Hong Kong:Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [leader NA];Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong [Jasper TSANGYok-sing, chairman]; Democratic Party [Martin LEE Chu-ming,chairman]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; HongKong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [leader NA];Hong Kong Progressive Alliance [Ambrose LAU Hon-chuen]; LiberalParty [James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]; New Century Forum [NQChing-fai, chairman]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association forDemocracy and People's Livelihood, Citizens Party, Democratic Party,Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Bettermentof Hong Kong, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party, NewCentury Forum
Hungary:Alliance of Free Democrats or SZDSZ [Gabor DEMSZKY];Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Gyorgy GICZY,president]; Federation of Young Democrats-Hungarian Civic Party orFYD-HCP [Laszlo KOVER]; note - used to be Hungarian Civic Party orFIDESZ; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; HungarianDemocratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman];Hungarian Justice and Life Party or MIEP [Istvan CSURKA, chairman];Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Laszlo KOVACS, chairman];Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman];Independent Smallholders or FKGP [Jozsef TORGYAN, president]
Iceland:Independence Party (conservative) or IP [David ODDSSON];Left-Green Alliance [Steinsvimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party [SverrirHERMANNSSON]; People's Party (Social Democratic Party) or SDP[Sighvatyr BJORGIVINSSON]; Progressive Party (liberal) or PP[Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; The Alliance (includes People's Alliance orPA, Social Democratic Party or SVP, People's Movement, Women's List)[Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]; Women's List or WL [Kristin ASTGEIRSDOTTIR]
India:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB [Prem DuttaPALIWAL (chairman), Chitta BASU (general secretary)]; Asom GanaParishad [Prafulla Kumar MAHANTA]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP[Kanshi RAM]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Bangaru LAXMAN,president]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Partyof India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party ofIndia/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Vinod MISHRA]; Congress (I) Party[Sonia GANDHI, president]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (aregional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian NationalLeague [Suliaman SAIT]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA];Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV, president, I. K. GUJRAL];Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Marumalarchi DravidaMunnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA];Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; NationalDemocratic Alliance, a 16-party alliance including BJP, DMK, JanataDal (U), SHS, Shiromani Akali Dal, Telugu Desam, BJD, RinamoolCongress]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Tridip CHOWDHURY]; SamajwadiParty or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV, president]; Shiromani Akali Dal[Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil MaanilaCongress [G. K. MOOPANAR]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP (a regionalparty in Andhra Pradesh) [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress[Mamata BANERJEE]
Indonesia:Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril IhzaMAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation offormer Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation ofFunctional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman];Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalistand Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; IndonesiaDemocracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Matori Abdul DJALIL,chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]
Iran:the following organizations appeared to have achievedconsiderable success at elections to the sixth Majlis in early 2000:Assembly of the Followers of the Imam's Line, Freethinkers' Front,Islamic Iran Participation Front, Moderation and Development Party,Servants of Construction Party, Society of Self-sacrificing Devotees
Iraq:Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]
Ireland:Democratic Left [Proinsias DE ROSSA]; Fianna Fail [BertieAHERN]; Fine Gael [Michael NOONAN]; Green Party [Mary BOWERS]; LaborParty [Ruairi QUINN]; Progressive Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein[Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party[Tom FRENCH]
Israel:Balad or National Democratic Alliance [Amnon LIPKIN-SHAHAK];Center Party [Yitzhak MORDECHAI]; Democratic Movement [RomanBRONFMAN]; Gesher [David LEVI]; Hadash [Muhammad BARAKA]; LaborParty [leader vacant]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; MERETZ [YossiSARID]; National Democratic Alliance (Balad) [leader NA]; NationalReligious Party [Yitzhak LEVY]; National Union [Rehavam ZEEVI](includes Herut, Tekuma, and Moledet); One Israel [leader NA](includes Labor, Gesher, and Meimad); One Nation [Amir PERETZ]; Shas[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Tommy LAPID]; United Arab List [Abdal-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Rabbi Eliezer SHACK,spiritual leader]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya [Natan SHARANSKY]; Yisra'elBeiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]
Italy:Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian PopularParty, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, TheDemocrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, ItalianDemocratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; ChristianDemocratic Center or CDC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; ChristianDemocratic Union or CDU [Rocco BUTTIGLIONE]; Communist Renewal or RC[Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; GreenFederation [Grazia FRANCESCATO]; House of Liberties (formerlyFreedom Alliance, a center-right coalition) [leader SilvioBERLUSCONI] - Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian DemocraticCenter, Christian Democratic Union, Northern League; ItalianCommunist Party or PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Italian DemocraticSocialists [Enrico BOSELLI]; Italian Popular Party [PierluigiCASTAGNETTI]; Italian Renewal [Lamberto DINI]; Italian SocialMovement-Tricolored Flame or MSI-FI [Pino RAUTI]; National Allianceor AN [Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI];Radical Party (formerly Panella Reformers and Autonomous List)[Marco PANNELLA]; Southern Tyrols People's Party or SVP (Germanspeakers) [Siegfried BRUGGER]; Union of Democrats for Europe[Clemente MASTELLA]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]
Jamaica:Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; NationalDemocratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Partyor PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
Japan:Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Yukio HATOYAMA, leader,Naoto KAN, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [KazuoSHII, chairman, Tadaaki ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito[Takenori KANZAKI, president, Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president, TakuYAMASAKI, secretary general]; Liberal Party [Ichiro OZAWA,president, Hirohisa FUJII, secretary general]; New ConservativeParty [Chikage OGI, president, Takeshi NODA, secretary general];Social Democratic Party or SDP [Takako DOI, chairperson, SadaoFUCHIGAMI, secretary general]
Jersey:none; all independents
