GermanyAlliance '90/Greens [Angelika BEER and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian SocialUnion or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party orFDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Party of Democratic Socialism orPDS [Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [FranzMUENTEFERING]
GhanaConvention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, generalsecretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; NationalDemocratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People'sConvention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]
GibraltarGibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar SocialDemocrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party orGSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]
GreeceCoalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [AlekosALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; NewDemocracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];Popular Orthodox Rally [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]
GreenlandAtassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoringcontinuing close relations with Denmark) [Augusta SALLING];Demokratiit [Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (EskimoBrotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence fromDenmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (PolarParty) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, anindependent right-of-center party with no official platform [leaderNA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocatingmore distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy fromDenmark) [Hans ENOKSEN]
GrenadaGrenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME];National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New NationalParty or NNP [George McGUIRE]; People Labor Movement or PLM [leaderNA]
GuadeloupeCommunist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE]; FGPS[Dominique LARIFLA]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Flavien FERRANT];Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Socialist Partyor PS [Marlene MELISSE and Favrot DAVRAIN]; Union for FrenchDemocracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]; Union for a Popular Movement orUMP [Robert JOYEUX]
GuamDemocratic Party (controls the legislature) [speaker, Vicente(Ben) PANGELINAN]; Republican Party (party of Governor CAMACHO)[leader NA]
GuatemalaAuthentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];Democratic Union or UD [Rodolfo PAIZ Andrade]; Grand NationalAlliance or GANA [Oscar BERGER Perdomo]; Green Party or LOV [RodolfoROSALES Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG[Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity orURNG [Alba ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; GuatemalanRepublican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for GuatemalanUnity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals andValues or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN[Leonel LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope orUNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN, formedby an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most ofwhom subsequently defected [led by three co-equal partners - NinethVarenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge AntonioBALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [retired General Otto PEREZMolina]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARESMolina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretarygeneral]; Unionista Party [leader NA]
Guernseynone; all independents
GuineaDemocratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally orPDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union forProgress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and Progressor PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; People's Party ofGuinea or PPG [Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG[Alpha CONDE]; Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [SiradiouDIALLO]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE,secretary-general]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]
Guinea-BissauAfrican Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissauand Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Front for theLiberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder VazLOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [AlhajeBubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progressor UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for DemocraticConvergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS[Kumba YALA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr.Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Platform or UP [coalitionformed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB]; United Social DemocraticParty or PUSD [Francisco Jose FADUL]
GuyanaAlliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party orGLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA) [Rupert ROOPNARAINE];Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP[leader NA]; People's National Congress or PNC/R [Robert HermanOrlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or PPP/C [BharratJAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The UnitedForce or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; Working People's Alliance or WPA[Rupert ROOPNARAINE]
HaitiAlliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats orRDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention for Democratic Unity or KID[leader Evans PAUL]; Democratic Convergence (opposition coalitioncomposed of KID, KONAKOM, OPL, PANPRA, RNDP, MIDH, and MOCHRENA)[Evans PAUL, Victor BENOIT, Edgard LEBLANC, Serge GILLES, LeslieMANIGAT, Marc BAZIN, Luc MESADIEU]; Democratic Movement for theLiberation of Haiti or MODELH [Francois LATORTUE]; Grand CenterRight Front coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH) [Hubert deRONCERAY, Jean BUTEAU, Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; HaitianChristian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-DeniseCLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEMH [Clark PARENT]; HaitianDemocratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and PierreSoncon PRINCE]; Heads Together [Dr. Gerard BLOT]; Lavalas Family orFL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]; Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [MichaelMADSEN]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert DERONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [JeanBUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH[Marc BAZIN]; National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRON[Guy PHILIPPE and Winter ETIENNE]; National Progressive DemocraticParty or PNDPH [Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a NewHaiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Popular Party for the Renewal ofHaiti, or Generation 2000 [Claude ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE];Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]
Holy See (Vatican City)none
HondurasChristian Democratic Party or PDC [Juan Ramon VELAZQUEZNassar]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; LiberalParty or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain]; National Innovation and UnityParty-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES];National Party of Honduras or PN [Jose Celin DISCUA Elvir]; UnitedConfederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH
