Swaziland23.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sweden10.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Switzerland8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Syria4.96 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Taiwan6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tajikistan8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tanzania17.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Thailand6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Togo11.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
TokelauNA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tunisia5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkey5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkmenistan8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tuvalu7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uganda16.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ukraine16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Arab Emirates4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Kingdom10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United States8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uruguay9.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uzbekistan7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vanuatu8.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Venezuela4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vietnam6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Virgin Islands6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Wallis and FutunaNA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank4.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Western SaharaNA deaths/1,000 population
World8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Yemen8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zambia24.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zimbabwe23.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
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@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan$61 million (2003)
Albania$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria$2,196.6 million (2003)
Angola$265.1 million (2003)
Antigua and BarbudaNA
Argentina$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia$135 million (FY01)
Australia$14,120.1 million (2003)
Austria$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, TheNA
Bahrain$618.1 million (2003)
Bangladesh$606.8 million (2003)
BarbadosNA
Belarus$176.1 million (FY02)
Belgium$3.999 billion (2003)
Belize$18 million (2003)
Benin$98.3 million (2003)
Bermuda$4.03 million (2001)
Bhutan$11.2 million (2003)
Bolivia$127 million (2003)
Bosnia and Herzegovina$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana$298.9 million (2003)
Brazil$10,439.4 million (2003)
Brunei$339.5 million (2003)
Bulgaria$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso$52.7 million (2003)
Burma$39 million (FY97)
Burundi$33.3 million (2003)
Cambodia$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon$189.2 million (2003)
Canada$9,801.7 million (2003)
Cape Verde$12.3 million (2003)
Central African Republic$14.5 million (2003)
Chad$55.4 million (2003)
Chile$2,839.6 million (2003)
China$60 billion (2003 est.)
Colombia$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros$6 million (2003)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the$115.5 million (2003)
Congo, Republic of the$68.6 million (2003)
Costa Rica$64 million (2003)
Cote d'Ivoire$173.6 million (2003)
Croatia$520 million (2002 est.)
Cuba$572.3 million (2003)
Cyprus$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic$1,190.2 million (FY01)
Denmark$3,271.6 million (2003)
Djibouti$26.5 million (2003)
DominicaNA
Dominican Republic$180 million (1998)
East Timor$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador$650 million (2003)
Egypt$2,443.2 million (2003)
El Salvador$157 million (2003)
Equatorial Guinea$75.1 million (2003)
Eritrea$77.9 million (2003)
Estonia$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia$345 million (2003)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)NA
Faroe IslandsNA
Fiji$34 million (2003)
Finland$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France$45,238.1 million (2003)
French GuianaNA
Gabon$149.3 million (2003)
Gambia, The$900,000 (2003)
Gaza StripNA
Georgia$23 million (FY00)
Germany$35.063 billion (2003)
Ghana$44 million (2003)
Greece$7,288.9 million (2003)
GrenadaNA
Guatemala$202.6 million (2003)
Guinea$58.5 million (2003)
Guinea-Bissau$8.4 million (2003)
Guyana$6.5 million (2003)
Haiti$25.8 million (2003)
Honduras$99.8 million (2003)
Hong KongHong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA
Hungary$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland0
India$14,018.8 million (2003)
Indonesia$1 billion (FY98)
Iran$4.3 billion (2003 est.)
