VietnamVietnam is a poor, densely-populated country that has had torecover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support fromthe old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally-plannedeconomy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 inmoving forward from an extremely low starting point - growthaveraged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asianfinancial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy,but rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the government's beliefthat shifting to a market-oriented economy would lead to disaster.GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growththen rose to 6% to 7% in 2000-02 even against the background ofglobal recession. These numbers mask some major difficulties ineconomic performance. Many domestic industries, including coal,cement, steel, and paper, have reported large stockpiles ofinventory and tough competition from more efficient foreignproducers. Since the Party elected new leadership in 2001,Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economicliberalization and have moved to implement the structural reformsneeded to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive,export-driven industries. The US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreemententered into force near the end of 2001 and is expected tosignificantly increase Vietnam's exports to the US. The US isassisting Vietnam with implementing the legal and structural reformscalled for in the agreement.
Virgin IslandsTourism is the primary economic activity, accountingfor 80% of GDP and employment. The islands normally host 2 millionvisitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleumrefining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watchassembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food beingimported. International business and financial services are a smallbut growing component of the economy. One of the world's largestpetroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are subject tosubstantial damage from storms. The government is working to improvefiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the privatesector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and toprotect the environment.
Wake IslandEconomic activity is limited to providing services tocontractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goodsmust be imported.
Wallis and FutunaThe economy is limited to traditional subsistenceagriculture, with about 80% labor force earnings from agriculture(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues comefrom French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights toJapan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriateworkers in New Caledonia.
West BankReal per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip(WBGS) declined by about one-third between 1992 and 1996 due to thecombined effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid populationgrowth. The downturn in economic activity was largely the result ofIsraeli closure policies - the imposition of border closures inresponse to security incidents in Israel - which disrupted labor andcommodity market relationships between Israel and the WBGS. The mostserious social effect of this downturn was rising unemployment,which in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by 1995it had risen to over 20%. Israel's use of comprehensive closuresduring the next three years decreased and, in 1998, Israelimplemented new policies to reduce the impact of closures and othersecurity procedures on the movement of Palestinian goods and labor.These changes fueled an almost three-year-long economic recovery inthe West Bank and Gaza Strip; real GDP grew by 5% in 1998 and 6% in1999. Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with theoutbreak of violence, which triggered tight Israeli closures ofPalestinian self-rule areas and severely disrupted trade and labormovements. In 2001, and even more severely in 2002, Israeli militarymeasures in Palestinian Authority areas resulted in the destructionof much capital plant and administrative structure, widespreadbusiness closures, and a sharp drop in GDP. Including Gaza Strip,the UN estimates that more than 100,000 Palestinians out of the125,000 who used to work in Israel, in Israeli settlements, or injoint industrial zones have lost their jobs. In addition, about80,000 Palestinian workers inside the Territories are losing theirjobs. International aid of $2 billion in 2001-02 to the West Bankand Gaza Strip prevented the complete collapse of the economy. In2004, on-going border issues and the death of Yasser ARAFATcontinued to complicate the economic situation.
Western SaharaWestern Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for thepopulation. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainableagricultural production, and most of the food for the urbanpopulation must be imported. All trade and other economic activitiesare controlled by the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interestsin 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of WesternSahara, which has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards ofliving in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.
WorldGlobal output rose by 3.7% in 2003, led by China (9.1%), India(7.6%), and Russia (7.3%). The other 14 successor nations of theUSSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widelydivergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strongperformers, in the 5%-7% range of growth. Growth results posted bythe major industrial countries varied from a loss by Germany (-0.1%)to a strong gain by the United States (3.1%). The developing nationsalso varied in their growth results, with many countries facingpopulation increases that erode gains in output. Externally, thenation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, issteadily losing control over international flows of people, goods,funds, and technology. Internally, the central government oftenfinds its control over resources slipping as separatist regionalmovements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., inmany of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in theformer Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.Externally, the central government is losing decision-making powersto international bodies. In Western Europe, governments face thedifficult political problem of channeling resources away fromwelfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthenincentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million peopleeach year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating theproblems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics,and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities,the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to dealeffectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least fromthe economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. Theintroduction of the euro as the common currency of much of WesternEurope in January 1999, while paving the way for an integratedeconomic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levelsof income and cultural and political differences among theparticipating nations. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11September 2001 accentuate a further growing risk to globalprosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation ofresources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. Theopening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraqadded new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After thecoalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the higheconomic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became majorglobal problems that continue into 2004.
YemenYemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oilproduction. It has been harmed by periodic declines in oil prices,but now benefits from current high prices. Yemen has embarked on anIMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernizeand streamline the economy, which has led to substantial foreigndebt relief and restructuring. International donors, meeting inParis in October 2002, agreed on a further $2.3 billion economicsupport package. Yemen has worked to maintain tight control overspending and to implement additional components of the IMF program.A markedly high population growth rate and internal politicaldissension complicate the government's task. Plans include adiversification of the economy, encouragement of tourism, and moreefficient use of scarce water resources.
ZambiaDespite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,Zambia's economic growth remains below the 5% to 7% necessary toreduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-ownedcopper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth lossesgenerated by the industry and greatly improved the chances forcopper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.Copper output increased in 2003 and is expected to increase again in2004, due to higher copper prices. The maize harvest doubled in2003, helping boost GDP by 4.0%. Cooperation continues withinternational bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a newlending arrangement with the IMF expected in the second quarter,2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambiastill has a serious problem with fiscal discipline.
ZimbabweThe government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety ofdifficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainablefiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, andbare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions ofdollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has beensuspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 383% in 2003,and is expected to reach 700% in 2004. The government's land reformprogram, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged thecommercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports andforeign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs.
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2117 Pipelines (km)
Afghanistangas 387 km (2004)
Albaniagas 339 km; oil 207 km (2004)
Algeriacondensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2004)
Angolagas 214 km; liquid natural gas 14 km; liquid petroleum gas 30km; oil 837 km; refined products 56 km (2004)
Argentinagas 27,166 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 3,668 km;refined products 2,945 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2004)
Armeniagas 1,871 km (2004)
Australiacondensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas240 km; oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004)
Austriagas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2004)
Azerbaijangas 4,451 km; oil 1,518 km (2004)
Bahraingas 20 km; oil 53 km (2004)
Bangladeshgas 2,012 km (2004)
Belarusgas 5,223 km; oil 2,443 km; refined products 1,686 km (2004)
Belgiumgas 1,485 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2004)
Boliviagas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,457 km;refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2004)
Brazilcondensate/gas 244 km; gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2004)
Bruneigas 665 km; oil 439 km (2004)
Bulgariagas 2,425 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2004)
Burmagas 2,056 km; oil 558 km (2004)
Cameroongas 90 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,120 km (2004)
Canadacrude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980km (2003)
Chadoil 205 km (2004)
Chilegas 2,583 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil1,003 km; refined products 757 km (2004)
Chinagas 15,890 km; oil 14,478 km; refined products 3,280 km (2004)
Colombiagas 4,360 km; oil 6,134 km; refined products 3,140 km (2004)
Congo, Democratic Republic of thegas 54 km; oil 71 km (2004)
Congo, Republic of thegas 53 km; oil 646 km (2004)
Costa Ricarefined products 242 km (2004)
Cote d'Ivoirecondensate 107 km; gas 223 km; oil 104 km (2004)
Croatiagas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2004)
Cubagas 49 km; oil 230 km (2004)
Czech Republicgas 7,020 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km(2004)
Denmarkcondensate 12 km; gas 3,892 km; oil 455 km; oil/gas/water 2km; unknown (oil/water) 64 km (2004)
Ecuadorextra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refinedproducts 1,185 km (2004)
Egyptcondensate 289 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,115 km; liquidpetroleum gas 852 km; oil 5,032 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refinedproducts 246 km (2004)
Equatorial Guinea condensate 37 km; gas 39 km; liquid natural gas 4 km; oil 24 km (2004)
Estoniagas 859 km (2004)
Finlandgas 694 km (2004)
Francegas 14,232 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2004)
Gabongas 210 km; oil 1,385 km (2004)
Georgiagas 1,697 km; oil 1,027 km; refined products 232 km (2004)
Germanycondensate 325 km; gas 25,293 km; oil 3,540 km; refinedproducts 3,827 km (2004)
Ghanarefined products 74 km (2004)
Greecegas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2004)
Guatemalaoil 480 km (2004)
Hungarygas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2004)
Indiagas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km;refined products 5,567 km (2004)
Indonesiacondensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km;oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)
Irancondensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570km; oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)
Iraqgas 1,739 km; oil 5,418 km; refined products 1,343 km (2004)
Irelandgas 1,795 km (2004)
Israelgas 140 km; oil 1,509 km (2004)
Italygas 17,335 km; oil 1,136 km (2004)
Japangas 2,719 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2004)
Jordangas 10 km; oil 743 km (2004)
Kazakhstancondensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refinedproducts 1,187 km (2004)
Kenyarefined products 752 km (2004)
Korea, Northoil 154 km (2004)
Korea, Southgas 1,433 km; refined products 827 km (2004)
Kuwaitgas 169 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2004)
Kyrgyzstangas 367 km; oil 13 km (2004)
Laosrefined products 540 km (2004)
Latviagas 1,097 km; oil 409 km; refined products 415 km (2004)
Lebanonoil 209 km (2004)
Libyacondensate 225 km; gas 3,611 km; oil 7,252 km (2004)
Liechtensteingas 20 km (2004)
Lithuaniagas 1,696 km; oil 331 km; refined products 109 km (2004)
Luxembourggas 155 km (2004)
Macedoniagas 268 km; oil 120 km (2004)
Malaysiacondensate 279 km; gas 5,047 km; oil 1,841 km; refinedproducts 114 km (2004)
Mexicocrude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; naturalgas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km (2003)
Moldovagas 606 km (2004)
Moroccogas 695 km; oil 285 km (2004)
