Hong Kongnone
Howland Islandnone
HungaryHungary has yet to amend status law extending special socialand cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states,who protest the law
IcelandRockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundaryagreement in the Rockall area); dispute with Denmark over the FaroeIslands' fisheries median line boundary within 200 NM; disputes withDenmark, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continentalshelf boundary outside 200 NM
Indiamuch of the rugged, militarized boundary with China is indispute, but the two sides have participated in more than 13 roundsof joint working group sessions on this issue; India objects toPakistan ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement that Indiabelieves are part of disputed Kashmir; with Pakistan, armedstand-off over the status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues;disputes with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing and theterminus of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundarydelimitation; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to work onresolution of disputed boundary sections; dispute with Bangladeshover New Moore/South Talpatty Island in the Bay of Bengal preventsmaritime boundary delimitation
Indian Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
IndonesiaEast Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meetregularly to survey and delimit land boundary; East Timor refugeesdelay return from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitations withAustralia and East Timor await further discussions; ICJ awardedSipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002; Indonesiansecessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriationproblems for Papua New Guinea
IranIran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters onHelmand River tributaries in response to prolonged drought inregion; thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran; despiterestored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iraq overmaritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issuesfrom eight-year war persist; UAE engage direct talks and Arab Leaguesupport to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islandsand Abu Musa Island; Iran insists on division of the Caspian Seainto five equal sectors, while other littoral states have generallyagreed to equidistant seabed boundaries - Iran has threatenedAzerbaijanian hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters
Iraqdespite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes withIran over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, andother issues from eight-year war persist; land and Shatt al Arabboundary demarcation put an end to claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyanand Warbah islands, but no maritime boundary exists with Kuwait inthe Persian Gulf; Iraq protests Turkey's hydrological projects toregulate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers upstream
Irelanddisputes with Iceland, Denmark, and the UK over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM
IsraelWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; GolanHeights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area ofGolan Heights)
ItalyCroatia and Italy continue to debate bilateral property andethnic minority rights issues stemming from border changes after theSecond World War
Jamaicanone
Jan Mayennone
Japanislands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomaigroup occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered byRussia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)disputed with South Korea; Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) claimed byChina and Taiwan
Jarvis Islandnone
Jerseynone
Johnston Atollnone
Jordannone
Juan de Nova Islandclaimed by Madagascar
KazakhstanKazakhstan and China have resolved their border disputeand are working to delimit their large open borders to controlpopulation migration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation ofboundary with Russia is scheduled for completion in 2003 -delimitations with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are complete withdemarcations underway - delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is largelycomplete; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed withAzerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea but no resolution has beenmade on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states;no resolution of Caspian seabed boundary with Turkmenistan
KenyaKenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,creating the "Ilemi triangle"
Kingman Reefnone
Kiribatinone
Korea, Northwith China, certain islands in Yalu and Tumen riversare in uncontested dispute; a section of boundary around Paektu-san(mountain) is indefinite; China objects to illegal migration ofNorth Koreans into northern China; Military Demarcation Line withinthe 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from SouthKorea since 1953
Korea, SouthMilitary Demarcation Line within the 4-km wideDemilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) are disputed with Japan
Kuwaitthe Kuwait 1994 land and Khawr 'Abd Allah channel boundarydemarcation ended Iraqi claims to Kuwait and Bubiyan and Warbahislands; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are negotiating maritime boundarywith Iran
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan's constitutional court has ruled that 1,270 sqkm ceded to China in a 2000 delimitation agreement were legallytransferred; delimitation with Kazakhstan is largely complete withonly minor disputed areas; disputes in Isfara Valley delaycompletion of delimitation with Tajikistan; serious disputes withUzbekistan around Uzbek enclaves mar progress on delimitation efforts
Laosdemarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnamis nearing completion, but with Thailand several areas includingMekong River islets remain in dispute; ongoing disputes withThailand and Vietnam over squatters
Latviathe Russian Duma refuses to ratify boundary delimitationtreaty with Latvia; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concernsover oil exploration rights
LebanonSyrian troops in central and eastern Lebanon since October1976; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area ofIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights
Lesothonone
Liberiarebels and refugees contribute to border instabilities withSierra Leone, Cote d'Ivoire, and Guinea; the Ivorian Governmentaccuses Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels
LibyaLibya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeasternAlgeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormantdisputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside insouthern Libya