Iraq$1.3 billion (FY00)
Ireland$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel$9.11 billion (FY03)
Italy$28,182.8 million (2003)
Jamaica$31 million (2003)
Japan$42,488.1 million (2003)
Jordan$2,043.2 million (2003)
Kazakhstan$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya$231 million (2003)
KiribatiNA
Korea, North$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South$14.522 billion (FY03)
Kuwait$2,500.4 million (2003)
Kyrgyzstan$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos$10.9 million (2003)
Latvia$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon$541 million (2002)
Lesotho$32.5 million (2003)
Liberia$10 million (2003)
Libya$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg$231.6 million (2003)
Macedonia$200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar$69.8 million (2003)
Malawi$11.5 million (2003)
Malaysia$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives$43.1 million (2003)
Mali$51.1 million (2003)
Malta$33.3 million (2003)
Marshall IslandsNA
Mauritania$40.8 million (2003)
Mauritius$11.2 million (2003)
Mexico$5,168.3 million (2003)
Moldova$9.5 million (FY03)
Mongolia$23.1 million (FY02)
Morocco$2,297.2 million (2003)
Mozambique$101.3 million (2003)
Namibia$111.6 million (2003)
NauruNA
Nepal$295 million (FY03)
Netherlands$8,044.4 million (2003)
New CaledoniaNA
New Zealand$1.147 billion (FY03/04)
Nicaragua$30.8 million (2003)
Niger$21.7 million (2003)
Nigeria$469.8 million (2003)
Norway$4,033.5 million (2003)
Oman$242.07 million (2003)
Pakistan$2.7 billion (FY02/03)
PalauNA
Panama$145 million (2003)
Papua New Guinea$16.9 million (2003)
Paraguay$52.7 million (2003)
Peru$829.4 million (2003)
Philippines$995 million (FY98)
Poland$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal$3,497.8 million (2003)
Qatar$723 million (FY00)
Romania$985 million (2002)
RussiaNA
Rwanda$47.7 million (2003)
Saint Kitts and NevisNA
Saint LuciaNA
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNA
SamoaNA
San Marino$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe$500,000 (2003)
Saudi Arabia$18 billion (2002)
Senegal$95.8 million (2003)
Serbia and Montenegro$654 million (2002)
Seychelles$11.6 million (2003)
Sierra Leone$11.7 million (2003)
Singapore$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia$406 million (2002)
Slovenia$370 million (FY00)
Solomon IslandsNA
Somalia$18.9 million (2003)
South Africa$2,653.4 million (2003)
Spain$9,906.5 million (2003)
Sri Lanka$518 million (2003)
Sudan$581 million (2001 est.)
Suriname$7.5 million (2003)
Swaziland$29 million (2003)
Sweden$4.395 billion (FY01)
Switzerland$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget datathat may understate actual spending
Taiwan$7,611.7 million (2003)
Tajikistan$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania$20.3 million (2003)
Thailand$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo$32.6 million (2003)
TongaNA
Trinidad and Tobago$66.7 million (2003)
Tunisia$356 million (FY99)
Turkey$12.155 billion (2003)
Turkmenistan$90 million (FY99)
TuvaluNA
Uganda$128.2 million (2003)
Ukraine$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom$42,836.5 million (2003)
United States$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)
Uruguay$217.9 million (2003)
Uzbekistan$200 million (FY97)
VanuatuNA
Venezuela$1,125.6 million (2003)
Vietnam$650 million (FY98)
West BankNA
Western SaharaNA
Worldaggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remainedat approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trilliondollars (1999 est.)