Mozambiquegas 649 km; refined products 292 km (2004)
Netherlandscondensate 325 km; gas 6,998 km; oil 590 km; refinedproducts 716 km (2004)
New Zealandgas 2,213 km; liquid petroleum gas 79 km; oil 160 km;refined products 304 km (2004)
Nicaraguaoil 54 km (2004)
Nigeriacondensate 105 km; gas 1,896 km; oil 3,638 km; refinedproducts 3,626 km (2004)
Norwaycondensate 411 km; gas 6,199 km; oil 2,213 km; oil/gas/water746 km; unknown (oil/water) 38 km (2004)
Omangas 3,754 km; oil 3,212 km (2004)
Pakistangas 9,945 km; oil 1,821 km (2004)
Papua New Guineaoil 264 km (2004)
Perugas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)
Philippinesgas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004)
Polandgas 13,552 km; oil 1,772 km (2004)
Portugalgas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2004)
Qatarcondensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquidpetroleum gas 87 km; oil 702 km; oil/gas/water 41 km (2004)
Romaniagas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2004)
Russiacondensate 122 km; gas 150,007 km; oil 75,539 km; refinedproducts 13,771 km (2004)
Saudi Arabiacondensate 212 km; gas 1,780 km; liquid petroleum gas1,191 km; oil 5,068 km; refined products 1,162 km (2004)
Senegalgas 564 km (2004)
Serbia and Montenegrogas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)
Singaporegas 139 km (2004)
Slovakiagas 6,769 km; oil 449 km (2004)
Sloveniagas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2004)
South Africacondensate 100 km; gas 1,052 km; oil 847 km; refinedproducts 1,354 km (2004)
Spaingas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004)
Sudangas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004)
Surinameoil 51 km (2004)
Swedengas 798 km (2004)
Switzerlandgas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2004)
Syriagas 2,300 km; oil 2,183 km (2004)
Taiwancondensate 25 km; gas 435 km (2004)
Tajikistangas 541 km; oil 38 km (2004)
Tanzaniagas 29 km; oil 866 km (2004)
Thailandgas 3,112 km; refined products 265 km (2004)
Trinidad and Tobago condensate 253 km; gas 1,117 km; oil 478 km (2004)
Tunisiagas 3,059 km; oil 1,203 km; refined products 345 km (2004)
Turkeygas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)
Turkmenistangas 6,549 km; oil 1,395 km (2004)
Ukrainegas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004)
United Arab Emiratescondensate 469 km; gas 2,655 km; liquidpetroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,936 km; oil/gas/water 5 km (2004)
United Kingdomcondensate 370 km; gas 21,446 km; liquid petroleumgas 59 km; oil 6,420 km; oil/gas/water 63 km; refined products 4,474km (2004)
United Statespetroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km(2003)
Uruguaygas 192 km (2004)
Uzbekistangas 9,149 km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004)
Venezuelaextra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,262 km; oil 7,360 km;refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2004)
Vietnamcondensate/gas 432 km; gas 210 km; oil 3 km; refinedproducts 206 km (2004)
Yemengas 88 km; oil 1,174 km (2004)
Zambiaoil 771 km (2004)
Zimbabwerefined products 261 km (2004)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@2118 Political parties and leaders
Afghanistannote - includes only political parties approved by theMinistry of Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; DeAfghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De AfghanistanDe Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-IslamiAfghanistan [Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE];Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-IslamiAfghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid[Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE]; Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond [NAleader]; Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan [Lateef PIDRAM];Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad ZAREEF];Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL];Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad JamilKARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Moahammad Nadir AATASH];Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said HssainANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. FarooqNIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID]; Hezb-e-MiliAfghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-MiliWahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad UsmanSALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [AbdulQahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [AbdulQadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [AhamadSHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad KarimKHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Haji MohammadMUHAQIQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed Jalili];Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan [MawlaweeSamiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashjid DOSTUM];Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE]; Majmah-e-MiliFahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor SHAMS];Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb JawidKUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said IshaqGAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad JawadHUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep2004)
AlbaniaAgrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party ofAlbania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or PAD[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; LegalityMovement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Partyof National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Partyor PDR [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Partyor PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI[Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albanian Party ofLabor) [Fatos NANO]; Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [VangjelDULE]
AlgeriaAlgerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; DemocraticNational Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic SalvationFront or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. AbassiMADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)]; National EntenteMovement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation Front or FLN[Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as ForeignMinister)]; National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN)[Abdellah DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [YacineTERKMANE]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally forCulture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general];Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; SocialLiberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS[Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exiled in Switzerland)];Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI]; Workers Partyor PT [Louisa HANOUN]note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enactedin March 1997
American SamoaDemocratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party[leader NA]
AndorraAndorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly DemocraticParty or PD) [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA (formerlyLiberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT]; Social Democratic Party or PS(formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND) [leader NA]
AngolaLiberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputedleadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for theTotal Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA], largestopposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; PopularMovement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOSSANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party orPRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 electionsbut only won a few seats and have little influence in the NationalAssembly
AnguillaAnguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The UnitedFront or UF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of theAnguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Allianceor ANA; Anguilla Patriotic Movement or APM [Quincy GUMBS]; Movementfor Grassroots Democracy or MFGD [Joyce KENTISH, John BENJAMIN]
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; UnitedProgressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of threeopposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP,Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive LaborMovement or PLM)
ArgentinaAction for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO];Alternative for a Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa CARRIO]; Frontfor a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition)[Dario Pedro ALESSANDRO]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broadcoalition of approximately 12 parties including RECREAR) [leaderNA]; Justicialist Party or PJ [leader NA] (Peronist umbrellapolitical organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Angel ROZAS];Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY];Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [PatriciaBULLRICH]; several provincial parties
ArmeniaAgro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALIAN]; Armenia Party[Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [AlexARZUMANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Vahan HOVHANISSIAN]; Democratic Party[Aram SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, and thePeople's Party); National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN];National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National UnityParty [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; People's Party of Armenia[Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Albert BAZEYAN and AramSARKISYAN, chairmen]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN];Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Union ofConstitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party[Gurgen ARSENIAN]
ArubaAruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; ArubanDemocratic Alliance or Aliansa [leader NA]; Aruban Democratic Partyor PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [GlenbertCROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]; ArubanPeople's Party or AVP [Jan (Henny) H. EMAN]; Concentration for theLiberation of Aruba or CLA [leader NA]; People's Electoral MovementParty or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now orPARA [Urbana LOPEZ]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro CharroKELLY]
AustraliaAustralian Democrats [Andrew BARTLETT]; Australian LaborParty [Mark LATHAM]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES];Country Liberal Party [Terry MILLS]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN];Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [John ANDERSON];One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]
AustriaAustrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL];Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Ursula HAUBNER]; Social DemocraticParty of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [AlexanderVAN DER BELLEN]
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; CivicUnion Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Partyfor Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala ShovkatHACIYEVA]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party orNAP [vacant]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA[Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijanor SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties
Bahamas, TheFree National Movement or FNM [Tommy TURNQUEST];Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrainpolitical parties prohibited but politically orientedsocieties are allowed
BangladeshAwami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh CommunistParty or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Partyor BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [MuftiFazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]
BarbadosBarbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic LaborParty or DLP [Clyde Mascoll]
BelarusPro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP; BelarusianCommunist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (BelarusianPatriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman]; LiberalDemocratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH]; Social-SportsParty; Opposition parties: Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [VintsukVYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat Party Narodnaya Gromada orBSDP NG [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-DemocraticParty Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; United Civic Partyor UCP [Anatol LEBEDKO]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB[Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [ValentinaMATUSEVICH, chairperson]note: the opposition Belarusian Party of Labor [AleksandrBUKHVOSTOV] was liquidated in August 2004, but remains active
BelgiumChristian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V [Jo VANDEURZEN];Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX, Evelyne HUYTEBROECK,Claude BROUIR]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];Flemish Socialist Party.Alternative or SP.A [Steve STEVAERT];Francophone Humanist and Democratic Center of CDH [Joelle MILQUET];Francophone Reformist Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; FrancophoneSocialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]; GROEN! (formerly AGALEV,Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; NewFlemish Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Spirit [Els VAN WEERT];note - new party now associated with SP.A; Vlaams Belang or VB[Frank VANHECKE]; other minor parties
BelizePeople's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United DemocraticParty or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, partychairman]