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuaniain May 2003, the Russian Parliament ratified a 1997 landand maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which had ratified thetreaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic borders;the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundarytreaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oilexploration rights; discussions are still ongoing among Russia,Lithuania, and the EU concerning a simplified transit document forresidents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to transit throughLithuania to Russia
Luxembourgnone
Macaunone
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofthe Albanian governmentcalls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians inF.Y.R.O.M. while continuing to seek regional cooperation; ethnicAlbanians in Kosovo continue to protest 2000 F.Y.R.O.M.-Serbia andMontenegro boundary treaty, which transfers small tracts of land toF.Y.R.O.M.; dispute with Greece over country's name persists
Madagascarclaims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawidispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysiainvolved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands withChina, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei; claimantsin November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Partiesin the South China Sea," a mechanism to ease tension but which fellshort of a legally binding "code of conduct"; disputes overdeliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamationon Johor, maritime boundaries, and Singapore-occupied Pedra BrancaIsland/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitrationon island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded Ligitan andSipadan islands off the coast of Sabah, also claimed by Indonesiaand Philippines, to Malaysia; a small section of theMalaysia-Thailand boundary in the Kolok River remains in dispute
Maldivesnone
Maliarmed bandits based in Mali attack southern Algerian towns
Maltanone
Man, Isle ofnone
Marshall Islandsclaims US territory of Wake Island
Martiniquenone
MauritaniaMauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant inrecent years
MauritiusMauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administeredBritish Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, whoreside chiefly in Mauritius, but were granted UK citizenship and theright to repatriation in 2001; claims French-administered TromelinIsland
Mayotteclaimed by Comoros
Mexicoprolonged regional drought in the border region with the UShas strained water-sharing arrangements
Micronesia, Federated States ofnone
Midway Islandsnone
Moldovadifficulties with the Transnistria region complicate bordercrossing and customs with Ukraine, facilitating smuggling, armstransfers, and other illegal activities
Monaconone
Mongolianone
Montserratnone
Moroccoclaims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereigntyremains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained ineffect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum havefailed and parties thus far have rejected other proposals; Moroccoprotests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon deAlhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco alsorejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from theCanary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resourceexploration and refugee interdiction; Morocco allowed Spanishfishermen to fish temporarily off the coast of Western Sahara afteran oil spill soiled Spanish fishing grounds
Mozambiquenone
Namibiacommission established with Botswana to resolve smallresidual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngumarshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protestNamibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam onPopa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location ofthe boundary in the Orange River; dormant dispute remains whereBotswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundaries converge; Angolanrebels and refugees still reside in Namibia
Naurunone
Navassa Islandclaimed by Haiti
Nepaljoint border commission continues to work on small disputedsections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricterborder regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents
Netherlandsnone
Netherlands Antillesnone
New CaledoniaMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledoniaclaimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealandterritorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaraguaterritorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago deSan Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; with respectto the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJreferred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua MixedBoundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolutionamong El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required;legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on borderwith Costa Rica
NigerLibya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormantdispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint withNigeria, remains undemarcated but states accept 2001 arbitrationover disputed Niger River islands; Lake Chad Commission continues tourge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to ratifydelimitation treaty over the lake region, which remains the site ofarmed clashes among local populations and militias
NigeriaICJ ruled in 2002 on the Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritimeboundary by awarding the potentially petroleum-rich BakassiPeninsula and offshore region to Cameroon; Nigeria rejected thecession of the peninsula but the parties formed a Joint BorderCommission to peaceably resolve the dispute and commence withdemarcation in other less-contested sections of the boundary;several villages along the Okpara River are in dispute with Benin;Lake Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad,Niger, and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region,which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations andmilitias; Nigeria agreed to ratify the treaty and relinquishsovereignty of disputed lands to Cameroon by December 2003
Niuenone
Norfolk Islandnone
Northern Mariana Islandsnone
NorwayNorway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen MaudLand and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russiaand Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the BarentsSea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limitswithin the Svalbard Treaty zone
Omanboundary agreement signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 forentire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhahenclaves
Pacific Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistanthousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan;isolating terrain and close ties among Pashtuns in Pakistan makecross-border activities difficult to control; armed stand-off withIndia over the status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues - Indiaobjects to Pakistan ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreementthat India believes are part of disputed Kashmir; disputes withIndia over Indus River water sharing and the terminus of the Rann ofKutch, which prevents maritime boundary delimitation