Yemen$885.6 million (2003)
Zambia$42.6 million (2003)
Zimbabwe$105 million (2003)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@2068 Dependent areas
AustraliaAshmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonaldIslands, Norfolk Island
FranceBassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, FrenchPolynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis andFutunanote: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
NetherlandsAruba, Netherlands Antilles
New ZealandCook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
NorwayBouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United KingdomAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, SaintHelena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,Turks and Caicos Islands
United StatesAmerican Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, NavassaIsland, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, VirginIslands, Wake Islandnote: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administeredthe Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It entered into apolitical relationship with all four political units: the NorthernMariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US(effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of FreeAssociation with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the FederatedStates of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with theUS (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islandssigned a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21October 1986)
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@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistandespite largely successful UN efforts at voluntaryrepatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue to reside in Iranand Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent troopsinto remote tribal areas to control the border and stem organizedterrorist and other illegal cross-border activites; regular meetingsbetween Pakistani and coalition allies aim to resolve periodicclaims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts overwater-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albaniathe Albanian Government calls for the protection of therights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and thepeaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albaniangroups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals
AlgeriaAlgeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front andrejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's borderwith Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations; each nationhas accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; inan attempt to improve relations afer unilaterally imposing a visarequirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted therequirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughoutthe Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormantdisputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflectedon its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of aclaim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoanone
Andorranone
Angolacontinues to give shelter to refugees from the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo while many Angolan refugees and Cabindaexclave secessionists reside in neighboring states
Anguillanone
AntarcticaAntarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic TreatySummary in Government type entry); sections (some overlapping)claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK;the US and most other states do not recognize the territorial claimsof other states and have made no claims themselves (the US andRussia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in thesector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several stateswith land claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention tosubmit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the ContinentalShelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersearidges
Antigua and Barbudanone
Arctic Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
ArgentinaUK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested byArgentina, whose constitution still claims UK-administered FalklandIslands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South SandwichIslands, but in 1995 ceded the right to settle the dispute by force;Beagle Channel islands dispute resolved through Papal mediation in1984, but armed incidents persist since 1992 oil discovery;territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chileanclaims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence ofArgentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,smuggling, arms and drug trafficking, and fundraising for extremistorganizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay overBraziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripointwith Argentina in question
ArmeniaArmenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists inNagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies 16% of Azerbaijan -Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continuesto mediate dispute; border with Turkey remains closed overNagorno-Karabakh dispute; traditional demands regarding formerArmenian lands in Turkey have subsided; ethnic Armenian groups inJavakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the newGeorgian Government
Arubanone
Ashmore and Cartier IslandsIndonesian groups challenge Australia'sclaim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding watersto Indonesian traditional fishing and has created a national park inthe region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in thevicinity
Atlantic Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australiathe 1999 maritime delimitation established partialmaritime boundaries with East Timor over part of the Timor Gap buttemporary resource-sharing agreements over an unreconciled areagrant Australia 90% share of exploited gas reserves and hampercreation of a southern maritime boundary with Indonesia (see Ashmoreand Cartier Islands disputes); Australia asserts a territorial claimto Antarctica and to its continental shelf (see Antarctica)
Austriaminor disputes with the Czech Republic over the TemelinNuclear Power Plant
AzerbaijanArmenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists inNagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies about one-sixth ofAzerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, andRussia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based onequidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifthallocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration indisputed waters; talks resume with Turkmenistan on dividing theseabed in 2004 as both sides await an ICJ decision on contestedoilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan protests Georgianconstructions at the Red Bridge crossing and several other smallsegments of boundary, which remain unresolved until delimitation
Bahamas, Theconcerned about migrants fleeing Haiti's deterioratedeconomic and political conditions
Bahrainnone
Baker Islandnone
Bangladeshdiscussions with India remain stalled to delimit a smallsection of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in bothcountries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-bordertrade, migration, and violence; Bangladesh protests India's attemptsto fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; disputewith India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bayof Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslimrefugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