Hong KongAssociation for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [Alex CHANKai-chung]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong orDAB [MA Lik, chairman]; Democratic Party [LEE Wing-tat, chairman];Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Liberal Party[James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association forDemocracy and People's Livelihood, Democratic Party, Frontier Party;pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong,Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party
HungaryAlliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE];Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz-MPP [Viktor ORBAN, chairman];Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; HungarianDemocratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman];Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman];Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]
IcelandIndependence Party or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-GreenAlliance or LGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [GudjonKRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; SocialDemocratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, SocialDemocratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]
IndiaAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [D. BISWAS,general secretary]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; BahujanSamaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP[Venkaiah NAIDU]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; CommunistParty of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party ofIndia/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Dipankar BHATTACHARYA]; Congress(I) Party [Sonia GANDHI]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (aregional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian NationalCongress or INC [leader NA]; Indian National League [SuliamanSAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United)or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA];Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party orLSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK[VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Partyor NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA];Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; RevolutionarySocialist Party or RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [MulayamSingh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena orSS [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; TelanganaRashtra Samithi or TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP[Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]
IndonesiaCrescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; IndonesiaDemocratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; UnitedDevelopment Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]
Iranformal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in theIslamic Republic and most conservatives still prefer to work throughpolitical pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reformcoalition called the 2nd Khordad front, which includes politicalparties as well as less formal pressure groups and organizations,achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles inearly 2000; groups in the coalition include: Islamic IranParticipation Front (IIPF); Executives of Construction Party(Kargozaran); Solidarity Party; Islamic Labor Party; Mardom Salari;Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO); andMilitant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); the coalition is expected toparticipate in the seventh Majles elections in early 2004; a newapparently conservative group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, took aleading position in the new Majles afte winning a majority of theseats in February 2004
Iraqnote - the Iraqi political parties included below reflect onlythe major groups; new political parties continue to emerge,indicative of a rapidly changing political landscape; Al-SadrMovement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI]; IraqiHizballah [Karim Mahud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA[Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI];Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Ayatollah Muhammad ' Ali al-YAQUBI]; TheSupreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abdal-Aziz al-HAKIM]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [SharifAli Bin al-HUSAYN]; Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falahal-NAQIB]; Iraqi Independent Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdial-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP [Muhsin Abd al-HAMID, Hajimal-HASSANI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmadal-KUBAYSI, chariman]; Muslim Ulama Council or MUC [Harith Sulaymanal-DARI, secretary general]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP[Masud BARZANI]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]
IrelandFianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; GreenParty [Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABITTE]; ProgressiveDemocrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party[Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]
IsraelDemocratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) [MuhammadBARAKA]; Green Leaf Party (no longer active) [Boaz WACHTEL andShlomi SANDAK]; Herut (no longer active) [Michael KLEINER]; LaborParty [Shimon PERES]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; Meretz (mergedwith YAHAD) [Zahava GALON]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad)[Azmi BISHARA]; National Religious Party [Ephraim "Efie" EITAM];National Union (Haichud Haleumi) [Avigdor LIBERMAN] (includes TekumaMoledet and Yisra'el Beiteinu); One Nation [David TAL]; Shas[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Yosef "Tommy" LAPID]; United Arab List[Abd al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Yaakov LITZMAN];YAHAD [Yossi BEILIN]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya or YBA (merged with Likud)[Natan SHARANSKY]
ItalyCenter-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian PopularParty, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, TheDemocrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, ItalianDemocratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Center-RightFreedom House Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly House ofLiberties and Freedom Alliance) - Forza Italia, National Alliance,The Whiteflower Alliance (includes Christian Democratic Center,United Christian Democrats), Northern League; Democrats of the Leftor DS [Piero FASSINO]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; GreenFederation [Alfonso Pecoraro SCANIO]; Italian Communist Party orPdCI [Armando COSSUTTA]; Italian Renewal or RI [Lamberto DINI];merged with PPI and I Democratici to form La Margherita (or TheDaisy Alliance); Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI];Lega Padana [Roberto BERNARDELLI]; National Alliance or AN[Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI]; SocialistMovement-Tricolor Flame or MS-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI]; South TyrolPeople's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE];Sunflower Alliance (includes Green Federation, Italian SocialDemocrats); The Daisy Alliance (includes Italian Popular Party,Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The Democrats)[Francesco RUTELLI]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]; The Radicals(formerly Pannella Reformers and Autonomous List) [Marco PANNELLA];Union of Democrats for Europe or UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Union ofChristian and Center Democrats or UDC [Marco FOLLINI]
JamaicaJamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; NationalDemocratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's NationalParty or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
JapanDemocratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Katsuya OKADA, leader;Tatsuo KAWABATA, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP[Kazuo SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito[Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president;Tsutomu TAKEBE, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or SDP[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]
Jerseynone; all independents
JordanAl-Ahed Party [Khaldoun al-NASSER, secretary general];Al-Ajyal [Muhammad KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Ba'th ArabProgressive Party [Mahmood MA'AYTEH, secretary general]; Al-Umma(Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; Arab LandParty [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretary general]; Communist Party[Munir HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Constitutional Front [Mahdial-TALL, secretary general]; Democratic Arab Islamic Movement [YusufABU BAKR, president]; Green Party [Muhammad BATAYNEH, secretarygeneral]; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH, secretary]general; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab AliMUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian Progressive Party [Fawwazal-ZUBI, secretary general]; Jordanian People's Democratic (Hashd)Party [Salim al-NAHHAS, secretary general]; Islamic Action Front[Hazma MANSOUR, secretary general]; Muslim Centrist Party [NAleader]; National Action (Haqq) Party [Muhammad al-ZUBI, secretarygeneral]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI,secretary general]; (Arab) Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI,secretary general]; Pan-Arab (Democratic) Movement [Mahmudal-NUWAYHI, secretary general]
KazakhstanAgrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; AIST (AgrarianParty-Civic Party Bloc); Ak Zhol Party "Bright Path" [Bulat ABILOV,Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Lyudmila ZHULANOVA, Alikhan BAYMENOV, AltynbekSARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together" [Dariga NAZARBAYEVA,chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [Gani KALIYEV]; Civic Party [AzatPERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [SerikbolsynABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan[Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Choice Party of Kazakhstan[Galiymzhan ZHAKIYANOV]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [MaksutNARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, chairman];Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat [Altynshash JAGANOVA]note: twelve parties in Kazakhstan were registered for the electionsin the fall of 2004
KenyaForum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] -the governing party
KiribatiBoutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Patior MKP [leader NA]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. HarryTONG]note: there is no tradition of formally organized political partiesin Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groupsbecause they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or partystructures
Korea, Northmajor party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM JongIl, general secretary]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYUMi Yong, chairwoman] (under KWP control); Social Democratic Party[KIM Yong Dae, chairman] (under KWP control)
Korea, SouthDemocratic Labor Party or DLP [KIM Hye-kyung,chairwoman]; Grand National Party or GNP [PARK Geun-hye,chairwoman]; Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [HAHN Hwa-kap,chairman]; United Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Hak-won, chairman];Uri Party [LIM Chae-jung, interim chairman]
Kuwaitnone; formation of political parties is illegal
KyrgyzstanAdilet (Justice) Party [Toychubek KASYMOV]; AgrarianLabor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party ofKyrgyzstan [Erkin ALIYEV]; Alga, Kyrgyzstan (Forward, Kyrgyzstan)[Bolot BEGALIYEV]; Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba(Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken(Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan[Klara ADZHIBEKOVA]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [JyparJEKSHEYEV]; Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party[Bektur ASANOV]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV];Future of Kyrgyzstan [Balbak TULEBAYEV]; Jany Kyrgyzstan (NewKyrgyzstan) [Dosbol NUR UULU]; Kairan El [Dooronbek SADYKOV]; KyrgyzNational Party [Bakyt BESHIMOV]; Kyrgyzstan Kelechegi [RuslanCHYNYBAYEV]; Manas El (Party of Spiritual Restoration) [ChingizAITMATOV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [JoomartOTORBAYEV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [BakytbekBEKBOYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV]; Partyof Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]
LaosLao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon,party president]; other parties proscribed
LatviaAlliance of the Greens and Farmers Union or ZZS [AugustsBRIGMANIS (Farmer's Union); Indulis EMSIS (Green Party)]; FirstParty of Latvia [Ainars SLESERS]; For Human Rights in a UnitedLatvia or PCTVL [Jakovs PLINERS]; For Our Latvia or ML [RihardsJablokovs]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [JevgenijsOsiopovs]; Latvian National Front [Aivars GARDA]; LatvianSocial-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDSP [AlfredRUBIKS]; Latvia's Way Union or LC; Light of Latgale or LG; New EraParty or JL [Einars REPSE]; New Politics Party or JP [SergejsDOLGOPOLOVS]; People's Harmony Party or TSP [Janis JURKANS];People's Party or TP [Atis SLAKTERIS]; Social Democratic Union orSDS [Egils BALDZENS]; Union for the Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK orTB/LNNK [Janis STRAUME]; United Social Democratic Welfare Party orSLP [Juris ZURAVLOVS]; United Republican Party of Latvia or LARP
Lebanonpolitical activity is organized along largely sectarianlines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individualpolitical figures and followers motivated by religious, ethnic,clan, and economic considerations
LesothoBasotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; BasothoNational Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; LesothoCongress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; PakalithaMOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; Lesotho People's Congressor LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]; United Democratic Party or UDP [CharlesMOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and Setlamo Alliance[Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Chief PeeteNkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]
LiberiaAlliance of Political Parties (a coalition of LAP and LUP)[leader NA]; All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Peter KERBAY];Liberian Action Party or LAP [C. Gyude BRYANT]; Liberian People'sParty or LPP [Koffa NAGBE]; Liberia Unification Party or LUP [leaderNA]; National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN] - governingparty; United People's Party or UPP [Wesley JOHNSON]; Unity Party orUP [Charles CLARKE]
