgas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Slovakia:petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
Slovenia:crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km
Somalia:crude oil 15 km
South Africa:crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; naturalgas 322 km
Spain:crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas1,666 km
Sri Lanka:crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)
Sudan:refined products 815 km
Sweden:natural gas 84 km
Switzerland:crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km
Syria:crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km
Tajikistan:natural gas 400 km (1992)
Tanzania:crude oil 982 km
Thailand:petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Trinidad and Tobago:crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km;natural gas 904 km
Tunisia:crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742km
Turkey:crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas708 km
Turkmenistan:crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ukraine:crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km(1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
United Arab Emirates:crude oil 830 km; natural gas, includingnatural gas liquids, 870 km
United Kingdom:crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km;petroleum products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km
United States:petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km(1991)
Uzbekistan:crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas810 km (1992)
Venezuela:crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; naturalgas 4,010 km
Vietnam:petroleum products 150 km
Yemen:crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Yugoslavia:crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas2,110 km
Zambia:crude oil 1,724 km
Zimbabwe:petroleum products 212 km
Taiwan:petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)
======================================================================
@Political parties and leaders
Afghanistan:Taliban (Religious Students Movement) [Mullah MohammadOMAR]; United National Islamic Front for the Salvation ofAfghanistan or UNIFSA [Burhanuddin RABBANI, chairman; Gen. AbdulRashid DOSTAM, vice chairman; Ahmad Shah MASOOD, military commander;Mohammed Yunis QANUNI, spokesman]; note - made up of 13 partiesopposed to the Taliban including Harakat-i-Islami Afghanistan(Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party),Hizb-i-Wahdat-i-Islami (Islamic Unity Party), Jumaat-i-IslamiAfghanistan (Islamic Afghan Society), Jumbish-i-Milli (NationalFront), Mahaz-i-Milli-i-Islami (National Islamic Front)
Albania:Albanian National Front (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [AbazERMENJI]; Albanian Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; AlbanianSocialist Party or PS (formerly the Albania Workers Party) [FatosNANO, chairman]; Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI];Democratic Alliance or PAD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD[Sali BERISHA]; Group of Reformist Democrats [Leonard NDOKA];Liberal Union Party [Teodor LACO]; note - Teodor LACO of the LiberalUnion Party was leader of the Social Democratic Union of Albania orPBSD; Movement of Legality Party or PLL [Nderim KUPI]; OMONIA[Vagjelis DULES]; Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI];Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Unity for HumanRights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO, chairman]
Algeria:Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman];Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJand Dr. Abassi MADANI (imprisoned), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile inGermany)]; Movement of a Peaceful Society or MSP [Mahfoud NAHNAH,chairman]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Boualem BENHAMOUDA,secretary general]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS];Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretarygeneral]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI];Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Frontor FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile inSwitzerland)]; Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA];Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a party law banning political parties based on religion wasenacted in March 1997
American Samoa:Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party[leader NA]
Andorra:Liberal Union or UL [Marc Forne MOLNE] (renamed LiberalParty of Andorra or PLA); National Democratic Group or AND [LadislauBARO SOLA]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc MATEUZamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU Cassany]; Union of thePeople of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO Coma]
note: there are two other small parties
Angola:Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de VictoriaPEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA[disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Unionfor the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI],largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance;Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose EduardoDOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Partyor PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO];UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992elections but won few seats and have little influence in theNational Assembly
Anguilla:Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; TheUnited Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition ofthe Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla NationalAlliance or ANA
Antigua and Barbuda:Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester BryantBIRD]; Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; UnitedProgressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of threeopposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP,Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive LaborMovement or PLM)
Argentina:Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Frontfor a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition)[Carlos ALVAREZ]; Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM](Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union orUCR [Raul ALFONSIN]; several provincial parties
Armenia:Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Partyor ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian DemocraticUnion or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party[Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [RubenMNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN,chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; MissionParty [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU[Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN];Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People'sParty of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA[Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [GayaneSARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN];Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of NationalSelf-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc[Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of theRepublican Party and People's Party of Armenia)
Aruba:Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; ArubanDemocratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA[Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET];Aruban People's Party or AVP [Tico CROES]; Electoral Movement Partyor MEP [Nelson ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [leaderNA]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]