Jordan:Al-Umma (Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretarygeneral]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretarygeneral]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'eed THIYAB,secretary general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul HadiMAJALI, secretary general]
Kazakhstan:Agrarian Party [Romin MADENOV]; Alash [SoverkazhyAKATAYEV]; AZAMAT Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and GalymABILSIITOV, cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, firstsecretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, firstsecretary]; Forum of Democratic Forces [Nurbulat MASANOV, DeputyChairman of the Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan (RNPK);Amirzhan KOSANOV, RNPK activist; Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM, OrleuMovement; cochairmen]; Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV,chairman]; Orleu Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Otan [SergeiTERESCHENKO, chairman]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [IrinaSAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK[Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's Cooperative Party [UmirzakSARSENOV]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV];Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]
Kenya:Democratic Party of Kenya or DP [Mwai KIBAKI]; Forum for theRestoration of Democracy-Asili or FORD-A [Martin SHIKUKU, secretarygeneral]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K[Michael Kijana WAMALWA]; Forum for the Restoration ofDemocracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; KenyaAfrican National Union or KANU [President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI]- the governing party; National Development Party or NDP [RailaODINGA, president]; SAFINA [Farah MAALIM, chairman]; SocialDemocratic Party or SDP [Dr. Apollo NJONJO, secretary general andJustus NYANG'AYA, chairman]
Kiribati:Maneaban Te Mauri Party [Teburoro TITO]; NationalProgressive Party [Teatao TEANNAKI]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures
Korea, North:Chondoist Chongu Party [YU Mi-yong, chairwoman];Korean Social Democratic Party [KIM Pyong-sik, chairman]; majorparty - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Chong-il, GeneralSecretary]
Korea, South:Grand National Party or GNP [YI Hoe-chang, president];Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [KIM Dae-jung, president]; UnitedLiberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Chong-p'il, honorary chairman, KIMChong-ho, acting president]
note: on 20 January 2000, the National Congress for New Politics orNCNP was renamed the Millennium Democratic Party or MDP
Kuwait:none; formation of political parties is illegal
Kyrgyzstan:Agrarian Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson S. SYDYKOV];Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Arkin ALIYEV]; Ata-Meken SocialistParty or Fatherland [Onurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Banner National RevivalParty or ASABA [Chaprashty BAZARBAY]; Democratic Movement ofKyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV]; Democratic Women's Party ofKyrgyzstan [T. A. SHAILIYEVA]; Dignity Party [Feliks KULOV]; ErkinKyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Tursunbay Bakir UULU];Justice Party [Chingiz AYTMATOV]; Movement for the People'sSalvation [Jumgalbek AMAMBAYEV]; Mutual Help Movement or Ashar[Jumagazy USUPOV]; My Country of Action [Almazbek ISMANKULOV];National Unity Democratic Movement or DDNE [Yury RAZGULYAYEV]; Partyof Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Absamat M. MASALIYEV]; Party ofthe Veterans of the War in Afghanistan [leader NA]; Peasant Party[leader NA]; People's Party [Melis ESHIMKANOV]; Poor and UnprotectedPeople's Party [Daniyar USENOV]; Republican Popular Party ofKyrgyzstan [J. SHARSHENALIYEV]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [J.IBRAMOV]; Union of Democratic Forces (composed of Social DemocraticParty of Kyrgyzstan or PSD [J. IBRAMOV], Economic Revival Party, andBirimdik Party
Laos:Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon,party president]; other parties proscribed
Latvia:Anticommunist Union or PA [P. MUCENIEKS]; Christian DemocratUnion or LKDS [Talavs JUNDZIS]; Christian People's Party or KTP[Uldis AUGSTKALNS]; Democratic Party "Saimnieks" or DPS [ZiedonisCEVERS, chairman]; For Fatherland and Freedom or TB [MarisGRINBLATS], merged with LNNK; For Human Rights in a United Latvia[Janis JURKANS], a coalition of the People's Harmony Party or TSP,the Latvian Socialist Party or LSP, and the Equal Rights Movement;Green Party or LZP [Olegs BATAREVSKI]; Latvian Liberal Party or LLP[J. DANOSS]; Latvian National Conservative Party or LNNK [AndrejsKRASTINS]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [A. MALINS];Latvian Social-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDWU[Juris BOJARS and Janis ADAMSONS, leaders]; Latvian Unity Party orLVP [Alberis KAULS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Andrei PANTELEJEVS]; NewChristian Party [Ainars SLESERS]; New Faction [Ingrida UDRE]; "OurLand" or MZ [M. DAMBEKALNE]; Party of Russian Citizens or LKPP [V.SOROCHIN, V. IVANOV]; People's Party [Andris SKELE]; Political Unionof Economists or TPA [Edvins KIDE]
Lebanon:political party activity is organized along largelysectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting ofindividual political figures and followers motivated by religious,clan, and economic considerations
Lesotho:Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; BasothoNational Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; LesothoCongress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Dr.Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; United DemocraticParty or UDP [Charles MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP andSetlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP[Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [BofihlaNKUEBE]
Liberia:All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Lusinee KAMARA];Liberian Action Party or LAP [Cletus WOTORSON]; Liberian NationalUnion or LINU [Henry MONIBA, chairman]; Liberian People's Party orLPP [Togba-Nah TIPOTEH, chairman]; National Democratic Party ofLiberia or NDPL [Isaac DAKINAH]; National Patriotic Party or NPP[Charles Ghankay TAYLOR] - governing party; People's ProgressiveParty or PPP [Chea CHEAPOO, chairman]; Reformation Alliance Party orRAP [Henry Boimah FAHNBULLEH, chairman]; True Whig Party or TWP[Rudolph SHERMAN, chairman]; United People's Party or UPP [GabrielBaccus MATTHEWS, chairman]; Unity Party or UP [Charles Clarke]
Libya:none
Liechtenstein:Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Oswald KRANZ];Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Dr. Ernst WALCH]; The Free Listor FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]
Lithuania:Christian Democratic Party or LKDP [Zigmas ZINKEVICIUS,chairman]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [ValdemarTOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS[Vytautas LANDSBERGIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Center Union or LCS[Kestutis GLAVECKAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Farmer's Party or LUP[Ramunas KARBAUSKIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Liberal Union [RolandasPAKSAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [AlgirdasBRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic LaborParty or LDDP, the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSPD, andNew Democracy; Modern Christian Democratic Union [Vytautas BOGUSIS,chairman]; New Union-Social Liberals [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]
Luxembourg:Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR[Robert MEHLEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known alsoas Christian Social Party or PCS) [Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES];Democratic Party or DP [Lydie POLFER]; Green Party [Abbes JACOBY andFelix BRAS]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [JeanASSELBORN]; Marxist and Reformed Communist Party DEI LENK (the Left)[no formal leadership]; other minor parties
