Egypt:desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador:tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea:tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea:hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler andwetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually);semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest duringJune-September except in coastal desert
Estonia:maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia:tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Island:tropical
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands:mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,windy
Fiji:tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland:cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparativelymild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France:generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild wintersand hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold,dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana:tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperaturevariation
French Polynesia:tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:antarctic
Gabon:tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The:tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip:temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia:warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany:temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters andsummers; occasional warm foehn wind
Ghana:tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar:Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islands:tropical
Greece:temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland:arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada:tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupe:subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately highhumidity
Guam:tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated bynortheast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy seasonfrom July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala:tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey:temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% ofdays are overcast
Guinea:generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (Juneto November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau:tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-typerainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana:tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds;two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
Haiti:tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City): temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras:subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong:tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainyfrom spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Island:equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burningsun
Hungary:temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland:temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windywinters; damp, cool summers
India:varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwestmonsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/Juneand October/November in the northern Indian Ocean andJanuary/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran:mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq:mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudlesssummers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkishborders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows thatmelt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding incentral and southern Iraq
Ireland:temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current;mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about halfthe time
Israel:temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy:predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry insouth
Jamaica:tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen:arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan:varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Island:tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jersey:temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atoll:tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeasttrade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordan:mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Island:tropical
Kazakhstan:continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid andsemiarid
Kenya:varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reef:tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribati:tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North:temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South:temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwait:dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan:dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropicalin southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos:tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season(December to April)
Latvia:maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon:Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, drysummers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho:temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia:tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool tocold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya:Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein:continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snowor rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania:transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg:modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau:subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Madagascar:tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi:sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season(May to November)
Malaysia:tropical; annual southwest (April to October) andnortheast (October to February) monsoons
Maldives:tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November toMarch); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali:subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Malta:Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
Man, Isle of:cool summers and mild winters; temperate; overcastabout one-third of the time
Marshall Islands:wet season from May to November; hot and humid;islands border typhoon belt
Martinique:tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (Juneto October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) everyeight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritania:desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius:tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, drywinter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte:tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season duringnortheastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May toNovember)
Mexico:varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of:tropical; heavy year-roundrainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southernedge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islands:subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterlywinds
Moldova:moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco:Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia:desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperatureranges)
Montserrat:tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco:Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique:tropical to subtropical
Namibia:desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru:tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
Navassa Island:marine, tropical
Nepal:varies from cool summers and severe winters in north tosubtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands:temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles:tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia:tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot,humid
New Zealand:temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua:tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger:desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria:varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid innorth
Niue:tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island:subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperaturevariation
Northern Mariana Islands:tropical marine; moderated by northeasttrade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry seasonDecember to June, rainy season July to October
Norway:temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summerscausing glaciers to grow; rainy year-round on west coast