Australia:Australian Democratic Party [Meg LEES]; Australian LaborParty [Kim BEAZLEY]; Green Party [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [JohnWinston HOWARD]; National Party [John ANDERSON]; One Nation Party[Pauline HANSON]
Austria:Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL];Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Susanne RIESS-PASSER]; SocialDemocratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The GreensAlternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]
Azerbaijan:Alliance for Azerbaijan Party [Abutalyb SAMADOV];Azerbaijani Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALAL]; AzerbaijaniIndependent Democratic Party or AMDP [Leyla YUNUSOVA]; AzerbaijanPopular Front or APF [Ali KERIMOV, leader of "reform faction";Mirmahmud FATTAYEV, leader of "traditionalist" faction]; CivicSolidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party[Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [RamizAHMADOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA-2 [Firudin HASANOV];Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Enlightenment Party[Mammadhanifu MUSAYEV]; Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA[Ilyus ISMAILOV and Rasul QULIYEV, co-chairman]; Democratic WorldParty of Azerbaijan [Mamnad ALIZADE]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan[Lala Shvkat HAJIYEVA]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; NationalCongress Party of Azerbaijan [Ihtiyar SHIRIN]; National MovementParty [Samir JAFAROV]; National Statehood Party [SabirTARIVERDIYEV]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Partyor NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman]; Party for National Independence ofAzerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADOV, chairman]; People's DemocraticParty of Azerbaijan or PDPA [Rafig TURABKHANOGLU]; Social DemocraticParty of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardusht ALIZADE, chairman]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties
Bahamas, The:Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert AlexanderINGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrain:political parties prohibited
Bangladesh:Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh CommunistParty or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Partyor BNP [Khaleda ZIAur Rahman]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [AzizolHAQ]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party orJP [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]
Barbados:Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; DemocraticLabor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; National Democratic Party orNDP [Richard HAYNES]
Belarus:Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman];Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman];Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian EcologicalParty and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA]; Belarusian PatrioticMovement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH,chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA];Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH,chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV]; CivicAccord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH,chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH,chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN,chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [AnatoliyNETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA[Leanid SECHKA]; Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA,chairperson]
Belgium:AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dos GEYSELS]; ECOLO (FrancophoneGreens) [no president]; Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP(Christian People's Party) [Stefaan DE CLERCK, president]; FlemishLiberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT, president]; FlemishSocialist Party or SP [Patrick JANSSENS, president]; FrancophoneChristian Democrats or PSC (Social Christian Party) [Joelle MILQUET,president]; Francophone Liberal Reformation Party or PRL [DanielDUCARME, president]; Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DIRUPO, president]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Vlaams Blokor VB [Frank VANHECKE]; Volksunie or VU [leader vacant]; other minorparties
Belize:People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United DemocraticParty or UDP [Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean BARROW, Doug SINGH]
Benin:African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [SefouFAGBOHOUN]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [SylvainAdekpedjou AKINDES]; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSDand the National Union for Solidarity and Progress or UNSP [BrunoAMOUSSOU]; Cameleon Alliance or AC [leader NA]; Car-DUNYA [SakaSALEY]; Communist Party of Benin or PCB [Pascal FANTONDJI, firstsecretary]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome SakiaKINA]; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA];Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten orRDL-Vivoten [Severin ADJOVI]; Movement for Citizens' Commitment andAwakening or MERCI [Severin ADJOVI]; New Generation for the Republicor NGR [Paul DOSSOU]; Our Common Cause or NCC [Francois OdjoTANKPINON]; Party Democratique du Benin or PDB [Col. Soule DANKORO];Rally for Democracy and Pan-Africanism or RDP [Dominique HOYMINOU,Dr. Giles Auguste MINONTIN]; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB[Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [SaccaLAFIA]; Union for National Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [AdamouN'Diaye MAMA]
note: the Coalition of Democratic Forces is an alliance of partiesand organizations supporting President KEREKOU [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]
Bermuda:National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON];Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United BermudaParty or UBP [Pamela GORDON]
Bhutan:no legal parties
Bolivia:Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA]; CivicSolidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of theFatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free BoliviaMovement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR]; Movement of the RevolutionaryLeft or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN[Hugo BANZER Suarez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR[Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [leaderNA]; Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE]; United Left orIU [Marcos DOMIC]
note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition
Bosnia and Herzegovina:Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC];Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic DemocraticParty of BiH or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian DemocraticUnion or HKDU BiH [Ante PASALIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of BiHor HDZ-BiH [leader vacant]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [ZdravkoHRSTIC]; Croatian Peasants Party of BiH or HSS-BiH [Ilija SIMIC];Democratic Action Party or SDA [Alija IZETBEGOVIC]; DemocraticNational Alliance or DNS [Dragan KOSTIC]; Democratic Party ofPensioners or DPS [Alojz KNEZOVIC]; Democratic Party of RS or DSRS[Dragomir DUMIC]; Democratic Peoples Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC];Democratic Socialist Party or DSP [Nebojsa RADMANOVIC]; LiberalDemocratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croatian Initiative orNHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH [HarisSILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC];Party of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK];Pensioners' Party of FBiH [Husein VOJNIKOVIC]; Pensioners' Party ofSR [Stojan BOGOSAVAC]; Republican Party of BiH or RP [StjepanKLJUIC]; Serb Democratic Party or Serb Lands or SDS [DraganKALINIC]; Serb National Alliance (Serb People's Alliance) or SNS[Biljana PLAVSIC]; Social Democratic Party BIH or SDP-BiH [ZlatkoLAGUMDZIJA]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [ZivkoRADISIC]
Botswana:Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; BotswanaNational Front or BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP[Michael DINGAKE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim LepetuSETSHWAELO]
note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joinedforces in 1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM[Ephraim SETSHWAELO, chairman] but did not capture any parliamentaryseats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim LepetuSETSHWAELO], the Botswana Peoples Party, the Independence FreedomParty [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K.KWELE]
Brazil:Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO,president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON];Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno];Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president];Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; CommunistParty of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman];Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; LiberalFront Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party orPL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS[Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU,president]
British Virgin Islands:Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [EthlynSMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; UnitedParty or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.O'NEAL]
Brunei:Brunei Solidarity National Party or PPKB in Malay [Haji MohdHATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin, president]; the PPKB is the only legalpolitical party in Brunei; it was registered in 1985, but becamelargely inactive after 1988, it was revived in 1995 and again in1998; it has less than 200 registered party members; other partiesinclude Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in 1962) and BruneiNational Democratic Party (registered in May 1965, deregistered bythe Brunei Government in 1988)
Bulgaria:Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition ledmainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN];Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian SocialistParty or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL(bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and BulgarianAgrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV];Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [AleksanderKARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movementfor Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement forSimeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria[Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian AgrarianPeople's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St.George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (analliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]
Burkina Faso:African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy andFederation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Congress for Democracy andProgress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Toleranceand Progress or MTP [Noyabtigungu Congo KABORE]; Party for AfricanIndependence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy andProgress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens for theDevelopment of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]
Burma:National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP(proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy orSNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Associationor USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG,general secretary]; and other smaller parties
Burundi:Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity forNational Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; BurundiDemocratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [TerrenceNSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development orRADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA[Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP[Mathias HITIMANA]
Cambodia:Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; CambodianPracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM];Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front foran Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia orFUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP(formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Cameroon:Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC[leader NA]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MLJC [MarcelYONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [MaigariBELLO BOUBA, chairman]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRUNDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations has two sections UPC-N [NdehNTUMAZAH] and UPC-K [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]
Canada:Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Canadian Alliance[Stockwell DAY]; Liberal Party [Jean CHRETIEN]; New Democratic Party[Alexa MCDONOUGH]; Progressive Conservative Party [Joe CLARK]
Cape Verde:African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV[Jose Maria NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM[Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];Movement for Democracy or MPD [Antonio Gualberto do ROSARIO,president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. EuricoMONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Dr.Oresimo SILVEIRA, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [JoaoALEM, president]; Union for an Independent Democratic Cape Verde orUCID [Antonio MONTEIRO, president]
Cayman Islands:there are no formal political parties but thefollowing loose groupings act as political organizations; NationalTeam; Democratic Alliance; Team Cayman
Central African Republic:Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP[Francois PEHOUA]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [AndreKOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; DemocraticForum or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD[Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development orMDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the CentralAfrican People or MLPC [the party of the president, Ange-FelixPATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA];People's Union for the Republic or UPR [leader NA]; National UnityParty or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD[Enoch LAKOUE]
Chad:National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [SalehKEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT,chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power andthe party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP[Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen.Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]