Palaunone
Palmyra Atollnone
Panamanone
Papua New GuineaIndonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegalmigrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea
Paracel Islandsoccupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguayunruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguayborders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drugtrafficking, and harbors Islamist militants
PeruBolivia continues to press Chile and Peru to restore theAtacama corridor ceded to Chile in 1884
Philippinesinvolved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands withChina, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei; claimants inNovember 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties inthe South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but which fellshort of a legally binding "code of conduct"; Sultanate of Sulugranted Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue itssovereignty claim over Malaysia's Sabah State but Malaysia rejectsclaim
Pitcairn Islandsnone
Polandsmall boundary changes made with Slovakia in 2003
PortugalPortugal has periodically reasserted claims to territoriesaround the town of Olivenza, Spain
Puerto Riconone
Qatarnone
Reunionnone
Romaniahas not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talksbased on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;joint boundary commission is rectifying boundary with Bulgaria basedon shifts in Danube since last delimitation in 1920; Hungary has yetto amend status law extending special social and cultural benefitsto ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who protest the law
RussiaChina continues to seek a mutually acceptable solution to thedisputed alluvial islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuririvers and a small island on the Argun River as part of the 2001Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation; theislands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai groupidentified by the Russians as the "Southern Kurils" and by Japan asthe "Northern Territories" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, nowadministered by Russia, claimed by Japan; boundary with Georgia hasbeen largely delimited but not demarcated with several small,strategic segments remaining in dispute and OSCE observersmonitoring volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmetiregion and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treatieshave been signed with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Seabut no resolution on dividing the water column among any of thelittoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits inthe Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard'sterritorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; Russia continuesto reject signing and ratifying the joint 1996 technical borderagreement with Estonia; the Russian Parliament refuses to considerratification of the boundary treaties with Estonia and Latvia, butin May 2003, ratified land and maritime boundary treaty withLithuania, which ratified the 1997 treaty in 1999, legalizing limitsof former Soviet republic borders; discussions are still ongoingamong Russia, Lithuania and the EU concerning a simplified transitdocument for residents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to transitthrough Lithuania to Russia; land delimitation with Ukraine isratified, but maritime regime of the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait isunresolved; delimitation with Kazakhstan is scheduled for completionin 2003; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime BoundaryAgreement with the US in the Bering Sea
RwandaTutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associatedpolitical rebels, armed gangs, and various government forcescontinue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundariesof Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda togain control over populated areas and natural resources - governmentheads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continuesdespite UN peacekeeping efforts
Saint Helenanone
Saint Kitts and Nevisprotests Venezuela's claim to give full effectto Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelfextending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Luciaprotests Venezuela's claim to give full effect to AvesIsland, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extendingover a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelonnone
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesprotests Venezuela's claim to givefull effect to Aves Island, which creates a VenezuelanEEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of theCaribbean Sea
Samoanone; note - some EEZ demarcations, including the one withAmerican Samoa, are undefined
San Marinonone
Sao Tome and Principenone
Saudi Arabianomadic groups on border region with Yemen resistdemarcation of boundary; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have beennegotiating a long-contested maritime boundary with Iran; becausethe treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment of theboundary with the UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
Senegalseparatist war in Casamance region results in refugees andcross-border raids, arms smuggling, other illegal activities, andpolitical instability in Guinea-Bissau
Serbia and Montenegrothe Albanian government calls for theprotection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside its borders inthe Kosovo region of Serbia and Montenegro while continuing to seekregional cooperation; several ethnic Albanian groups in Kosovo voiceunion with Albania; has delimited about half of the boundary withBosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain indispute; in late 2002, Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia adopted aninterim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula,allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission (UNMOP), butdiscussions could be complicated by the inability of Serbia andMontenegro to come to an agreement on the economic aspects of thenew federal union
Seychellesclaims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered BritishIndian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leonelarge UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war butrebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading,corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states besetwith their own civil disorder, refugees, and violence
Singaporedisputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water toSingapore, Singapore's land reclamation works on Johor, maritimeboundaries, and Singapore-occupied Pedra Branca Island/Pulau BatuPutih persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island disputewithin three years