BeninAfrican Congress for Renewal or DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; AfricanMovement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];Coalition of Democratic Forces [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]; DemocraticRenewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal andDevelopment or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progressand Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Key Force or FC [leader NA];Presidential Movement (UBF, MADEP, FC, IDP, and 4 other smallparties); Renaissance Party du Benin or PRB [Nicephore SOGLO]; TheStar Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow'sBenin or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]note: approximately 20 additional minor parties
BermudaGombey Liberation Party or GLP [Gavin Sundjata SMITH];National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive LaborParty or PLP [William Alexander SCOTT]; United Bermuda Party or UBP[Grant GIBBONS];
Bhutanno legal parties
BoliviaBolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; CivicSolidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement orMBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard orVIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Evo MORALES];Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; NationalistDemocratic Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez];Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [leader NA]; NewRepublican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti IndigenousMovement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE]; Socialist Party or PS [JeresJUSTINIANO]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlliance of Independent Social Democrats orSNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; CivicDemocratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croatian Democratic Unionof Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BH [Barisa COLAK]; Croat ChristianDemocratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [MijoIVANIC-LONIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRISTIC]; CroatPeasants Party or HSS [Marko TADIC]; Democratic National Union orDNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC];New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia andHerzegovina or SBiH [Safet HALILOVIC]; Party of Democratic Action orSDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [MladenIVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC - acting]; SerbRadical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA];Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [RadislavKANJERIC]; Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [ZlatkoLAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Miro LAZOVIC];Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]
BotswanaBotswana Democratic Party or BDP [Seretse Ian KHAMA];Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana CongressParty or BCP [Mokgweetsi KGOSIPULA]; Botswana Alliance Movement orBAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form theBAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM partiesare: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], theIndependence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO], and the BotswanaProgressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
BrazilBrazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal DeputyMichel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Federal Deputy RobertoJEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [SenatorEduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal DeputyMiguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO];Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Green Party or PV [JoseLuiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator JorgeBORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTANeto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal DeputyDr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal DeputyRoberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy PedroCORREA]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO]; Social Christian Partyor PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]
British Virgin IslandsConcerned Citizens Movement or CCM [EthlynSMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; UnitedParty or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.O'NEAL]
Bruneiother parties include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in1962) and Brunei National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965,deregistered by the Brunei Government in 1988)
BulgariaBulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU[Anastasia MOZER]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [SergeiSTANISHEV]; Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of partiesdominated by BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a StrongBulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms orMRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [SimeonSAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of DemocraticForces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalitionof center-right parties dominated by DSB)
Burkina FasoAfrican Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy andFederation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federationand Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress forDemocracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movementfor Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Partyfor Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greensfor the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]
BurmaNational League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP(progovernment) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracyor SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties
Burundithe two national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unityfor National Progress or UPRONA [Alphonse KADEGE, president];Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [TerrenceNSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development orRADDES [Joseph NZEYIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA[Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP[Mathias HITIMANA]
CambodiaCambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) orCPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOMRanariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]
CameroonCameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC[leader Marcel YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC[Dieudonne TINA]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP[Maigari BELLO BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRUNDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin FredericKODOCK]
CanadaBloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive ConservativeParty) [Stephen HARPER]; Liberal Party [Paul MARTIN]; New DemocraticParty [Jack LAYTON]