BarbadosBarbados intends to take its claim before UNCLOSarbitration that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago'smaritime boundary with Venezuela extends into its waters; joinsother Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Islandsustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permitsVenezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portionof the Caribbean Sea
Bassas da Indiaclaimed by Madagascar
Belarus1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified overunresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishingborder security; boundaries with Latvia and Lithuania remainundemarcated despite European Union financial support
Belgiumnone
BelizeGuatemalan squatters continue to settle along the borderregion; an OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 created a smalladjustment to the land boundary, a large Guatemalan maritimecorridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for disputedSapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package, butagreement was not brought to popular referendum leaving Guatemala tocontinue to claim the southern half of Belize
Benintwo villages remain in dispute along the border with BurkinaFaso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much ofBenin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remainsundemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have been selected to rule ondisputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; several villages along theOkpara River are in dispute with Nigeria; a joint boundarycommission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verifyBenin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones
Bermudanone
Bhutanapproximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90%of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner forRefugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
Boliviahas reactivated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor,ceded to Chile in 1884, to secure sovereign maritime access forBolivian natural gas
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia andMontenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections alongthe Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatiaon problem sections around Kostajnica on the Una River and villagesat the base of Mount Pljesevica
Botswanaestablished a commission with Namibia to resolve smallresidual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngumarshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residentsprotest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectricdam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, andZimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Bouvet Islandnone
Brazilunruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguayborders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drugtrafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in theQuarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resultingtripoint with Argentina
British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricted access to the largest island in the chain
British Virgin Islandsnone
Bruneiin 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration intheir offshore and deepwater seabeds until negotiations progress toan agreement over allocation of disputed areas; Malaysia's landboundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Bruneiestablished an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing LouisaReef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no publicterritorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration onthe Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions inthe Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code ofconduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgarianone
Burkina Fasotwo villages are in dispute along the border withBenin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;Burkina Faso border regions have become a staging area for Liberiaand Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught inregional fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso ofsupporting Ivoirian rebels
Burmadespite continuing border committee talks, significantdifferences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and thehandling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-borderactivities; groups in Burma and Thailand express concern overChina's construction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween Riverin Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep outIndian Nagaland insurgents
BurundiTutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associatedpolitical rebels, armed gangs, and various government forcescontinue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending theboundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, andUganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas;government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violencecontinues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Cambodialand boundary disputes persist among Cambodian claims thatThailand and Vietnam moved or destroyed boundary markers; maritimeboundary with Vietnam is hampered by dispute over offshore islands;Cambodia periodically accuses Thailand of obstructing access toPreah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted in the destructionof the Thai Embassy, damage to 17 Thai-owned businesses, anddisputes over full payment of compensation
CameroonICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land andmaritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commissionto resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced withdemarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting inLake Chad in the north; the ICF ruled on an equidistance settlementof Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulfof Guinea, however, implementation of the decision is delayed due toimprecisely defined coordinates, the unresolved Bakasi allocation,and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroonover an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initiallyrejected cession of the Bakasi Peninsula; Lake Chad Commissioncontinues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria toratify delimitation treaty over the lake region, which remains thesite of armed clashes among local populations and militias
Canadamanaged maritime boundary disputes with the US at DixonEntrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around thedisputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; uncontested disputewith Denmark over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channelbetween Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verdenone
Cayman Islandsnone
Central African Republicinternal political instabilities withfighting and violence overlap into Chad and CAR, leaving refugeesand rebel groups in both countries; Sudan has pledged to work withCAR to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing rights amongrelated pastoral populations along the border
Chadcivil war in Sudan overlaps into Chad as both states step upborder patrols, leaving refugees and rebel groups in both countries;Chad serves as an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; Lake Chad Commissioncontinues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria toratify delimitation treaty over lake region; Chad rejects Nigerianrequest to redemarcate boundary, the site of periodic cross-borderincidents