Oman:dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strongsouthwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean:planetary air pressure systems and resultant windpatterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; tradewinds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified byseasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form southof Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and CentralAmerica; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be muchless pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the samelatitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific ismonsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, whenmoisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dryseason during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asianlandmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strikesoutheast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan:mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic innorth
Palau:wet season May to November; hot and humid
Palmyra Atoll:equatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panama:tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainyseason (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea:tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperaturevariation
Paracel Islands:tropical
Paraguay:subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in theeastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru:varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperateto frigid in Andes
Philippines:tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands:tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast tradewinds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland:temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters withfrequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers andthundershowers
Portugal:maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer anddrier in south
Puerto Rico:tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperaturevariation
Qatar:desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
Reunion:tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cooland dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Romania:temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia:ranges from steppes in the south through humid continentalin much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climatein the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast tofrigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to coolalong Arctic coast
Rwanda:temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November toJanuary); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Helena:Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered bytrade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered bytrade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:tropical tempered by constant sea breezes;little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia:tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dryseason from January to April, rainy season from May to August
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:cold and wet, with much mist and fog;spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:tropical; little seasonaltemperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa:tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May toOctober)
San Marino:Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe:tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season(October to May)
Saudi Arabia:harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Senegal:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) hasstrong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated byhot, dry, harmattan wind
Seychelles:tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeastmonsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwestmonsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone:tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May toDecember); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore:tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons- Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwesternmonsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoonand early evening thunderstorms
Slovakia:temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia:Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climatewith mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus andvalleys to the east
Solomon Islands:tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature andweather
Somalia:principally desert; December to February - northeastmonsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; Mayto October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in thesouth, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)between monsoons
South Africa:mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunnydays, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:variable, with mostlywesterly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods ofcalm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean:sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsiusto -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around thecontinent and frequently are intense because of the temperaturecontrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from aboutlatitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest averagewinds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outwardto 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degreessouth latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatureswell below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intensepersistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shorelineice-free throughout the winter
Spain:temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate andcloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudyand cool along coast
Spratly Islands:tropical
Sri Lanka:tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan:tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (Aprilto October)
Suriname:tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard:arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; coolsummers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west andnorth coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable mostof the year
Swaziland:varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden:temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool,partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland:temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers withoccasional showers
Syria:mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) andmild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weatherwith snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus
Tajikistan:midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania:varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand:tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-Mayto September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togo:tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau:tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga:tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December toMay), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago:tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Island:tropical
Tunisia:temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, drysummers; desert in south
Turkey:temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsherin interior
Turkmenistan:subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands:tropical; marine; moderated by tradewinds; sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu:tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March toNovember); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda:tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December toFebruary, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine:temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southernCrimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highestin west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary fromcool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warmacross the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates:desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom:temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest windsover the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days areovercast
United States:mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of theMississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; lowwinter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally inJanuary and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopesof the Rocky Mountains