Cape VerdeAfrican Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Changeor ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES, president]; Partyfor Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president];Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES, president];Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]
Cayman Islandsno national teams (loose groupings of politicalorganizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United DemocraticParty or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement orPPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]
Central African RepublicAlliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; LiberalDemocratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement forDemocracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for theLiberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party ofdeposed president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progressor FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [PierreSammy MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE];Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]
ChadFederation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR];National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO];National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO];Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman](originally in opposition but now the party in power and the partyof the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RPD [leaderNA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal AbdelkaderKAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP[Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
ChileAlliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC - including RN and UDI;Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adolfo ZALDIVAR]; Coalition ofParties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD - including PDC, PS,PPD, PRSD; Communist Party or PC [Gladys MARIN]; IndependentDemocratic Union or UDI [Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN[Sebastian PINERA]; Party for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO];Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Orlando CANTUARIAS];Socialist Party or PS [Gonzalo MARTNER]
ChinaChinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretaryof the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlledby CCP
Christmas Islandnone
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsnone
ColombiaConservative Party or PSC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi]; LiberalParty or PL [Camilo SANCHEZ]; Colombian Communist Party or PCC[Jaime CAICEDO]; Democratic Pole or PDI [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress
ComorosForces pour l'Action Republicaine or FAR [Col. AbdourazakABDULHAMID]; Forum pour la Redressement National or FRN (alliance of12 parties); Front Democratique or FD [Moustoifa Said CHEIKH]; FrontNational pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [AhmedRACHID]; Movement des Citoyens pour la Republique or MCR [MahamoudMRADABI]; Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais or MPA (Anjouan separatistmovement) [leader NA]; Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progressor MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Movement pour le Socialisme et laDemocratie or MSD (splinter group of FD) [Abdou SOEFOU]; PartiComorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of thegovernment) [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]
Congo, Democratic Republic of theDemocratic Social Christian Partyor PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces for Renovation for Union andSolidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; National CongoleseLumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement ofthe Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [CatherineNZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga[MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [AntoineGIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [EtienneTSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and IndependentRepublicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO];UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])
Congo, Republic of thethe most important of the many parties arethe Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance ofConvention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT,Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress,Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for theNational Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; CongoleseMovement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [MichelMAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [MartinMBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-PierreThystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republicor RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic orUDR [leader NA]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]
Cook IslandsCook Islands People's Party or CIP [Geoffrey HENRY];Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New AllianceParty or NAP [Norman GEORGE]; Cook Islands National Party or CIN[Teariki HEATHER]; Demo Party Tumu [Robert WOONTON]
Costa RicaAuthentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; CitizenAction Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party orPRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Juan CarlosCHAVES Mora]; Democratic National Alliance [Emilia RODRIGUEZ];General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega];Homeland First [Juan Jose VARGAS]; Independent Worker Party or PIO[Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML[Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC[Victor GONZALEZ]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZCespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco AntonioPACHECO]; National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDSVargas]; National Rescue Party or PRN [Carlos VARGAS Solano];Patriotic Union [Humberto ARCE]; Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTESAraya]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]
Cote d'IvoireDemocratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African DemocraticRally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front orFPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union forDemocracy and Peace or UDPCI [leader NA]; over 20 smaller parties
CroatiaCroatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian ChristianDemocratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic Unionor HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian PensionerParty or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS[Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Ivan CEHOK];Croatian True Revival Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN]; DemocraticCentre or DC [Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic Serb Partyor SDSS [Vojislav STRANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS[Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LS [Zlatko BENASIC]; Party ofLiberal Democrats or Libra [Jozo RADOS]; Social Democratic Party ofCroatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]