Slovakiasmall boundary changes made with Poland in 2003; Hungaryhas yet to amend status law extending special social and culturalbenefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, who protest the law
Sloveniaparliamentarians are far from ratifying theCroatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which wouldhave ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to Slovenia andseveral villages to Croatia
Solomon Islandsnone
Somalia"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities toland-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regionalstates; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties,each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintainsonly an administrative line with the Oromo region of southernSomalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed tothe unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
South Africamanaged dispute with Namibia over the location of theboundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islandsbriefly occupied bymilitary force in 1982 - claimed by Argentina in constitution butdeclares it will no longer seek settlement by force
Southern OceanAntarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarcticaentry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UKassert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf inthe Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest inextending those continental shelf claims under the United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) to include undersea ridges;the US and most other states do not recognize the land or maritimeclaims of other states and have made no claims themselves (the USand Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal claims havebeen made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west
SpainGibraltar residents vote overwhelmingly in referendum against"total shared sovereignty" arrangement worked out between Spain andUK to change 300-year rule over colony; Morocco protests Spain'scontrol over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon deVelez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and IslasChafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco also rejected Spain'sunilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugeeinterdiction; Morocco allowed Spanish fishermen to fish temporarilyoff the coast of Western Sahara after an oil spill soiled Spanishfishing grounds; Portugal has periodically reasserted claims toterritories around the town of Olivenza, Spain
Spratly Islandsall of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and thePhilippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zonethat encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but hasnot publicly claimed the island; claimants in November 2002 signedthe "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea",a mechanism to ease tension but which fell short of a legallybinding "code of conduct"
Sri Lankanone
Sudanthe north-south civil war has drawn Sudan's neighbors into thefighting, sheltering refugees, and infiltration by rebel groups -Kenya and Uganda have acted as mediators; Sudan accuses Eritrea ofsupporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porousboundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting in Sudan;Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,creating the "Ilemi triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims toadminister the triangular areas that extend north and south of the1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawntheir military presence; Egypt is economically developing the"Hala'ib triangle"
Surinamearea disputed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); area disputed byGuyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari[Kutari] rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne); territorial seaboundary with Guyana is in dispute
Svalbarddespite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute theirmaritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rightsbeyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swazilandnone
Swedennone
Switzerlandnone
SyriaGolan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Lebanon claims Shaba'afarms in Golan Heights; Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanonsince October 1976; Syria protests Turkish hydrological projectsregulating upper Euphrates waters; Turkey is quick to rebuff anyperceived Syrian claim to Hatay province
Taiwaninvolved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands withChina, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct ofParties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension butwhich fell short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; ParacelIslands occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; claimsJapanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai), asdoes China
Tajikistanprolonged regional drought creates water-sharingdifficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signedin 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in returnfor China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands;negotiations with China resolved the longstanding boundary dispute;talks have begun with Uzbekistan to demine and delimit border;disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation withKyrgyzstan
Tanzaniadisputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailandcompletion of boundary demarcation with Cambodia hamperedby accusations of moving and destroying boundary markers,encroachments, initiating border incidents, and sealing off PreahVihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962;demarcation complete except for a 1 kilometer segment at the mouthof the Kolok River in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laoscomplete except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints ofThai squatters; despite continuing border committee talks,significant differences remain with Burma over boundary alignmentand the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegalcross-border activities
Togoin 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - jointcommission presently resurveying the boundary
Tokelaunone
Tonganone
Trinidad and Tobagonone
Tromelin Islandclaimed by Mauritius
Tunisianone
Turkeycomplex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greecein the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria andIraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upperEuphrates waters; Turkey is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrianclaim to Hatay province; border with Armenia remains closed overNagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistanprolonged regional drought creates water-sharingdifficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan has notcommitted to follow either Iran or the other littoral states in thedivision of the Caspian Sea seabed and water column; ICJ decisionexpected to resolve dispute with Azerbaijan over sovereignty overCaspian oilfields; demarcation of land boundary with Kazakhstan isunderway - maritime boundary not resolved