Chile:Center-Center Union Party or UCCP [Francisco JavierERRAZURIZ]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ricardo HORMAZABAL];Coalition of Parties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD -including PDC, PS, PPD, PRSD; Independent Democratic Union or UDI[Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN [Alberto CARDEMIL]; Partyfor Democracy or PPD [Guido GIRARDI]; Radical Social DemocraticParty or PRSD [Anselmo SULE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ]
China:Chinese Communist Party or CCP [JIANG Zemin, GeneralSecretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small partiescontrolled by CCP
Christmas Island:none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:none
Colombia:Conservative Party or PSC [Ciro RAMIREZ Anzon]; LiberalParty or PL [Luis Guillermo VELEZ]; Patriotic Union or UP is a legalpolitical party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia orFARC and Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO]; 19 ofApril Movement or M-19 [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]
Comoros:Front National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party inopposition) [Ahmed Abdallah MOHAMED, Ahmed ABOUBACAR, SoidikiM'BAPANOZA]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND(party of the government) [Ali Bazi SELIM]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:Democratic Social Christian Partyor PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR[leader NA]; Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA];Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDIwa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans orUFERI [Kouyoumba MUCHULI Mulembe]
Congo, Republic of the:the most important of the many parties arethe Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance ofConvention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT,Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress,Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for theNational Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Association forDemocracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre ThystereTCHICAYA, president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and IntegralDevelopment or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for SocialDevelopment or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Union of Democratic Forces orUFD [Sebastian EBAO]
Cook Islands:Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Tai CARPENTER];Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New AllianceParty or NAP [Norman GEORGE]
Costa Rica:Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLISBlanco]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO];Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian MovementParty or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Partyor ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI[Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [WalterMUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO];Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON]
note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN; numerous smallparties share less than 25% of population's support
Cote d'Ivoire:Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African DemocraticRally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front orFPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DAGRI-DIABATE]; Union forDemocracy and Peace [Gen. Robert GUEI]; over 20 smaller parties
Croatia:Alliance of Croatian Coast and Mountains Department or PGS[Luciano SUSANJ]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [MarkoVESELICA]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; CroatianParty of Rights or HSP [Dobroslav PARAGA]; Croatian Peasant Party orHSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC];Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA]; IndependentDemocratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; IstrianDemocratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LP[leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]
note: the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian SocialLiberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP,and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union orHDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election
Cuba:only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,first secretary]
Cyprus:Greek Cypriot area: Democratic Party or DIKO [TassosPAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party)[Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS(formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [VassosLYSSARIDIS]; United Democrats Movement or EDE (formerly FreeDemocrats Movement or KED) [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area:Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Partyor DP [Salih COSAR]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN];National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [OkyaySADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN];Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]
Czech Republic:Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People'sParty or KDU-CSL [Jan KASAL, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance orODA [Daniel KROUPA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [VaclavKLAUS, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM[Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakiaor KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party ofCSNS [Jan SULA, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD[Milos ZEMAN, chairman]; Democratic Union or DEU [Ratibor MAJZLIK,chairman]; Freedom Union or US [Karel KUEHNL, chairman]; QuadCoalition [Cyril SVOBODA, chairman] (includes KDU-CSL, US, ODA,DEU); Republicans of Miroslav SLADEK or RMS [Miroslav SLADEK,chairman]
Denmark:Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian People'sParty [Jann SJURSEN]; Conservative Party (sometimes known asConservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party[Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; ProgressParty (now named Freedom 2000) [Kim BEHNKE]; Social Democratic Party[Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN]; Social Liberal Party (sometimes called theRadical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Johannes LEBECH, chairman];Socialist People's Party [Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List(bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark,Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]
Djibouti:Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; People'sProgress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GELLEH]
Dominica:Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; DominicaLabor Party or DLP [Pierre CHARLES]; United Workers Party or UWP[Edison JAMES]
Dominican Republic:Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [LeonelFERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hatuey DECAMPS]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Joaquin BALAGUERRicardo]
Ecuador:Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; EcuadorianConservative Party or PCE [Sixto DURAN Ballen]; Independent NationalMovement or MIN [leader NA]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [RafaelPANDAM]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro RIVERA]; Popular DemocraticMovement or MPD [leader NA]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [FabianALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz,director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime NEBOT Saadi,president]