Libyanone
LiechtensteinPatriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [HeinzFROMMELT]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; TheFree List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Elisabeth TELLENBACH-FRICK, AdolfRITTER]
LithuaniaElectoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [ValdemarTOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS[Andrius KUBILIUS, chairman]; Labor Party [Viktor USPASKICH,chairman]; Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS, chairman];Liberal Democratic Party [Valentinas MAZURONIS, chairman];Lithuanian Christian Democrats or LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS,chairman]; Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair Lithuania;Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS,chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party or LDDPand the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP; New Democracyand Farmer's Union or VNDPS [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE, chairman]; SocialLiberals (New Union) [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Union ofChristian Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman]; YoungLithuania and New Nationalists
LuxembourgAction Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [GastGIBERYOEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also asChristian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Partyor DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; LuxembourgSocialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and ReformedCommunist Party DEI LENK (the Left) [no formal leadership]; otherminor parties
MacauSome civic associations operate as de facto political parties:Electoral Union; Pro-Macao and Flower of Friendship and Developmentof Macao; Associacao para a Defesa dos Interesses de Macao; CentroDemocratico de Macao; Grupo Independente de Macao; Macau EconomicPromotion Association; Progress Promotion Union; Development Union
MacedoniaDemocratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; DemocraticAlternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Leagueof the Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians orPDSH/DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Democratic Party of Serbs [IvanSTOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; DemocraticRepublican Union of Macedonia or DRUM [Dosta DIMOVSKA]; DemocraticUnion of Vlachs for Macedonia [leader NA]; Democratic Union forIntegration or BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal MacedonianRevolutionary Organization-Agrarian Party or VMRO-Agrarian Party[Marjan GJORCEV]; Internal Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity orVMRO-DPMNE (including VMRO and LDT) [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; InternalMacedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Option orVMRO-Vistinska [Boris ZMEJKOVSKI]; Internal Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization-Macedonian [Boris STOJMENOV]; Internal MacedonianRevolutionary Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [VesnaJANEVSKA]; League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; LiberalDemocratic Party or LDP [Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV];National Democratic Party or PDK [Basri HALITI]; National Farmers'Party [VejljoTANTAROV]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP[Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia orSDSM [Vlado BUCKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia orSP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Together for Macedonia coalition(including the SDSM and LDP) [Vlado BUCKOVSI]; United Party forEmancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]
MadagascarAssociation for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA[Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action forNational Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; FihaonanaParty or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [MarcRAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD[Evariste MARSON]
MalawiAlliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; MalawiCongress Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP[Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE[George MNESA]; Mgwirizano Coalition or MC (coalition of MAFUNDE,MDP, MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP) [Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba]; Movementfor Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; NationalDemocratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Partyor NUP [Harry CHIUME]; New Congress for Democracy or NCD [HetherwickNTABA]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People'sTransformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Partyor RP [Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba]; United Democratic Front or UDF[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA] - governing party
Malaysiaruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Partyor PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti LiberalDemokratik - Sabah) or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat]; Malaysian ChineseAssociation (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. SamyVELLU]; Parti Bersatu Pakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; PartiBersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti PesakaBumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; PartiRakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (PartiProgresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People'sParty (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH Ahmad Badawi];United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (PertubuhanPasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK];People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) orPPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party or SPDP[William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action Party (PartiTindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party ofMalaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang];People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAHWan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DANDUNG];opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BAconsists of PAS and PKR
Maldivesalthough political parties are not banned, none exist
MaliAlliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, partychairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [MamadouBakary SANGARE, chairman]; Hope 2002 [leader NA]; Movement for theIndependence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA[Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress forDemocratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party forDemocracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party forNational Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME,secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [AliGNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA,chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA, chairman];Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou BamouTOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progressor UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy andDevelopment or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
MaltaAlternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]