Macau:the following is a listing of those associations thatparticipated in the last legislative elections: Associacao de NovoMacau Democratico or ANMD [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para aEconomia de Macau or APPEM [leader NA]; Convergencia para oDesenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA]; Uniao Geral para oDesenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao para oDesenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o Progressoor UNIPRO [leader NA]
note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associationsare used instead
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:Democratic Alternativeor DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albaniansor DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity orVMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal MacedonianRevolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option orVMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [RistoGUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI,president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (formerCommunist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party ofMacedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies ofMacedonia or SRM [leader NA]
Madagascar:Action, Truth, Development, and Harmony or AFFA[Professor Albert ZAFY]; Association for the Rebirth of Madagascaror AREMA [leader vacant]; Congress Party for Malagasy Independenceor AKFM/Fanavaozana; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action forNational Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; FihaonanaRally or Fihaonana [Guy RAZANAMASY]; Group of Reflection and Actionfor the Development of Madagascar or GRAD/Iloafo; Judged by YourWork or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]; Movement for the Progress ofMadagascar or MFM [Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA]; Renewal of the SocialDemocratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]; Tranobe (Big House) [NyHasina ANDRIAMANJATO]
Malawi:Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA,president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA,president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party orMDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; SocialDemocratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; UnitedDemocratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party
Malaysia:Alternative Coalition or Barisan Alternatif-BA (includesthe following parties: Party Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS [FADZILMohamad Noor], National Justice Party or NJP [WAN AZIZAH WanIsmail], Democratic Action Party or DAP [LIM Kit Siang], andMalaysian People's Party or PRM [SYED HUSIN]); National Front or NF(ruling coalition dominated by the United Malays NationalOrganization or UMNO [MAHATHIR bin Mohammad], includes the followingparties: Malaysian Indian Congress or MIC [S. Samy VELLU], MalaysianChinese Association or MCA [LING Liong Sik], Gerakan Rakyat Malaysiaor Gerakan [LIM Keng Yaik], Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB[Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud], Parti Angkatan Keadilan RakyatBersatu or Akar [PANDIKAR Amin Mulia], Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak orPBDS [Leo MOGGIE], Sarawak United People's Party or SUPP [GeorgeCHAN Hong Nam], Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat],Sabah Progressive Party or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee], People'sProgressive Party or PPP [M. KAYVEAS], Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah orPBRS [Joseph KURUP], Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Amar JamesWONG], Parti Demokratik Sabah or PDS [leader NA], and United PasokMomogun Kadazan Organization or UPKO (state level only) [BernardDOMPOK]); Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; PartiBersekutu [HARRIS Salleh]; State Reform Party of Sarawak or STAR[PATAU Rubis]
Maldives:although political parties are not banned, none exist
Mali:Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, partychairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [MamadouBakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence,Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed LamineTRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for DemocraticInitiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracyand Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewalor PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretarygeneral]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rallyfor Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; SudaneseUnion/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE,secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP[Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy andDevelopment or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
Malta:Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];Nationalist Party or PN [Edward FENECH ADAMI]
Man, Isle of:there is no party system; members sit as independents
Marshall Islands:traditionally there have been no formallyorganized political parties; what has existed more closely resemblesfactions or interest groups because they do not have partyheadquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the followingtwo "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recentyears - Kabua Party [Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP[Litokwa TOMEING]
Martinique:Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [AlfredMARIE-JEANNE]; Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [CamilleDARSIERES]; Martinique Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU];Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Union for FrenchDemocracy or UDF (replaced by Martinique Forces of Progress) [JeanMAREN]
Mauritania:Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];Assembly for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)[President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party forRenewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; NationalUnion for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Partyfor Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular ProgressAlliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL]; Popular Social andDemocratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress ForceUnion or UFP [Mohamed Ould MOLOUD]; Union for Progress and Democracyor UNDD [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]
note: parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991;however, politics continue to be tribally based
Mauritius:Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian LaborParty or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movementor MMM [Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian MilitantRenaissance or MMR [Dr. Paramhansa NABABSING]; Mauritian SocialDemocrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; MilitantSocialist Movement or MSM [Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH] - governing party;Rodrigues Movement or OPR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]
Mayotte:Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran PopularMovement or MPM [Younoussa BAMANA]; Mahoran Rally for the Republicor RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotteor MDM [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch ofFrench Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for FrenchDemocracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]