Egypt:Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-dinDAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed HosniMUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive UnionistGrouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP[No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by government
El Salvador:Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rene AGUILUZ];Democratic Convergence or CD (includes PSD, MNR, MPSC) [RubenZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ];Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Fabio CASTILLO];Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president];National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretarygeneral]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ Zepeda,president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Walter ARAUJO];Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the merger of ChristianSocial Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [AbrahamRODRIGUEZ, president]
Equatorial Guinea:Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS[Placido Miko ABOGO]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progressof Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action ofEquatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP[Victorino Bolekia BONAY, mayor of Malabo]; Union of IndependentDemocrats of UDI [Daniel OYONO]
Eritrea:People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the onlyparty recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki, PETROS Solomon];note - the National Assembly has appointed a committee to draft alaw on political parties
Estonia:Center Party or K [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman]; ChristianPeople's Party [Aldo VINKEL]; Coalition Party and Rural Union or KMU[Andrus OOBEL, chairman]; Estonian Democratic Party (formerlyEstonian Blue Party) [Jaan LAAS]; Estonian Independence Party[leader NA]; Estonian National Democratic Party or ENDP [leader NA];Estonian Pensioners and Families Party [Mai TREIAL]; EstonianProgressive Party [Andra VEIDEMANN]; Estonian Republican Party[leader NA]; Estonian Social-Democratic Labor Party [Tiit TOOMSALU];Estonian Rural People's Union (1999 merger of Estonian CountryPeople's Party and the Estonian Rural Union) [Arvo SIRENDI]; Partyof Consolidation Today [leader NA]; People's Party Moderates (1999merger of People's Party and Moderates) [Andres TARAND]; ReformParty or RE [Siim KALLAS, chairman]; Russian Party in Estonia[Nikolai MASPANOV]; Russian Unity Party [Igor SEDASHEV]; Union ofPro Patria or Fatherland League (Isamaaliit) [Mart LAAR, chairman];United People's Party or UPPE [Viktor ANDREJEV, chairman]
Ethiopia:Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA];All-Amhara People's Organization or AAPO [KEGNAZ MATCH NegueaTibeb]; Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM [TEFERA Walwa];Bench Madji People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA];Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leaderNA]; Coalition of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy orCAFPD [Kifle TIGNEH Abate and BEYENE Petros]; Ethiopian DemocraticUnity Party or EDUP [Lt. Gen. TESFAYE Gebre Kidan]; EthiopianNational Democratic Party or ENDP [FEKADU Gedamu]; EthiopianPeople's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (analliance of the ANDM, OPDO, and TPLF); Gedeyo People's RevolutionaryDemocratic Movement or GPRDF [leader NA]; Gurange NationalitiesDemocratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa Shaka People'sDemocratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata, Alabaa, andTembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUDIbsa Gudina]; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO [KUMADemeksa]; Sidama People's Democratic Organization or SPDO [leaderNA]; South Omo People's Democratic Movement or SOPDM [leader NA];Tigrai People's Liberation Front or TPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta,Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, Konta People's Democratic Organization or WGGPDO[leader NA]; dozens of small parties
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):none; all independents
Faroe Islands:Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Home Rule Party [HelenaDam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Oli BRECKMANN]; Republican Party[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; UnionParty [Edmund JOENSEN]
Fiji:Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; FijianNationalist Federation Party or NFP [Singh RAKKA]; Fijian PoliticalParty or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA];National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Jai Ram REDDY];United General Party or UGP [David PICKERING]
Finland:Center Party or Kesk [Esko AHO]; Finnish Christian Union orSKL [C. P. Bjarne KALLIS]; Green Union [Satu HASSI]; LeftistAlliance (Communist) composed of People's Democratic League andDemocratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition(conservative) Party or Kok [Sauli NIINISTO]; Reform Group [RistoKUISMA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; SwedishPeople's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]
France:Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; FrenchCommunist Party or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movementor MEI [Antoine WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previouslyRadical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)[Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal Democracy or DL (originally RepublicanParty or PR) [Alain MADELIN]; Movement for France or MPF [PhilippeDEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for theRepublic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE]; Socialist Party or PS[Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition ofUDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the Center or UDC[leader NA]
French Guiana:Guianese Socialist Party or PSG [Antoine KARAM];Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Rally for theRepublic or RPR [Roland HO-WEN-SZE]; Socialist Party or PS [PierreRIBARDIERE] (may be a subset of PSG); Walwari Committee [ChristineTAUBIRA-DELANON]
French Polynesia:Centrist Union or UC [leader NA]; IndependentFront for the Liberation of Polynesia (Tavini Huiraatira) [OscarTEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]; People'sRally for the Republic (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]
Gabon:African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR [Leon MBOU-YEMBI];Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-NdingeDIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party[Simplice Nguedet MANZELA, secretary general]; Gabonese Party forProgress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE, president]; GabonesePeople's Union or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]; Gabonese Socialist Unionor USG [Serge MBA BEKALE]; National Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons)or RNB [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [LouisGaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [PierreEMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre ClaverMAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]