Man, Isle ofMan Labor Party [leader NA]; Alliance for ProgressiveGovernment [leader NA]; Man Nationalist Party [leader NA]note: most members sit as independents
Marshall Islandstraditionally there have been no formally organizedpolitical parties; what has existed more closely resembles factionsor interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Kabua Party[Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]
MartiniqueMartinique Communist Party or PCM [Georges ERICHOT];Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE];Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Pierre SUEDILE]; MartiniqueSocialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Movement of Democratsand Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; SocialistRevolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]; Union for FrenchDemocracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]
MauritaniaAction for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE];Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)[President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party forRenewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; NationalUnion for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Partyfor Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular ProgressAlliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social andDemocratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress ForceUnion or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces orRFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [AhmedOuld SIDI BABA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha MintMOUKNASS]note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002although its members were permitted to keep their seats in theNational Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based
MauritiusHizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Partyor MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM[Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Social DemocratParty or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant SocialistMovement or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH] - governing party; RodriguesMovement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues PeoplesOrganization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]
MayotteDemocratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran PopularMovement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR [MansourKAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [MouhoutarSALIM]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French PartiSocialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]
MexicoConvergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Roberto MADRAZO Pintado];Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZMartinez]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Leonel GODOY]; WorkersParty or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Micronesia, Federated States ofno formal parties
MoldovaDemocratic Modova Bloc [Serafim URECHEANU] includes:Democratic Party [Dumitru DIACOV], Our Moldova Alliance [DumitruBRAGHIS, Serafim URECHEANU], Social Liberal Party [Oleg SEREBRIAN];Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [VladimirVORONIN, first chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD[Iurie ROSCA]
MonacoNational and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA];Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future ofMonaco or UNAM [leader NA]
MongoliaCitizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called CivilCourage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; DemocraticParty or DP [R. GONCHIKDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New SocialistDemocratic Party or M-MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People'sRevolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; MongolianRepublican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIKHAN]note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004
MontserratNational Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; NewPeople's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]
MoroccoAction Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance ofLiberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj[Abdellah EL HARIF]; Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS[Ahmed BENJELLOUN]; Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic andIndependence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and SocialMovement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD[Aissa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front ofDemocratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party(Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI]; Justice and DevelopmentParty or PJD [Saad Eddine OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML[Mohamed ZIANE]; National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rallyof Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of PopularForces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib ELOUAZZANI, chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [IsmailALAOUI]; Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Partyof the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and DevelopmentParty or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center Party or PSC[Lahcen MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [MohammedEl-YAZGHI]
MozambiqueFront for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente deLiberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]
NamibiaCongress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; DemocraticTurnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West AfricaPeople's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA]; UnitedDemocratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]
Nauruloose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];Nauru Party (informal) [leader NA]; Naoero Amo (Nauru First) Party[leader NA]
NepalCommunist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Partyor NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya BahadurTHAPA, chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana Morcha)[Chitra BAHADUR, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP[Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, acting party president]; Nepal Workers andPeasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chairman];Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, party president;Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [SherBahadur DEUBA, president]; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [NA leader]
NetherlandsChristian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime JacquesMarcel VERHAGEN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats66 or D66 [Boris DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Partyor PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Gerard van AS]; People'sParty for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Jozias VANAARTSEN]; Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties
Netherlands AntillesAntillean Restructuring Party or PAR [EtienneYS]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [JopiABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [SarahWESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics orFAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [ErrolCOVA]; National Alliance [William MARLIN]; National People's Partyor PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER]; New Antilles Movement or MAN[Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [RamonsitoBOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.];People's Party or PAPU [Richard HODI]; Pro Curacao Party or PPK[Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor Movement [Steve HASSELL];Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St. Eustatius Alliance or SEA[Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative People's Party or Sapp[Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny DEMEI];Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON]; Workers'Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK, Editha WRIGHT]note: political parties are indigenous to each island
New CaledoniaAlliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX];Caleonian Union or UC [leader NA]; Federation des Comites deCoordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; FrontNational or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK[Ernest UNE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS[leader NA] (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de LiberationKanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally forCaledonia in the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [JacquesLAFLEUR]; The Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationalepour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longerexist, but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti deLiberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM[Victor TUTUGORO]
New ZealandACT New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Green Party [JeanetteFITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [Don BRASH]; NewZealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New Zealand LaborParty or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; Progressive Coalition [James (Jim)ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter DUNNE]
NicaraguaConservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [MarioRAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZNunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Pathor PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party orPRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front orFSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS[leader NA]; Unity Alliance or AU [leader NA]; LiberalConstitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Alliance for theRepublic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon, Oscar WENDOLYN Vargas,Karla WHITE]; Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZHernandez]; Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLAEspinoza]
NigerAlliance for Democracy and Progress or ANDP [leader NA];Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [MahamaneOUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara orMNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance forDemocracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya[Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for Democracy andSocialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Party forSocialism and Democracy in Niger [leader NA]; Rally for Democracyand Progress or RDP [leader NA]; Union of Democratic Patriots andProgressives-Chamoua or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU,chairman]
NigeriaAlliance for Democracy or AD [Alhaji Adamu ABDULKADIR]; AllNigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET]; All Progressives GrandAlliance or APGA [Chekwas OKORIE]; National Democratic Party or NDP[Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Audu OGBEH];Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA]; PeoplesSalvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE]; United Nigeria PeoplesParty or UNPP [Saleh JAMBO]
NiueNiue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]; Alliance ofIndependents or AI [leader NA]
Norfolk Islandnone
Northern Mariana IslandsDemocratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];Republican Party [NA]; Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]
NorwayCenter Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party[Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Steinar BASTESEN]; ConservativeParty [Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party[Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist LeftParty [Kristin HALVORSEN]
Omannone
PakistanAwami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; BalochistanNational Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; BaluchNational Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; BaluchNational Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; JamhooriWatan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH[Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F[Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S[Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; JamiatUlema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]]; Millat Party or MP[Farooq LEGHARI]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A[Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H[Afaq AHMAD]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [Qazi HussainAHMED]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN]; Pakistan AwamiTehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic Party or PDP[Mehbooba Mufti SAYEED]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group orPML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction orPML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League or PML [ChaudhryShujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its nameto PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan NationalParty or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [AftabAhmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians orPPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN];Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
Palaunone
PanamaDemocratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; DemocraticRevolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Partyor PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement orMOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly theArnulfista Party) [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Popular Party orPP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA];Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]
Papua New GuineaChristian Democratic Party [Dr.Banare BUN, partyleader]; Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL, partyleader]; National Alliance Party or NA [Michael SOMARE, partyleader; George MANOA, party president]; National Party [MelchiorPEP, party leader]; Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [ChrisHAIVETA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea First Party [CecilkingDORUBA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob DANAYA,party leader]; Papua New Guinea Party [Sir Mekere MORAUTA, partyleader]; People's Action Party or PAP [Moses MALADINA, partyleader]; People's Labor Party or PLP [Ekis ROPENU, party leader];People's National Congress or PNC [Peter O'NEILL, party leader];People's Progressive Party or PPP [Andrew BAING, party leader];Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE, party leader]; Rural People's Party[Peter NAMUS, party leader]; United Party [Bire KIMASOPA, partyleader]; United Resources Party or URP [Tim NEVILLE, party leader](2004)
ParaguayAsociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR[Herminio CACERES, interim president]; Patria Querida (BelovedFatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella];Movimiento Union Nacional de Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [EnriqueGONZALEZ Quintana, acting chairman]; Partido Encuentro Nacional orPEN [Luis TORALES Kenney]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA[Julio Cesar FRANCO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos AlbertoFILIZZOLA Pallares]; note - Nicanor DUARTE Frutos on leave as partyleader of the Colorado Party or ANR while serving as President ofParaguay; Lino Cesar OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currentlyserving a ten-year prison term
PeruPeruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its originalname Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [AlanGARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERAVega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano];Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Popular Action or AP [JavierDIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP[Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]
PhilippinesLaban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of FilipinoDemocrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA, president]; Lakas Ng Edsa(National Union of Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA,president; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, chairperson]; Liberal Party orLP [Franklin DRILON, president; Jose ATIENZA, JR., chairman];National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO, chairmanemeritus; Frisco SAN JUAN, president]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL,president]; Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the PhilippineMasses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA, president; Juan Ponce ENRILE,chairman]; Aksyon Demokratiko Party [Raul ROCO, president]; Reporma[Renato DE VILLA, chairman]; PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA, president];Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR, president]; People's Reform Party[Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO, president}
Pitcairn Islandsnone
PolandCatholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ];Citizens Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Coalition Electoral ActionSolidarity of the Right or AWSP; Conservative Peasants Party orSKL-RNP [Artur BALAZS]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [KrzysztofJANIK]; Freedom Union or UW [Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK]; German Minorityof Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS[Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish Families or LPR [MarekKOTLINOWSKI]; Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP [JanOLSZEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI];Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Bloc or PBL[Wojciech MOJZESOWICZ]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [JanuszWOJCIECHOWSKI]; Polish Raison d'Etat or PRS [Piotr MUSIAL];Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Polandor SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movement or RS [KrzysztofPIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Izabela JARUAGA-NOWACKA]
PortugalGreen Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; PopularParty or PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party or PCP[Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATESCarvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [PedroMiguel SANTANA LOPES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]
Puerto RicoNational Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; NationalRepublican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Partyor PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Partyor PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto RicanIndependence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
Qatarnone
ReunionCommunist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally forthe Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [GilbertGERARD]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [leader NA]
RomaniaDemocratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union ofHungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; Humanist Party or PUR[Dan VOICULESCU]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Calin PopescuTARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM[Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [AdrianNASTASE], formerly known as the Party of Social Democracy in Romaniaor PDSR
RussiaCommunist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [GennadiyAndreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR[Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [DmitriyROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of Rightist Forcesor SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, IrinaMutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; United Russia [BorisVyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy AlekseyevichYAVLINSKIY]
RwandaCentrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; SocialDemocratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]; Democratic Popular Unionof Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA ]; Democratic Republican Movementor MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic DemocraticParty or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO];Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGUand Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [PaulKAGAME]
Saint Helenanone
Saint Kitts and NevisConcerned Citizens Movement or CCM [VanceAMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People'sAction Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis LaborParty or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]
Saint LuciaNational Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint LuciaFreedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party orSLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [ChristopherHUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]
Saint Pierre and MiquelonPRG [leader NA]; Rassemblement pour laRepublique or RPR (now UMP) [leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS[leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNational Reform Party or NRP [JoelMIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People'sProgressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party orPLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalitionof Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for NationalUnity or MNU)
SamoaChristian Democratic Party [leader NA]; Human RightsProtection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA, chairman];Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [Matatumua MAIMOANA]; SamoanNational Development Party or SNDP [LE MAMEA Ropati, chairman](opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia, party secretary];Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA Ituau Ale]; SamoanUnited Independents Party or SUIP [Dr. Saleimoa VAAI]
San MarinoCommunist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas inMovement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [leaderNA]; Party of Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino ChristianDemocratic Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; San Marino PopularAlliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San MarinoSocialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform orSR [Renzo GIARDI]