Turks and Caicos Islandsnone
Tuvalunone
UgandaTutsi, Hutu, and other ethnic groups, associated politicalrebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fightingin the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi,Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain controlover populated areas and natural resources; government heads pledgeto end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UNpeacekeeping efforts; conflict in Sudan has extended rebel forcesand refugees into Uganda
Ukraine1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified overunresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and encouragingillegal cross-border activities; land delimitation of boundary withRussia is complete, but maritime regime of the Sea of Azov and KerchStrait remains unresolved; difficulties in the Transnistria regionof Moldova complicate border crossing and customs, facilitatingsmuggling, arms transfers, and other illegal activities; has notresolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake)Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks basedon 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years
United Arab Emiratesbecause the treaties have not been made public,the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is stillunknown and labeled approximate; boundary agreement signed andratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman'sMusandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves; UAE engage direct talksand Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupationof Lesser and Greater Tunb islands and Abu Musa island
United KingdomGibraltar residents vote overwhelmingly in referendumagainst "total shared sovereignty" arrangement worked out betweenSpain and UK to change 300-year rule over colony; Mauritius andSeychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian OceanTerritory) and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly inMauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right torepatriation since eviction in 1965; Argentina claims the FalklandIslands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South SandwichIslands; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark andIceland; territorial claim in Antarctica (British AntarcticTerritory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chileanclaim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM
United Statesprolonged drought in the Mexico border region hasstrained water-sharing arrangements; 1990 Maritime BoundaryAgreement in the Bering Sea awaits Russian Duma ratification;maritime boundary disputes with Canada at Dixon Entrance, BeaufortSea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias SealIsland and North Rock; The Bahamas have not been able to agree on amaritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased fromCuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area canterminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made noterritorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to doso) and does not recognize the claims of any other state; MarshallIslands claims Wake Island
Uruguayuncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in theQuarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint withArgentina
Uzbekistanprolonged regional drought creates water-sharingdifficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation withKazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; serious disputes withKyrgyzstan around Uzbek enclaves mar progress on delimitationefforts; talks have begun with Tajikistan to determine and delimitborder
VanuatuMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed byVanuatu and France
Venezuelaclaims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River; maritimeboundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and theCaribbean Sea; US, France and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela'sclaim to give full effect to Aves Island, which creates a VenezuelanEEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of theCaribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, andSaint Vincent and the Grenadines protest the claim and other states'recognition of it
Vietnamdemarcation of the land boundary with China continues, butmaritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement remainsunratified; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armedencroachments along border; China occupies Paracel Islands alsoclaimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in a complex dispute overSpratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, andpossibly Brunei; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declarationon the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism toease tension but which fell short of a legally binding "code ofconduct"
Virgin Islandsnone
Wake Islandclaimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futunanone
West BankWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western SaharaMorocco claims and administers Western Sahara, butsovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire hasremained in effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold areferendum have failed and parties have rejected other proposals;Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recentyears; Morocco allowed Spanish fishermen to fish temporarily off thecoast of Western Sahara after an oil spill soiled Spanish fishinggrounds
WorldGlobally, there are over 250,000 km of international landboundaries that separate the world's 192 independent states, alongwith 70 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and othermiscellaneous entities. Maritime states have claimed limits and haveso far established over 130 maritime boundaries and jointdevelopment zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide fortheir national security at sea. On land, ethnicity, culture, race,religion, and language have divided states into separate politicalentities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, orconquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries.All of these factors have contributed to a wide array of boundary,borderland, and territorial disagreements that vary in intensityfrom unresolved or dormant to outright war. Territorial disputes mayevolve from historical and/or cultural animosities, or they may bebrought on by resource competition. Ethnic clashes continue to beresponsible for territorial fragmentation around the world.Undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries encourageillegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, andpolitical confrontation over boundary allocations. Other sources ofcontention include the use of water and mineral (especiallypetroleum) resources, fisheries, dams, and nuclear power plants.Many islands or island groups are also disputed, including those atsea and in streams. Nonetheless, many nations are activelycooperating to clarify, delineate, and demarcate their internationalborders. The tragic aspect of international discord is the impact onthe sustenance and welfare of populations caught in the conflict. Itis frequently left to members of the world community to cope withenormous refugee situations, and the resultant hunger, disease, andimpoverishment that they create.