Mexico:Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Dulce Maria SAURIRiancho]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge GONZALEZTorres]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];Party of the Democratic Center or PCD [Manuel CAMACHO Solis]; Partyof the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Amalia GARCIA Medina]; Party ofthe Nationalist Society or PSN [Gustavo RIOJAIS Santana]; SocialAlliance Party or PAS [Jose Antonio CALDERON Cardoso]; Workers Partyor PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Micronesia, Federated States of:no formal parties
Moldova:Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular ChristianDemocratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM[Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]
Monaco:National and Democratic Union or UND [leader NA]; NationalUnion for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]; Rally for theMonegasque Family [leader NA]
Mongolia:Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party)[Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN];Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT];Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
note: the MPRP is the ruling party
Montserrat:Movement for National Reconstruction or MNR [PercivalAustin BRAMBLE]; National Development Party or NDP [leader NA];National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; People'sProgressive Alliance or PPA [John A. OSBORNE]
Morocco:Action Party or PA [Muhammad IDRISS]; Constitutional Unionor UC [leader NA]; Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Thami KHIARI];Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Issa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Partyfor Independence or PDI [Thami EL-OUAZZANI, Said BOUACHRINE];Istiqlal Party or IP [Abbas El-FASSI]; Labor Party or UT [leaderNA]; National Democratic Party or PND [Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI];National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rallyof Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; Organization of Democratic andPopular Action or OADP [Mohamed BEN SAID ait Idder]; Party ofProgress and Socialism or PPS [Moulay Ismail ALAOUI]; PopularConstitutional and Democratic Movement or MPCD (has become Party ofJustice and Development or PJD) [Dr. Abdelkarim KHATIB]; PopularMovement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Social Democratic Movement or MDS[Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abdar-Rahman EL-YOUSSOUFI]
Mozambique:Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente deLiberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,chairman]; Mozambique National Resistance - Electoral Union(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana - Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]
Namibia:Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; DemocraticTurnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West AfricaPeople's Organization or SWAPO [Sam NUJOMA]; United Democratic Frontor UDF [Justus GAROEB]
Nauru:loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];Nauru Party (informal) [Bernard DOWIYOGO]
Nepal:Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Partyor NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya BahadurTHAPA, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [GajendraNarayan SINGH, president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP[Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chair]; Nepali Congress or NC [GirijaPrasad KOIRALA, party president, Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary];Rastriya Jana Morcha [Chitra Bahadur K. C., chairman]; SamyuktaJanmorcha Nepal [Lila Mani POKHAREL, general secretary]
Netherlands:Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jaap de HoopSCHEFFER]; Democrats '66 or D'66 [Tom DE GRAAF]; Labor Party or PvdA[Wim KOK]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD[Hans F. DIJKSTAL]; a host of minor parties
Netherlands Antilles:Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [MiguelPOURIER]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB[Jopi ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [SarahWESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics orFAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [ErrolCOVA]; National People's Party or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER];New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Unionof Bonaire or UPB [Ramon BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maartenor SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.]; People's Party or PAPU [Richard Hodi];Pro Curacao Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic LaborMovement [Steve HASSELL]; Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St.Eustatius Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious AlternativePeople's Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS[Benny DEMEI]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [WillJOHNSTON]; Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, RignaldLAK, Editha WRIGHT]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island
New Caledonia:Alliance pour la Caledonie [Didier LEROUX];Developper Ensemble pour Construire l'Avenir or DEPCA [RobertFROUIN]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistesor FCCI [Leopald SOREDIE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK[Ernest UNE]; Groupe de l'Alliance Multiraciale or GAM [DanyDALMAYRAE]; Independance et Progres [Alphonse PUJAPUJANE]; KanakSocialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [Rock WAMYTAN](includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); La Caledonie Autrement [DenisMILLIARD]; Loyalty Islands Development Front or FDIL [Cono HAMU];National Front or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Parti de Liberation Kanak orPALIKA [Charles WASHETINE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic orRPCR [Jacques LAFLEUR]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [leader NA];Renouveau [Thierry VALET]; Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS[Nidoish NAISSELINE]; Union Caledonienne or UC [Bernard LEPEU];Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; UnionProgressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Andre GOPEA]
New Zealand:ACT, New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Alliance (acoalition of the New Labor Party, Democratic Party, New ZealandLiberal Party, and Mana Motuhake) [Jim ANDERTON]; Green Party[Jeanette FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [JennySHIPLEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; NewZealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; United New Zealand or UNZ[Peter DUNNE]
Nicaragua:Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. FernandoAGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY];Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal ConstitutionalParty or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Partyfor National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party orPUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [PedroSOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [BenjaminLANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [GuillermoOSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN[Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN[Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS[Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; UnionNacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]
Niger:Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [HamidALGABID]; Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama[Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a DevelopingSociety-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; NigerienAlliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya orANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party forDemocracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [MahamadouISSOUFOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua orUPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]