Uruguay:warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan:mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mildwinters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu:tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
Venezuela:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam:tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainyseason (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-Octoberto mid-March)
Virgin Islands:subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;rainy season May to November
Wake Island:tropical
Wallis and Futuna:tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank:temperate, temperature and precipitation vary withaltitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara:hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore aircurrents produce fog and heavy dew
World:two large areas of polar climates separated by two rathernarrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical tosubtropical climates
Yemen:mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate inwestern mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,dry, harsh desert in east
Yugoslavia:in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot,humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriaticclimate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relativelycold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Zambia:tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October toApril)
Zimbabwe:tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November toMarch)
Taiwan:tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon(June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
======================================================================
@Coastline
Afghanistan:0 km (landlocked)
Albania:362 km
Algeria:998 km
American Samoa:116 km
Andorra:0 km (landlocked)
Angola:1,600 km
Anguilla:61 km
Antarctica:17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda:153 km
Arctic Ocean:45,389 km
Argentina:4,989 km
Armenia:0 km (landlocked)
Aruba:68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands:74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean:111,866 km
Australia:25,760 km
Austria:0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan:0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the CaspianSea (800 km, est.)
Bahamas, The:3,542 km
Bahrain:161 km
Baker Island:4.8 km
Bangladesh:580 km
Barbados:97 km
Bassas da India:35.2 km
Belarus:0 km (landlocked)
Belgium:66 km
Belize:386 km
Benin:121 km
Bermuda:103 km
Bhutan:0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia:0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:20 km
Botswana:0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island:29.6 km
Brazil:7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory:698 km
British Virgin Islands:80 km
Brunei:161 km
Bulgaria:354 km
Burkina Faso:0 km (landlocked)
Burma:1,930 km
Burundi:0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia:443 km
Cameroon:402 km
Canada:243,791 km
Cape Verde:965 km
Cayman Islands:160 km
Central African Republic:0 km (landlocked)
Chad:0 km (landlocked)
Chile:6,435 km
China:14,500 km
Christmas Island:138.9 km
Clipperton Island:11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:2.6 km
Colombia:3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean1,448 km)
Comoros:340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:37 km
Congo, Republic of the:169 km
Cook Islands:120 km
Coral Sea Islands:3,095 km
Costa Rica:1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire:515 km
Croatia:5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba:3,735 km
Cyprus:648 km
Czech Republic:0 km (landlocked)
Denmark:7,314 km
Djibouti:314 km
Dominica:148 km
Dominican Republic:1,288 km
Ecuador:2,237 km
Egypt:2,450 km
El Salvador:307 km
Equatorial Guinea:296 km
Eritrea:2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands inRed Sea 1,083 km
Estonia:3,794 km
Ethiopia:0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island:22.2 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):1,288 km
Faroe Islands:1,117 km
Fiji:1,129 km
Finland:1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)
France:3,427 km
French Guiana:378 km
French Polynesia:2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:1,232 km
Gabon:885 km
Gambia, The:80 km
Gaza Strip:40 km
Georgia:310 km
Germany:2,389 km
Ghana:539 km
Gibraltar:12 km
Glorioso Islands:35.2 km
Greece:13,676 km
Greenland:44,087 km
Grenada:121 km
Guadeloupe:306 km
Guam:125.5 km
Guatemala:400 km
Guernsey:50 km
Guinea:320 km
Guinea-Bissau:350 km
Guyana:459 km
Haiti:1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City):0 km (landlocked)
Honduras:820 km
Hong Kong:733 km
Howland Island:6.4 km
Hungary:0 km (landlocked)
Iceland:4,988 km
India:7,000 km
Indian Ocean:66,526 km
Indonesia:54,716 km
Iran:2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq:58 km
Ireland:1,448 km
Israel:273 km
Italy:7,600 km
Jamaica:1,022 km
Jan Mayen:124.1 km
Japan:29,751 km
Jarvis Island:8 km
Jersey:70 km
Johnston Atoll:10 km
Jordan:26 km
Juan de Nova Island:24.1 km
Kazakhstan:0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the AralSea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the CaspianSea (1,894 km)
Kenya:536 km
Kingman Reef:3 km
Kiribati:1,143 km
Korea, North:2,495 km
Korea, South:2,413 km
Kuwait:499 km
Kyrgyzstan:0 km (landlocked)
Laos:0 km (landlocked)
Latvia:531 km
Lebanon:225 km
Lesotho:0 km (landlocked)
Liberia:579 km
Libya:1,770 km
Liechtenstein:0 km (landlocked)
Lithuania:99 km
Luxembourg:0 km (landlocked)
Macau:40 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar:4,828 km
Malawi:0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia:4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia2,607 km)
Maldives:644 km
Mali:0 km (landlocked)
Malta:196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Man, Isle of:160 km
Marshall Islands:370.4 km
Martinique:350 km
Mauritania:754 km
Mauritius:177 km
Mayotte:185.2 km
Mexico:9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of:6,112 km
Midway Islands:15 km
Moldova:0 km (landlocked)
Monaco:4.1 km
Mongolia:0 km (landlocked)
Montserrat:40 km
Morocco:1,835 km
Mozambique:2,470 km
Namibia:1,572 km
Nauru:30 km
Navassa Island:8 km
Nepal:0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands:451 km
Netherlands Antilles:364 km
New Caledonia:2,254 km
New Zealand:15,134 km
Nicaragua:910 km
Niger:0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria:853 km
Niue:64 km
Norfolk Island:32 km
Northern Mariana Islands:1,482 km
Norway:21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations16,093 km)
Oman:2,092 km
Pacific Ocean:135,663 km
Pakistan:1,046 km
Palau:1,519 km
Palmyra Atoll:14.5 km
Panama:2,490 km
Papua New Guinea:5,152 km
Paracel Islands:518 km
Paraguay:0 km (landlocked)
Peru:2,414 km
Philippines:36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands:51 km
Poland:491 km
Portugal:1,793 km
Puerto Rico:501 km
Qatar:563 km
Reunion:207 km
Romania:225 km
Russia:37,653 km
Rwanda:0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena:60 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis:135 km
Saint Lucia:158 km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:84 km
Samoa:403 km
San Marino:0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe:209 km
Saudi Arabia:2,640 km
Senegal:531 km
Seychelles:491 km
Sierra Leone:402 km
Singapore:193 km
Slovakia:0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia:46.6 km
Solomon Islands:5,313 km
Somalia:3,025 km
South Africa:2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:NA km
Southern Ocean:17,968 km
Spain:4,964 km
Spratly Islands:926 km
Sri Lanka:1,340 km
Sudan:853 km
Suriname:386 km
Svalbard:3,587 km
Swaziland:0 km (landlocked)
Sweden:3,218 km
Switzerland:0 km (landlocked)
Syria:193 km
Tajikistan:0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania:1,424 km
Thailand:3,219 km
Togo:56 km
Tokelau:101 km
Tonga:419 km
Trinidad and Tobago:362 km
Tromelin Island:3.7 km
Tunisia:1,148 km
Turkey:7,200 km
Turkmenistan:0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea(1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands:389 km
Tuvalu:24 km
Uganda:0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine:2,782 km
United Arab Emirates:1,318 km
United Kingdom:12,429 km
United States:19,924 km
Uruguay:660 km
Uzbekistan:0 km; note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion ofthe Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu:2,528 km
Venezuela:2,800 km
Vietnam:3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands:188 km
Wake Island:19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna:129 km