Gambia, The:Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Constructionor APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; National Reconciliation Party orNRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization forIndependence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United DemocraticParty or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]
note: in August 1996 the government banned the following fromparticipation in the elections of 1996: People's Progressive Partyor PPP [former President Dawda K. JAWARA (in exile)], and twoopposition parties - the National Convention Party or NCP [formerVice President Sheriff DIBBA] and the Gambian People's Party or GPP[Hassan Musa CAMARA]
Georgia:Citizen's Union of Georgia or CUG [Eduard SHEVARDNADZE];Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE,chairman]; Industry Will Save Georgia or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE];National Democratic Party or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA];Socialist Party or SPG [Temur GAMTSEMLIDZE]; Union for "Revival"Party or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE]; United Republican Party or URP[Nodar NATADZE, chairman]
Germany:Alliance '90/Greens [Renate KUENAST and Fritz KUHN];Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian SocialUnion or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party orFDP [Wolfgang GERHARDT, chairman]; note - Wolfgang GERHARDT willprobably be replaced by Guido WESTERWELLE in May 2001; Party ofDemocratic Socialism or PDS [Gabi ZIMMER]; Social Democratic Partyor SPD [Gerhard SCHROEDER, chairman]
Ghana:Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,chairman]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA];National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, generalsecretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES];People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, actingchairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel AlexanderERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Gibraltar:Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA];Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]
Greece:Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [NikolaosKONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA];New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS]
Greenland:Akulliit Party [Bjarne KREUTZMANN]; Atassut Party(Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing closerelations with Denmark) [Daniel SKIFTE]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA(Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independencefrom Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup(Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List,an independent right-of-center party with no official platform[leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic partyadvocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomyfrom Denmark) [Jonathan MOTZFELDT]
Grenada:Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME];National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New NationalParty or NNP [George McGUIRE]
Guadeloupe:Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [ChristianCELESTE]; Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Rallyfor the Republic or RPR [Aldo BLAISE]; Socialist Party or PS[Georges LOUISOR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]
Guam:Democratic Party (party of the Governor) [leader NA];Republican Party (controls the legislature) [leader NA]
Guatemala:Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Jorge LuisORTEGA]; Democratic Union or UD [Jose Luis CHEA Urruela]; GreenParty or LOV [Jose ASTURIAS Rudecke]; Guatemalan Christian Democracyor DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National RevolutionaryUnity or URNG [Pablo MONSANTO, also known as Jorge SOTO]; GuatemalanRepublican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; New Nation Alliance orANN [leader NA], which includes the URNG; National Advancement Partyor PAN [Leonel LOPEZ Rodas]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP[Acisclo VALLADARES Molina]
Guernsey:none; all independents
Guinea:Democratic Party of Guinea or PDG-AST [Marcel CROS];Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [ElHadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress orUNP [Paul Louis FABER]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [LansanaCONTE] - the governing party; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP[Siradiou DIALLO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [AlphaCONDE]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE,secretary-general]; Union for the New Republic or UNR [Mamadou BoyeBA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]
Guinea-Bissau:African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissauand Cape Verde or PAIGC [Francisco BENANTE]; Front for theLiberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder VazLOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [AlhajeBubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progressor UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for DemocraticConvergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS[Koumba YALLA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president,Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Social Democratic Party orPUSD [Victor Sau'de MARIA]
Guyana:Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party orGLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARINE]; GuyanaAction Party or GAP [leader NA]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP [leaderNA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Hugh Desmond HOYTE];People's Progressive Party or PPP [Janet JAGEN]; Rise, Organize andRebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR];Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPARNINE]
Haiti:Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats orRDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convergence (opposition coalition composed ofESPACE, OPL, and MOCHRENA) [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES, Evans PAUL, LucMESADIEU, Victor BENOIT]; Democratic Consultation Group coalition orESPACE [Evans PAUL, Victor Benoit] composed of the followingparties: National Congress of Democratic Movements or KONAKOM,National Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA, Generation 2004,and Haiti Can; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH[Marie-France CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEM [ClarkPARENT]; Lavalas Family or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]; Mobilizationfor National Development or MDN [Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement forNational Reconstruction or MRN [Rene THEODORE]; Movement for theInstallation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; Movementfor the Organization of the Country or MOP [Gesner COMEAU and JeanMOLIERE]; National Front for Change and Democracy or FNCD [EvansPAUL and Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti orMOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Struggling People's Organization or OPL[Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES]
Holy See (Vatican City):none
Honduras:Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Efrain DIAZArrivillaga, president]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [MariasFUNES Valladares, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Carlos RobertoFLORES Facusse, president]; National Innovation and UnityParty-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban VALLADARES,president]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Carlos URBIZO,president]