Nigeria:All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance forDemocracy or AD [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi AdamuABDULKADIR]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE]
Niue:Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Sani LAKATANI]
Norfolk Island:none
Northern Mariana Islands:Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];Republican Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]
Norway:Center Party [Odd Roger ENOKSEN]; Christian People's Party[Kiell Magne BONDEVIK]; Conservative Party [Jan PETERSEN]; LaborParty [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars SPONHEIM]; ProgressParty [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]
Oman:none
Pakistan:note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliamentfollowing the military takeover of 12 October 1999, however,political parties have been allowed to operate; Awami National Partyor ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group orBNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP [SardarAkhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI];Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, FazlurRehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party[Farooq LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrellaorganization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi HussainAHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Samiul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], andJamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah AhmadNOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [AltafHUSSAIN]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan AwamiTehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, FunctionalGroup or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo factionor PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Shariffaction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan National Party or PNP[Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO];Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO];Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
Palau:Palau Nationalist Party [Johnson TORIBIONG]; Ta Belau Party[Kuniwo NAKAMURA]
Panama:Arnulfista Party or PA [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez];Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ruben AROSEMENA]; Civic RenewalParty or PRC [Serguei DE LA ROSA]; Democratic Change [RicardoMARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [MartinTORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party or PLN [Raul ARANGO Gasteazopo];National Renovation Movement or MORENA [Pedro VALLARINO Cox];Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Ramon MORALES];Solidarity Party or PS [Samuel LEWIS Galindo]
Papua New Guinea:National Alliance or NA [Michael SOMARE]; NationalParty or NP [Michael MEL]; Papua New Guinea United Party or PanguPati [Chris HAIVETA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Ted DIRO];People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People'sNational Congress or PNC [Simon KAUMI]; People's Progress Party orPPP [Michael NALI]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Alfred KAIABE];United Party or UP [Rimbiuk PATO]
Paraguay:Authentic Radical Liberal Party or PLRA [Miguel AbdonSAGUIER]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adalina GUITERREZ DEGALEANO]; Febrerista Revolutionary Party or PRF [Carlos MariaLJUBETIC]; National Encounter or PEN [Euclides ACEVEDO]; NationalRepublican Association - Colorado Party [acting president BaderRACHID LICHI]
Peru:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA];Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA];Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Frontor FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [LuisCASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000[leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; PopularAction or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap[leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country[Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE];Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [AbsalonVASQUEZ]
Philippines:People Power Coalition or PPC includes: AksyonDemokratiko or Democratic Action [Raul ROCO], Lakas-NUCD [GloriaMACAPAGAL-ARROYO, titular head, Teofisto GUINGONA, party president],Liberal Party or LP [Florencio ABAD], Probinsiya Muna DevelopmentInitiative or Promdi [Lito OSMENA], and Reporma Party [Renato DEVILLA]; Puwersa ng Masa (Force of the Masses) includes: Laban NgDemokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP[Eduardo ANGARA], Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMP (Struggle of theFilipino Masses) [Joseph ESTRADA], and People's Reform Party or PRP[Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO]; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New SocietyMovement) [Imelda MARCOS]; Nacionalista Party [Jose OLIVEROS];National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO]
Pitcairn Islands:none
Poland:Coalition for Poland or KdP [first name unknown GRABOWSKI];Confederation for an Independent Poland-Patriotic Camp or KPN-OP(KPN-Fatherland or KPN-O is a small group within the KPN-OP) [MichalJANISZEWSKI]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD (Social Democracy ofPoland) [Leszek MILLER]; Freedom Union or UW [Bronislaw GEREMEK];German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Movementfor the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP-PC [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; PolishAccord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL[Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI]; Polish Socialist Party or PPS [PiotrIKONOWICZ]; Solidarity Electoral Action or AWS (includes RS-AWS andSolidarity) [Marian KRZAKLEWSKI]; Social Movement-SolidarityElectoral Action or RS-AWS [Jerzy BUZEK]
Portugal:The Greens or PEV [leader NA]; Popular Party or PP [PauloPORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party/United Democratic Coalition orPCP/CDU [Carlos CARVALHAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS[Antonio GUTERRES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [leader vacant];The Left Bloc [no leader]
Puerto Rico:National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; NationalRepublican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Partyor PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD [HectorLuis ACEVEDO]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOSMartinez]
Qatar:none
Reunion:Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally forthe Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [GilbertGERARD]
Romania:Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN]; Democratic Union ofHungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Partyor PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS]; Party of Social Democracy inRomania or PDSR [Adrian NASTASE]; Romania Mare Party (GreaterRomanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; The DemocraticConvention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU]
Russia:Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Partyof the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV]; LiberalDemocratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir VolfovichZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS,Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris YefimovichNEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc[Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]