West Bank:0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara:1,110 km
World:356,000 km
Yemen:1,906 km
Yugoslavia:199 km
Zambia:0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe:0 km (landlocked)
Taiwan:1,566.3 km
======================================================================
@Communications - note
Bouvet Island: automatic meteorological station
Coral Sea Islands: there are automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs relaying data to the mainland
Europa Island:1 meteorological station
Glorioso Islands:1 meteorological station
Juan de Nova Island:1 meteorological station
Saint Helena:Gough Island has a meteorological station
Tromelin Island:important meteorological station
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@Constitution
Afghanistan:none
Albania:a new constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted thevote
Algeria:19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996; note -referendum approving the revisions of 28 November 1996 was signedinto law 7 December 1996
American Samoa:ratified 1966, in effect 1967
Andorra:Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991;approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993
Angola:11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6March 1991, and 26 August 1992
Anguilla:Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda:1 November 1981
Argentina:1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Armenia:adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Aruba:1 January 1986
Australia:9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria:1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
Azerbaijan:adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The:10 July 1973
Bahrain:adopted late December 2000 (new constitution calls for apartially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and anindependent judiciary)
Bangladesh:4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspendedfollowing coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amendedmany times
Barbados:30 November 1966
Belarus:30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers andbecame effective 27 November 1996
Belgium:7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliamentapproved a constitutional package creating a federal state
Belize:21 September 1981
Benin:December 1990
Bermuda:8 June 1968, amended 1989
Bhutan:no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutanuses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the NationalAssembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving theNational Assembly additional powers
Bolivia:2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina:the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December1995, included a new constitution now in force
Botswana:March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil:5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands:1 June 1977
Brunei:29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a Stateof Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1January 1984)
Bulgaria:adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso:2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991formally adopted
Burma:3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); nationalconvention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution;progress has since been stalled
Burundi:13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a pluralpolitical system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a TransitionalConstitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created twovice presidents
Cambodia:promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon:20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formallyadopted; revised January 1996
Canada:17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machineryof the government was set up in the British North America Act of1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Cape Verde:new constitution came into force 25 September 1992;underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantiallyincreasing the powers of the president
Cayman Islands:1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Central African Republic: passed by referendum 29 December 1994; adopted 7 January 1995
Chad:passed by referendum 31 March 1995
Chile:11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July1989, 1993, and 1997
China:most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island:Christmas Island Act of 1958
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
Colombia:5 July 1991
Comoros:20 October 1996
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994; in November 1998, a draft constitution was approved by former President Laurent KABILA but it has not been ratified by a national referendum
Congo, Republic of the: Draft constitution approved by transitional parliament in September 2000
Cook Islands:4 August 1965
Costa Rica:7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire:3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times,last time 27 July 1998
Croatia:adopted on 22 December 1990
Cuba:24 February 1976, amended July 1992
Cyprus:16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a newor revised constitution to govern the island and to better relationsbetween Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governingbodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which wasrenamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a newconstitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5May 1985
Czech Republic:ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Denmark:1849 was the original constitution; there was a majoroverhaul 5 June 1953, allowing for a unicameral legislature and afemale chief of state
Djibouti:multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September1992
Dominica:3 November 1978
Dominican Republic:28 November 1966
Ecuador:10 August 1998
Egypt:11 September 1971
El Salvador:23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea:approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;amended January 1995
Eritrea:the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, wasreplaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yetimplemented
Estonia:adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia:ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands:5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji:10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new constitutionwas proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990;amended 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say ingovernment and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered intoforce 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first testof the amended constitution and introduced open voting - notracially prescribed - for the first time at the national level
Finland:17 July 1919
France:28 September 1958, amended concerning election of presidentin 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treatyin 1992; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993
French Guiana:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon:adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The:24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten andapproved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished inJanuary 1997
Georgia:adopted 17 October 1995
Germany:23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of theunited German people 3 October 1990
Ghana:new constitution approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar:30 May 1969
Greece:11 June 1975; amended March 1986
Greenland:5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada:19 December 1973
Guadeloupe:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam:Organic Act of 1 August 1950
Guatemala:31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey:unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea:23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau:16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
Guyana:6 October 1980
Haiti:approved March 1987; suspended June 1988, with most articlesreinstated March 1989; in October 1991, government claimed to beobserving the constitution; return to constitutional rule, October1994
Holy See (Vatican City):Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1March 1968)
Honduras:11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong Kong:Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's NationalPeople's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary:18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individualsand constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister andalso established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland:16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944