ChileBolivia has reactivated its claim to the Atacama corridorceded to Chile in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime access forBolivian natural gas; dispute with Peru over the economic zonedelimited by the maritime boundary; Beagle Channel islands disputeresolved through Papal mediation in 1984, but armed incidentspersist since 1992 oil discovery; territorial claim in Antarctica(Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine andBritish claims
Chinainvolved in complex dispute with Malaysia, Philippines,Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code ofconduct" desired by several of the disputants; most of the rugged,militarized boundary with India is in dispute, but the two sides arecommitted to begin resolution with discussions on the least disputedMiddle Sector; Kashmir remains the world's largest and highlymilitarized territorial dispute with portions under the de factoadministration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), andPakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussionand confidence-building measures among parties are beginning todefuse tensions, India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands toChina in a 1964 boundary agreement; China and Taiwan continue toassert their claims to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands(Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage and protest actions;certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontesteddispute with North Korea and a section of boundary around MountPaektu is indefinite - China has been attempting to manage illegalmigration of North Koreans into northern China; China and Russia in2004 resolved their last border dispute over islands in the Amur andArgun Rivers, but details on demarcation have not yet beenworked-out; boundary delimitation agreements signed in 2002 withTajikistan cedes 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China inreturn for China's relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km, butdemarcation has not commenced; agreements with Vietnam demarcatingmaritime boundaries and fisheries cooperation in the Gulf of Tonkinwere ratified in June, and demarcation of the land boundarycontinues; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimedby Vietnam and Taiwan; in response to groups in Burma and Thailandexpressing concern over China's plans to construct 13 hydroelectricdams on the Nu River in Yunnan Province (Salween River in Burma),Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao suspended the project to conduct anenvironmental impact assessment, a smaller scale version of only 4dams is now scheduled to move forward
Christmas Islandnone
Clipperton Islandnone
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsnone
ColombiaNicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 andagainst Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundaryinvolving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including theArchipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;Colombian drug activities penetrate Peruvian border area; thecontinuing civil disorder in Colombia has created a serious refugeecrisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
Comorosclaims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war, tribal conflict, and rebel gang fighting that has drawn in neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; in the Great Lakes region and Sudan, heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict, but unchecked localized violence continues unabated; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of thethe location of the boundary in the broadCongo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefiniteexcept in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islandsnone
Coral Sea Islandsnone
Costa Ricalegal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan onthe border with Nicaragua remains unsolved
Cote d'Ivoirecontinuing rebel fighting extends to neighboringstates and has kept out foreign workers from nearby countries; theIvorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supportingIvorian rebels
Croatiadiscussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina overdisputed territory around Kostajnica on the Una River and villagesat the base of Mount Pljesevica; the Croatia-Slovenia land andmaritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of PirinBay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia,remains controversial, has not been ratified, and has beencomplicated by Croatia's declaration of an ecological-fisheries zonein the Adriatic Sea
CubaUS Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutualagreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprushostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de factoautonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by theinternationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish Cypriotarea, separated by a UN buffer zone; March 2003 reunification talksfailed, but Turkish Cypriots later opened their borders to temporaryvisits by Greek Cypriots
Czech RepublicLiechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918;individual Sudeten Germans seek restitution for property confiscatedin connection with their expulsion after World War II; Austria hasminor dispute with Czech Republic over the Temelin Nuclear PowerPlant
DenmarkRockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundaryagreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Icelandover the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200nm; disputes with Iceland, the UK, and Ireland over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm; Faroese continueto study proposals for full independence; uncontested dispute withCanada over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel betweenEllesmere Island and Greenland
DjiboutiDjibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties tovarious factions in Somalia including the Somali TransitionalNational Government in Mogadishu
Dominicajoins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claimthat Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion underUNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelfover a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republicdespite efforts to control illegal migration,destitute Haitians fleeing poverty and violence continue to crossinto the Dominican Republic; illegal migration of Dominicans andother nationals across the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico has increasedin the last year
East TimorEast Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues tomeet, survey, and delimit the land boundary, but several sections ofthe boundary especially around the Oekussi enclave remainunresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of theuninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which may delaydecision on the northern maritime boundaries; numbers of East Timorrefugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australiacontinue to disagree over the delimitation of a permanent maritimeboundary and over the sharing of petroleum resources that falloutside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002Timor Sea Treaty
Ecuadorthe continuing civil disorder in Colombia has created aserious refugee crisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
EgyptEgypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the triangularareas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary alongthe 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egyptis economically developing and effectively administers the "Hala'ibTriangle" north of the Treaty line