note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and movements registered with the Justice Ministry as of the 19 December 1998 deadline to be eligible to participate in the 19 December 1999 Duma elections; of these, 36 political organizations actually qualified to run slates of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the 5% threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats in the Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of Nikolayev and Academician Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities, Movement in Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of Pensioners, Power to the People, Russian All-People's Union, Russian Socialist Party, and Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs include pro-market democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right Forces), anti-market and/or ultranationalist (Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia)
Rwanda:Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-NipomusceneNAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA,Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union ofRwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement orMDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA];Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL[Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda PatrioticArmy or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda PatrioticFront or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR[Medard RUTIJANWA]
Saint Helena:none
Saint Kitts and Nevis:Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [VanceAMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People'sAction Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis LaborParty or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]
Saint Lucia:National Freedom Party or NFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; United WorkersParty or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR[leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour laDemocratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:National Reform Party or NRP [JoelMIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People'sProgressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party orPLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalitionof Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for NationalUnity or MNU)
Samoa:Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA SaileleMalielegaoi, chairman]; Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [MatatumuaNAIMOAGA]; Samoan National Development Party or SNDP [TAPUA TamaseseEfi, chairman] (opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia,party secretary]; Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA ItuauAle]
San Marino:Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas inMovement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; San Marino Christian DemocraticParty or PDCS [Pier Marino MENICUCCI]; San Marino Popular Allianceof Democrats or APDS [Mario VENTURINI]; San Marino ProgressiveDemocratic Party or PPDS [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino SocialistParty or PSS [Augusto CASALI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [RenzoGIARDI]
Sao Tome and Principe:Independent Democratic Action or ADI [CarlosNEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-SocialDemocratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party forDemocratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic RenovationParty [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties
Saudi Arabia:none allowed
Senegal:African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (alsoknown as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Partyof Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress orAFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; DemocraticLeague-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Frontfor Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; GaindeCentrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Partyor PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [MadierDIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];Senegalese Democratic Party-Renewal or PDS-R [Serigne Lamine DIOP,secretary general]; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal or UDS-R[Mamadou Puritain FALL]; Socialist Party or PS [President AbdouDIOUF]; SOPI Coalition (a 40-party coalition led by the PDS)[Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo LeytiKA]; other small parties
Seychelles:Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; SeychellesNational Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [WavelRAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [FranceAlbert RENE] - the governing party
Sierra Leone:All People's Congress or APC [Edward Mohammed TURAY,chairman]; Democratic Centre Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA];National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; NationalRepublican Party or NRP [Sahr Stephen MAMBU]; National Unity Partyor NUP [Dr. John KARIMU, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP[Thaimu BANGURA, chairman]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [AbassChernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP[Foday SANKOH, chairman]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP[President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People'sParty or UNPP [John KARIFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, actingleader]
Singapore:People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretarygeneral] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong];Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]
Slovakia:Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];Liberal Democratic Union or LDU [Jan BUDAJ]; Movement for aDemocratic Slovakia or HZDS [Vladimir MECIAR]; Party of CivicUnderstanding or SOP [Pavol HAMZIK]; Party of the Democratic Left orSDL [Jozef MIGAS]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [BelaBUGAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU [MikulasDZURINDA]; note - this is DZURINDA's new party for 2002 elections;he remains chairman of a rump and splintering SDK; Slovak DemocraticCoalition or SDK (loose parliamentary club grouping representingmembers of the smaller SSDS, SZS, and those committed to run underSDKU in 2002) [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [AnnaMALIKOVA]
Slovenia:Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS[Janko KUSAR]; Liberal Democratic or LDS [Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman];New Slovenia or NSI [Andrej BAJUK, chairman]; Slovene National Partyor SNS [Zmago JELINCIC, chairman]; Slovene People's Party or SLS(Slovenian People's Party or SLS and Slovenian Christian Democratsor SKD merged in April 2000) [Franc ZAGOZEN, chairman]; SloveneYouth Party or SMS [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Sloveniaor SDS [Janez JANSA, chairman]; United List of Social Democrats(former Communists and allies) or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR, chairman]
Solomon Islands:there are two main coalitions - Coalition forNational Unity, Reconciliation, and Peace or CNURP and Alliance forChange; the CNURP took power on 30 June 2000, it comprises membersof the Liberal Party, People's Alliance Party, and the United Party,as well as a number of independents; the Alliance for Change,represents the former government and now is the opposition; ingeneral, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluidcoalitions; Group for National Unity and Reconciliation or GNUR[leader NA]; Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; National ActionParty of Solomon Islands or NAPSI [Francis SAEMALA]; People'sAlliance Party or PAP [George LEPPING]; People's Progressive Party[Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Labor Party or SILP[Joses TUHANUKU]; United Party or UP [leader NA]
Somalia:none
South Africa:African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [KennethMESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,president]; Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of theDemocratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NP) [AnthonyLEON, leader]; Freedom Front or FF [Constand VILJOEN, president];Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; UnitedDemocratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]