YemenEritrea protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish islandsawarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999; nomadic groups in borderregion with Saudi Arabia resist demarcation of boundary
Zambiadormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, andZimbabwe boundaries converge
Zimbabwedormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia,and Zimbabwe boundaries converge
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
AfghanistanPashtun 44%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 10%, minor ethnic groups(Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 13%, Uzbek 8%
AlbaniaAlbanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Gypsy, Serb, andBulgarian) (1989 est.)note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
AlgeriaArab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
American SamoaSamoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,other 5%
AndorraSpanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other6% (1998)
AngolaOvimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixedEuropean and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguillablack (predominant), mulatto, white
Antigua and Barbudablack, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentinawhite (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
ArmeniaArmenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly YezidiKurds) 4% (2002)note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated fromArmenia
Arubamixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
AustraliaCaucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
AustriaGerman 88%, non-nationals 9.3% (includes Croatians,Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), naturalized 2%(includes those who have lived in Austria at least three generations)
AzerbaijanAzeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,other 2.3% (1998 est.)note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakhregion
Bahamas, Theblack 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
BahrainBahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
BangladeshBengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbadosblack 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
BelarusBelarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, andother 7.4%
BelgiumFleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belizemestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other9.7%
BeninAfrican 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermudablack 58%, white 36%, other 6%
BhutanBhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas—one ofseveral Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
BoliviaQuechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and HerzegovinaSerb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other0.6% (2000)note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoidconfusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
BotswanaTswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazilwhite (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islandsblack 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
BruneiMalay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
BulgariaBulgarian 83.6%, Turk 9.5%, Roma 4.6%, other 2.3%(including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (1998)
Burkina FasoMossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,Fulani
BurmaBurman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
BurundiHutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
CambodiaKhmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
CameroonCameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, otherAfrican 13%, non-African less than 1%
CanadaBritish Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixedbackground 26%
Cape VerdeCreole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islandsmixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates ofvarious ethnic groups 20%
Central African RepublicBaya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom areMuslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000French citizens live in Chad
Chilewhite and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
ChinaHan Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas IslandChinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsEuropeans, Cocos Malays
Colombiamestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixedblack-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
ComorosAntalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of theover 200 African ethnic groups ofwhich the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about45% of the population
Congo, Republic of theKongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,Europeans and other 3%note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespreaddestruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook IslandsPolynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
Costa Ricawhite (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'IvoireAkan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000Lebanese and 20,000 French) (1998)
CroatiaCroat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, Bosniak 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%,Slovene 0.3%, Czech 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Albanian 0.1%, Montenegrin0.1%, others 4.1% (2001)
Cubamulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
CyprusGreek 85.2%, Turkish 11.6%, other 3.2% (2000)
Czech RepublicCzech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other0.5% (1991)
DenmarkScandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,Somali
DjiboutiSomali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian5%
Dominicablack, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, CaribAmerindian
Dominican Republicwhite 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
East TimorAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chineseminority
Ecuadormestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
EgyptEastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian andFrench) 1%
El Salvadormestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%
Equatorial GuineaBioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritreaethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
EstoniaEstonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)
EthiopiaOromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)British
Faroe IslandsScandinavian
FijiFijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesianadmixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseasChinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
FinlandFinn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%
FranceCeltic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guianablack or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French PolynesiaPolynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,metropolitan French 4%
GabonBantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, TheAfrican 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza StripPalestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
GeorgiaGeorgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
GermanyGerman 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely ofSerbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)
Ghanablack African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%(1998)
GibraltarSpanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese
GreeceGreek 98%, other 2%note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions inGreece
GreenlandGreenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danishand others 12% (January 2000)
Grenadablack 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and EastIndian 5% , and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupeblack or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,Chinese less than 5%
GuamChamorro 37%, Filipino 26%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,Korean, and other 27%
GuatemalaMestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilatedAmerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whitesand others 2%
GuernseyUK and Norman-French descent
GuineaPeuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-BissauAfrican 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
GuyanaEast Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,and mixed 7%
Haitiblack 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)Italians, Swiss, other
Hondurasmestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,black 2%, white 1%
Hong KongChinese 95%, other 5%
HungaryHungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%,Romanian 0.7%
Icelandhomogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,population of foreign origin 6%
IndiaIndo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
IndonesiaJavanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays7.5%, other 26%
IranPersian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
IraqArab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
IrelandCeltic, English
IsraelJewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)(1996 est.)
ItalyItalian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, andSlovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians andGreek-Italians in the south)
Jamaicablack 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
JapanJapanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914) (2000)
JerseyUK and Norman-French descent
JordanArab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
KazakhstanKazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
KenyaKikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, andArab) 1%
Kiribatipredominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian
Korea, Northracially homogeneous; there is a small Chinesecommunity and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, Southhomogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
KuwaitKuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,other 7%
KyrgyzstanKyrgyz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,German 2.4%, other 11.8%
LaosLao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnicVietnamese/Chinese 1%
LatviaLatvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2%
LebanonArab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
LesothoSotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberiaindigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants ofimmigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
LibyaBerber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
LiechtensteinAlemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
LithuaniaLithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Belarusian1.6%, other 2.1%
LuxembourgCeltic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European(guest and resident workers)
MacauChinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),Portuguese, other
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonian 64.2%,Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.8%, Roma 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.3% (1994)
MadagascarMalayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,Creole, Comoran
MalawiChewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,Ngonde, Asian, European
MalaysiaMalay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 24%, Indian 8%,others 10% (2000)
MaldivesSouth Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
MaliMande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
MaltaMaltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Man, Isle ofManx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Marshall IslandsMicronesian
MartiniqueAfrican and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,East Indian, Chinese less than 5%
Mauritaniamixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%
MauritiusIndo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,Franco-Mauritian 2%
MayotteNA
Mexicomestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantlyAmerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States ofnine ethnic Micronesian andPolynesian groups
MoldovaMoldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
MonacoFrench 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
MongoliaMongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakhis the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chineseand Russian) 3.4% (1998)
Montserratblack, white
MoroccoArab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambiqueindigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibiablack 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
NauruNauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European8%
NepalBrahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)
NetherlandsDutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-western originmainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians)(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antillesmixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, EastAsian
New CaledoniaMelanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New ZealandNew Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%
Nicaraguamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black9%, Amerindian 5%
NigerHausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200French expatriates
NigeriaNigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, iscomposed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the mostpopulous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%