El Salvadorin 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, and theOAS is assisting with a technical resolution of undemarcatedbolsones; in 2003, the ICJ rejected El Salvador's request to reviseits decision on one part of the bolsones; the 1992 ICJ rulingadvised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulfof Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; ElSalvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned by theICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf de Fonseca
Equatorial Guineain 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlementof Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulfof Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon overan island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely definedcoordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasiallocation contribute to the delay in implementation; creation of amaritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay with Gabon ishampered by dispute over Mbane Island, administered and occupied byGabon since the 1970s
EritreaEritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,but demarcation has been delayed, despite intense internationalintervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, andincorrectly awarded Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war, and otherareas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviating from thecommission's decision; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia andEritrea (UNMEE) continues to monitor a 25km-wide Temporary SecurityZone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan accuses Eritrea ofsupporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea protests Yemeni fishingaround the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999
EstoniaRussia continues to reject signing and ratifying the jointDecember 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia
EthiopiaEritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002independent boundary commission's delimitation decision, butdemarcation has been delayed, despite intense internationalintervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, andincorrectly awarded Badme - the focus of the 1998-2000 war - andother areas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviatingfrom the commission's decision; Ethiopia maintains only anadministrative line and no international border with the Oromoregion of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local clansin opposition to the Transitional National Government, which lostits mandate in August 2003, in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionistsprovide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia;efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have beendelayed by civil war
Europa Islandclaimed by Madagascar
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) claimed by Argentina whose forces briefly occupied it in 1982, but now declares it will no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe IslandsFaroese are considering proposals for fullindependence; Denmark dispute with Iceland over the Faroe Islandsfisheries median line boundary of 200 nm; Denmark disputes withIceland, the UK, and Ireland the Faroe Islands claim extending itscontinental shelf boundary beyond 200 nm
Fijinone
Finlandnone
FranceMadagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, GloriosoIslands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritiusclaims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname andFrench Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land);Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia, claimed by Franceand Vanuatu
French GuianaSuriname claims area between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
French Polynesianone
French Southern and Antarctic LandsFrench claim to "Adelie Land" inAntarctica is not recognized by the US
Gaboncreation of a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich CoriscoBay with Equatorial Guinea is hampered by dispute over Mbane Island,administered and occupied by Gabon since the 1970s
Gambia, Theattempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, armssmuggling, other illegal activities, and political instability fromseparatist movement in southern Senegal's Casamance region
Gaza StripWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied withcurrent status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Georgiaabout a third of the boundary with Russia remainsundelimited, and none of it demarcated, with several small,strategic segments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitorvolatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region andthe Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughoutthe former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary withArmenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakhetiregion of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgiangovernment; Azerbaijan protests Georgian construction at the RedBridge crossing and several other small segments of boundary, whichremain unresolved until delimitation
Germanynone
GhanaGhana must still deal with refugees and returning nationalsescaping rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltarsince Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year-old UKcolony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grantGibraltar greater autonomy
Glorioso Islandsclaimed by Madagascar
GreeceGreece and Turkey have resumed discussions to resolve theircomplex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in theAegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with the Republicof Macedonia over its name
Greenlanduncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over HansIsland in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island andGreenland
Grenadanone
Guadeloupenone
Guamnone
GuatemalaGuatemalan squatters continue to settle in Belize borderregion; OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 creating small adjustmentto land boundary, large Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean,joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantialUS-UK financial package, but agreement was not brought to popularreferendum leaving Guatemala to continue to claim the southern halfof Belize intact; numbers of Guatemalans enter Mexico seeking workor transit to the US
Guernseynone
Guineadomestic fighting among disparate rebel groups in Guinea,domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youthgangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have createdinsurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, ethnicconflicts skirmishes, deaths, and refugees in border areas; in 2003,Guinea and Sierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolvea dispute over the town of Yenga
Guinea-Bissauattempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, armssmuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement inSenegal's Casamance region
Guyanaall of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed byVenezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyanahas expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claimsbefore UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary withVenezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle ofland between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic disputeover the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOSarbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname overthe axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-richwaters
Haitidespite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeingeconomic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into DominicanRepublic and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claimsUS-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islandsnone