Spain:Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Xabier ARZALLUS Antia];Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [PaulinoRIVERO]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Jordi PUJOL i Soley,secretary general] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence ofCatalonia or CDC [Jordi PUJOL i Soley] and the Democratic Union ofCatalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); GalicianNationalist Bloc or BNG [Xose Manuel BEIRAS]; Party of Independentsfrom Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP[Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE[Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition ofparties including the PCE and other small parties) [GasparLLAMAZARES]
Sri Lanka:All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [Nalliah GURUPAUAN];Ceylon Workers Congress or CLDC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; CommunistParty [Raja COLLURE]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front orDUNLF [Srimani ATHULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party orEPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary LiberationFront or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRA]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna orJVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [leader NA];People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D.SIDDATHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka FreedomParty or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka MuslimCongress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM and Ferial ASHRAFF]; Sri LankaProgressive Front or SLPF [leader NA]; Tamil Eelam LiberationOrganization or TELO [SUBRAMANIUM]; Tamil United Liberation Front orTULF [R. SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [RanilWICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P.CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,represented in either parliament or provincial councils
Sudan:the government allows political "associations" under a 1998law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties mustaccept the constitution and refrain from advocating or usingviolence against the regime; approved parties include the NationalCongress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular NationalCongress [Hassan al-TURABI], and a handful of minor pro-governmentparties
Suriname:Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of theAlternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity inPolitics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [S. RAMKHELAWAN];Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of twoparties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [JulesWIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA[Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition ofthree parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity andSolidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; NationalDemocratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leaderNA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Partyof National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; PertjajaLuhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers'Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition offour parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive ReformParty or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur)[Ronald R. VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (acombination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and SurinameProgressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]
Swaziland:Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA]; NgwaneNational Libertatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU,president]; Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE,president]; Swaziland Progressive Party or SPP [J. J. NQUKU,president]; Swaziland United Front or SUF [Matsapa SHONGWE, leader]
note: political parties are banned by the constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978; illegal parties are prohibited from holding large public gatherings; the organizations listed are political associations
Sweden:Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party[Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party[no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; LeftParty or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People'sParty [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [BoLUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social DemocraticParty [Goran PERSSON]
Switzerland:Christian Democratic People's Party(Christichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, PartiDemocrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Democratico-CristianoPopolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizraor PCD) [Adalbert DURRER, president]; Green Party (Grune Partei derSchweiz or Grune, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, PartitoEcologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or LaVerda) [Ruedi BAUMANN, president]; Radical Free Democratic Party(Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz or FDP, PartiRadical-Democratique Suisse or PRD, Partitio Liberal-RadicaleSvizzero or PLR) [Franz STEINEGGER, president]; Social DemocraticParty (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, PartiSocialist Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, PartidaSocialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christiane BRUNNER,president]; Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP,Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro orUDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president];and other minor parties
Syria:National Progressive Front or NPF (includes the Ba'th Party,ASU, Arab Socialist Party, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party, ASP,SCP) [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th)Party (governing party) [Bashar al-ASAD, secretary general of theparty, and chairman of the National Progressive Front after thedeath of Hafiz al-ASAD on 10 June 2000]; Arab Socialist UnionistMovement or ASU [Sami SOUFAN]; Arab Socialist Party [Abd al-GhaniKANNUT]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Ahmad al-ASAD]; SyrianArab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan KOUDSI]; Syrian Communist Partyor SCP [Yusuf FAYSAL]
Tajikistan:Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [SaiffidinTURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman];Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; LaliBadakhshan Movement [Atobek AMIRBEKOV]; National Movement Party[Hakim MUHHABATOV]; Party of Justice and Development [RahmatulloZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [EmomaliRAHMONOV]; Rastokhez (Rebirth) Movement [Tohiri ABDUJABBOR];Socialist Party [Sherali KENJAEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT[Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV,chairman]
Tanzania:Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI,chairman]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party)[Benjamin William MKAPA, chairman]; Civic United Front or CUF [SeifSharif HAMAD, secretary-general]; Democratic Party (unregistered)[Reverend Christopher MTIKLA, leader]; National Convention forConstruction and Reform or NCCR [Kassim MAGUTU, secretary-general];Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA, chairman];Union for Multiparty Democracy or UMD [leader NA]; United DemocraticParty or UDP [John CHEYO, leader]