Cubaonly party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,first secretary]
CyprusRepublic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [TassosPAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; GreenParty of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU];Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party)[Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS(formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [YiannakisOMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or EDE [George VASSILIOU]; northCyprus: Democratic Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; National BirthParty or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [DervisEROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movementor YBH [Alpay DURDURAN]; Peace and Democratic Movement [MustafaAKINCI]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]
Czech RepublicChristian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People'sParty or KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK, chairman]; Civic DemocraticAlliance or ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Partyor ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia andMoravia or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party ofCzechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech NationalSocial Party of CSNS [Jaroslav ROVNY, chairman]; Czech SocialDemocratic Party or CSSD [Stanislav GROSS, acting chairman];European Democrats [Jan KASL]; Freedom Union-Democratic Union orUS-DEU [Pavel NEMEC, chairman]; Green Party; Open Democracy
DenmarkCenter Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian Democrats(was Christian People's Party) [Marianne KARLSMOSE]; ConservativeParty (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [BendtBENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party[Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Social Democratic Party [Mogens LYKKETOFT];Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [MarianneJELVED, leader; Soren BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party[Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes LeftSocialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers'Party) [collective leadership]
DjiboutiDemocratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; DjiboutiDevelopment Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour laRestauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail OmarGUELLEH]; Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin BahdonFARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]
DominicaDominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; DominicaLabor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; United Workers Party or UWP[Edison JAMES]
Dominican RepublicDominican Liberation Party or PLD [LeonelFERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [VicenteSanchez BARET]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [EnriqueATUN]
East TimorAssociacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [FranciscoXavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC[Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC[Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando deARAUJO]; Liberal Party or PL [leader NA]; Maubere Democratic Partyor PDM [leader NA]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Lu OLO];Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario CARRASCALAO];Socialist Party of Timor or PST [leader Avelino COELHO]; Sons of theMountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese Heroes) orKOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union or UDT[Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas DASILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]; TimoresePopular Democratic Association or APODETI [Frederico Almeida-SantosDA COSTA]
EcuadorConcentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National ActionInstitutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; PachakutikMovement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [LucioGUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan ManuelFUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta];Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; RoldosistParty or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social ChristianParty or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front orPS-FA [Victor GRANDA]
EgyptNasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-dinDAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed HosniMUBARAK] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Groupingor Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA];Socialist Liberal Party or Al-Ahrar [Hilmi SALIM]; Tomorrow Party orAl-Ghad [Ayman NOUR]note: formation of political parties must be approved by thegovernment
El SalvadorChristian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];United Democratic Center or CDU [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general];Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti NationalLiberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ]; Liberal DemocraticParty or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president]; National Action Partyor PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary general]; NationalConciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ ZEPEDA, president]; NationalRepublican Alliance or ARENA [Elias Antonio SACA]; Social ChristianUnion or USC (formed by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Partyor PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president];Social Democratic Party or PSD [Juan MEDRANO]
Equatorial GuineaConvergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS[Placido MIKO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progressof Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action ofEquatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP[Victorino Bolekia BONAY]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI[Daniel OYONO]
EritreaPeople's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the onlyparty recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - aNational Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties inJanuary 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated orvoted on it
EstoniaCenter Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR,chairman]; Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN,chairman]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP];Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG,chairman]; Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tunne KELAM, chairman];Res Publica [Juhan PARTS, chairman]; Social Democratic Party(formerly People's Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR,chairman]; Social Liberals (group of 8 parliamentarians, formerCenter Party members) [Peeter Kreitzberg]