Holy See (Vatican City)none
Hondurasin 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, and the OASis assisting with a technical resolution of bolsones; in 2003, theICJ rejected El Salvador's request to revise its decision on onebolsone; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to amaritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration ofHonduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tinyConejo Island, not mentioned by the ICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf ofFonseca; Honduras claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize butagreed to creation of a joint ecological park and Guatemalancorridor in the Caribbean in the failed 2002 Belize-GuatemalaDifferendum; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 andagainst Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex maritime disputein the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kongnone
Howland Islandnone
HungaryHungary amended the status law extending special social andcultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states, whohad objected to the law; Slovakia and Hungary have reneweddiscussions on ways to resolve differences over theGabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possibleresort again to the ICJ for final resolution
IcelandRockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundaryagreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Denmarkover the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200nm; disputes with Denmark, the UK, and Ireland over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
IndiaKashmir remains the world's most highly militarizedterritorial dispute with portions under the de facto administrationof China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (AzadKashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussions andconfidence-building measures among parties are beginning to defusetensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to Chinain the 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over IndusRiver water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at themouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundarydelimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim inIndian Gujarat State; most of the rugged, militarized boundary withChina is in dispute, but sides have committed to begin resolutionwith discussions on the least disputed Middle Sector; Joint BorderCommittee with Nepal continues to work on resolution of minordisputed boundary sections; discussions with Bangladesh remainstalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate dividedvillages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, andviolence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence offhigh-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute withBangladesh over volcanic New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island inthe Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seekscooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep out Indian Nagalandinsurgents; joint border commission continues to work on smalldisputed sections of boundary with Nepal; India has instituted astricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents andillegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Indian Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
IndonesiaEast Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of theboundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest thesovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/FatuSinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary;numbers of East Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; a1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts oftheir maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's awardof Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 promptedIndonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on itssmaller outer islands; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, andillegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea
IranIran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters onHelmand River tributaries in periods of drought; thousands of Afghanrefugees still reside in Iran; creation of a maritime boundary withIraq remains in hiatus until full sovereignty is restored in Iraq;Iran and UAE engage in direct talks and solicit Arab League supportto resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and AbuMusa Island; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insistingupon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraqcoalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security,but resolution of disputes and creation of maritime boundaries withneighboring states will remain in hiatus until full sovereignty isrestored in Iraq; Turkey has expressed concern over the status ofKurds in Iraq
Irelanddisputes with Iceland, Denmark, and the UK over the FaroeIslands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
IsraelWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; GolanHeights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area ofGolan Heights)
Italynone
Jamaicanone
Jan Mayennone
JapanThe sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan asthe "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern KurilIslands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered byRussia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point tosigning a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;intensified media coverage and protests highlight dispute over thefishing-rich Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima) also claimed bySouth Korea; China and Taiwan have intensified their claims to theSenkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) administered by Japan
Jarvis Islandnone
Jerseynone
Johnston Atollnone
Jordanborder dispute settled with Syria in 2004
Juan de Nova Islandclaimed by Madagascar
KazakhstanKazakhstan and China have resolved their border disputeand are working to demarcate their borders to control populationmigration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation of boundarywith Russia is almost complete - delimitations with Turkmenistan andUzbekistan are complete with demarcations underway - delimitationwith Kyrgyzstan is largely complete; creation of a seabed boundarywith Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea is under discussion;equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with Azerbaijan andRussia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made ondividing the water column among any of the littoral states
KenyaKenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Kenya has acted as an importantmediator in Sudan's north-south civil war; Kenya and Uganda areworking together to stem cattle rustling and violence by Lord'sResistance Army along the border
Kingman Reefnone
Kiribatinone
Korea, Northwith China, certain islands in Yalu and Tumen riversare in uncontested dispute; a section of boundary around Paektu-san(mountain) is indefinite; China has been attempting to stop massillegal migration of North Koreans escaping famine, economicprivation, and oppression into northern China; Military DemarcationLine within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated Northfrom South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with SouthKorea
Korea, SouthMilitary Demarcation Line within the 4-km wideDemilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern LimitLine; unresolved dispute with Japan over Liancourt Rocks(Tok-do/Take-shima) and occasional protests over fishing rights ingrounds also claimed by Japan