Thailand:Democratic Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [CHUANLikphai]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP (Seri Tham) [PHINITCharusombat]; Mass Party or MP [CHALERM Yoobamrung, SOPHONPetchsavang]; National Development Party or NDP (Chat Phattana)[KORN Dabbaransi]; New Aspiration Party or NAP (Khwamwang Mai) [Gen.CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut]; Phalang Dharma Party or PDP (Phalang Tham)[CHAIWAT Sinsuwong]; Social Action Party or SAP (Kitsangkhom Party)[leader vacant]; Solidarity Party or SP (Ekkaphap Party) [CHAIYOTSasomsap]; Thai Citizen's Party or TCP (Prachakon Thai) [SAMAKSunthonwet]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BANHANSinlapa-acha]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]
Togo:Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO];Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH];Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI];Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA]; PatrioticPan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]; Rally of the TogolesePeople or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union of Forcesfor Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre FABRE,general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or ULI[Jacques AMOUZO]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991
Tokelau:none
Tonga:Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman,Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president]
Trinidad and Tobago:National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR[Hochay CHARLES]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA];People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; United NationalCongress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]
Tunisia:Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; ConstitutionalDemocratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique)or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)];Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of DemocraticSocialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP[Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU[Abderrahmane TLILI]
Turkey:Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; MotherlandParty or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP[Devlet BAHCELI]; True Path Party or DYP [Tansu CILLER]; VirtueParty or FP [Recai KUTAN]; note - in June 2001, Turkey'sConstitutional Court banned the party; its representatives (exceptfor two) can stay on in the Grand National Assembly as independents
note: Welfare Party or RP [Necmettin ERBAKAN] was officiallyoutlawed on 22 February 1998
Turkmenistan:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [SaparmuratNIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, smallopposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries
Turks and Caicos Islands:People's Democratic Movement or PDM [DerekH. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK];United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]
Tuvalu:there are no political parties but members of Parliamentusually align themselves in informal groupings
Uganda:only one political organization, the National ResistanceMovement or NRM [President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operateunfettered; note - the president maintains that the NRM is not apolitical party, but a movement which claims the loyalty of allUgandans
note: the new constitution requires the suspension of political parties while the Movement system is in governanace; of the political parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates, the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative Party or CP [Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]
Ukraine:Communist Party of Ukraine [Petro SYMONENKO]; Fatherland(Motherland) All Ukrainian Party [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, chairperson];Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy KONONOV, chairman]; Hromada[Pavlo LAZARENKO]; Party of Regional Revival of Ukraine or PRVU[Volodymyr RYBAK]; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU [SerhiyDOVHAN]; People's Democratic Party [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO,chairman]; People's Movement of Ukraine or Rukh U [HennadiyUDOVENKO, chairman]; Progressive Socialist Party [NataliyaVITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party/Reforms-Congress [ViktorPYNZENYK]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ,chairman]; Solidarity [leader NA]; Trudova Ukrayina/Working Ukraine[Igor SHAROV, chairman]; Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh K [YuriyKOSTENKO, chairman]; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine[Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]
note: and numerous smaller parties
United Arab Emirates:none
United Kingdom:Conservative and Unionist Party [William HAGUE];Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) Blair]; Liberal Democrats [CharlesKENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan Wyn JONES]; ScottishNational Party or SNP [John SWINNEY]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (NorthernIreland) [John HUME]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)[David TRIMBLE]
United States:Democratic Party [Terence McAULIFFE, nationalcommittee chairman]; Republican Party [James S. GILMORE III,national committee chairman]; several other groups or parties ofminor political significance
Uruguay:Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE]; National Party or Blanco[Alberto VOLONTE]; New Sector/Space Coalition or Nuevo Espacio[Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter in the Broad Front orEncuentro Progresista [Tabare VAZQUEZ]
Uzbekistan:Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [AnwarJURABAYEV, first secretary]; Democratic National Rebirth Party(Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman]; FatherlandProgress Party [Anwar Z. YOLDASHEV]; People's Democratic Party orNDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, firstsecretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National DemocraticParty [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary]
Vanuatu:Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; NationalUnited Party or NUP [Willie TITONGOA]; Union of Moderate Parties orUMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanuaaku Party (Our Land Party) or VP [EdwardNATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]
Venezuela:Brave Peoples Alliance or ABP [leader NA]; DemocraticAction or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fifth Republic Movement or MVR[leader Luis MIQUILENA]; Homeland for All or PPT [Pablo MEDINA];Justice First [leader NA]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [FelipeMUJICA]; National Convergence or Convergencia [Dr. Rafael CALDERARodriguez]; Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELASQUEZ]; SocialChristian Party or COPEI [Jose CURIEL]; Venezuela Project or PV[Henrique SALAS Ronier]
Vietnam:only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le KhaPHIEU, general secretary]
Virgin Islands:Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; IndependentCitizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHON]; Republican Party [GarySCROUVE]
Wallis and Futuna:Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvementdes Radicaux de Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic orRPR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; UnionPopulaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la DemocratieFrancaise or UDF [leader NA]
Yemen:there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some ofthe more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [PresidentAli Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [ShaykhAbdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party[Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malikal-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the government's political reform program