EthiopiaAfar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA]; AmharaNational Democratic Movement or ANDM [ADDISU Legesse]; Bench MadjiPeople's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA]; BenishangulGumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader NA];Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELESZenawi] (an alliance of ANDM, OPDO, SEPDF, and TPLF); GedeyoPeople's Revolutionary Democratic Front or GPRDF [leader NA]; GurageNationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa ShakaPeople's Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata,Alabaa and Tembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo People's DemocraticOrganization or OPDO [JUNEDI Sado]; Sidamo People's DemocraticOrganization or SPDO [leader NA]; South Omo People's DemocraticMovement or SOPDM [leader NA]; Tigrayan People's Liberation Front orTPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta, Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, and Konta People'sDemocratic Organization or WGGPDO [leader NA]; dozens of smallparties
European UnionGroup of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats forEurope or ALDE [Graham R. WATSON]; Independence/Democracy Group orIND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Group ofGreens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI andDaniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Socialist Group in the European Parliamentor PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Confederal Group of the European UnitedLeft-Nordic Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People'sParty-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Hans-Gert POETTERING]; Union forEurope of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and CristianaMUSCARDINI]
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)none; all independents
Faroe IslandsCenter Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party[Helena Dam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG];Republican Party [Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [JoannesEIDESGAARD]; Union Party [Lisbeth PETERSEN]
FijiBai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; ConservativeAlliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE];Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji DemocraticParty or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian DemocratAlliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party orFAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarilyFijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [TupeniBABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General VotersParty or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party);Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Partyor AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA];National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party ofNational Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT[leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua orSDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis MickBEDDOES]
FinlandCenter Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democratsor KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Osmo SOININVAARA]; LeftAlliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League andDemocratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social DemocraticParty or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP[Jan-Erik ENESTAM]
FranceCitizen and Republican Movement or MCR [Jean PierreCHEVENEMENT]; Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainlyRAD. and PRG) [Jacques PELLETIER]; French Communist Party or PCF[Marie-George BUFFET]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously RadicalSocialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)[Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DEVILLIERS]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Socialist Partyor PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Greens [Gilles LEMAIRE, Francine BAVAY,Jean DESESSARD, Christophe PORQUIER, Maud LELIEVRE]; Union forFrench Democracy or UDF [Francois BAYROU]; Union for a PopularMovement or UMP (including RPR, DL, and a part of UDF) [NicolasSARKOZY]
French GuianaGuyanese Democratic Action or ADG [Andre LECANTE];Guyanese Socialist Party or PSG [Marie-Claude VERDAN]; GuyanaDemocratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Popular National GuyaneseParty or PNPG [Jose DORCY]; Socialist Party or PS [Paul DEBRIETTE];Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Muriel ICARE]; WalwariCommittee (aligned with the PRG in France) [ChristineTAUBIRA-DELANON]
French PolynesiaIndependent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)[Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia orRPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; The New Star (Te FetiaApi) [Philippe SHYLE]; This Country is Yours (No Oe E Te Nunaa)[Nicle BOUTEAU]; Union for Democracy or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]
GabonCircle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean BonifaceASSELE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG,former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party forProgress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE,]; National Rally ofWoodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. PaulM'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; SocialDemocratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]
Gambia, TheAlliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction orAPRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambian People's Party-ProgressivePeople's Party-United Democratic Party or GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition[Ousainou DARBOE]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA];National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People'sDemocratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS[Sidia JATTA]note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowedthe reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties bannedsince 1996
GeorgiaBurjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People'sFront [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; IndustryWill Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; LaborParty [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP[Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [MikheilSAAKASHVILI] bloc composed of National Movement andBurjanadze-Democrats; National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; NewRight [Levaii GACHECHILADZE]; Republican Party [DavidBERDZENISHVILI]; Rightist Opposition [Davit GAMKRELIDZE] bloccomposed of Industrialists and New Right Party; Socialist Party orSPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union ofNational Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and ZviadDZIDZIGURI]