Sao Tome and PrincipeDemocratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];Force for Change Democratic Movement [leader NA]; IndependentDemocratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberationof Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD[Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD[Aldo BANDEIRA]; Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA]; other smallparties
Saudi Arabianone
SenegalAfrican Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (alsoknown as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Partyof Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress orAFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; DemocraticLeague-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Frontfor Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; GaindeCentrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Partyor PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [MadierDIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (acoalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for DemocraticRenewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties
Serbia and MontenegroDemocratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC];Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; DemocraticParty of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; LiberalParty of Montenegro or LSCG [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party ofMontenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS[Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC];Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian SocialistParty or SPS (former Communist Party and party of SlobodanMILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of Main Board]; Social DemocraticParty of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People'sParty of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]note: the following political parties participate in elections andinstitutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN underUNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK[Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [RamushHARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [SlavisaPETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [SabitRRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA];Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party ofPD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora[Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [BislimHOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; PopularMovement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-DragasInitiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo andMetohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo orPREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]
SeychellesDemocratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE];Mouvement Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL];Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition orUO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front orSPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] - the governing party
Sierra LeoneAll People's Congress or APC [Ben KANU]; Peace andLiberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Sama BANYA]; numerous others
Singaporegoverning party: People's Action Party or PAP [LEE HsienLoong]; opposition parties: Democratic Progressive Party or DPP[LING How Dong]; National Solidarity Party or NSP [vacant] (SDAgroup); Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong](includes SPP, PKMS, NSP, SJP); Singapore Democratic Party or SDP[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore Justice Party or SJP [Desmond LIM] (SDAgroup); Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS [Malik ISMAIL](SDA group); Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong] (SDAgroup); Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia Lim Swee LIAN]
SlovakiaChristian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];Direction (Smer) [Robert FICO]; Free Forum [Zuzana MARTINAKOVA];Movement for Democracy or HZD [Jozef GRAPA]; Movement for aDemocratic Slovakia-People's Party or HZDS-LS [Vladimir MECIAR]; NewCitizens Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party of the HungarianCoalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; People's Union or LU [Gustav KRAJCI];Slovak Communist Party or KSS [Jozef SEVC]; Slovak Democratic andChristian Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party orSNS [Peter SULOVSKY]
SloveniaDemocratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS[Anton ROUS]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Anton ROP]; NewSlovenia or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovene Democratic Party or SDS[Janez Jansa]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC];Slovene People's Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Partyor SMS [Darko KRANJC]; United List of Social Democrats or ZLSD[Borut PAHOR]
Solomon IslandsAssociation of Independents [Snyder RINI]; People'sAlliance Party or PAP [Allan KEMAKEZA]; People's Progressive Partyor PPP [Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Alliance forChange Coalition or SIACC [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon IslandsLabor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluidcoalitions
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South AfricaAfrican Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [KennethMESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,president]; Democratic Alliance or DA (formed from the merger of theDemocratic Party or DP and the Freedom Alliance or FA) [AnthonyLEON]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI,president]; New National Party or NNP [Marthinus VAN SCHALKWYK];Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; UnitedDemocratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]
SpainBasque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; CanarianCoalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVEROBaute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (acoalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [ArturMAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [JosepAntoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senatecoalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA)[leader NA]; Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo ManuelQUINTANA]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTINMartin]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left ofCatalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish SocialistWorkers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left orIU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other smallparties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES]
Sri LankaAll Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; CeylonWorkers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP[D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF[Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP[Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Frontor EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP[Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF];National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE]; People'sLiberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA]; SihalaUrumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP[Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress orSLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. NelsonPERERA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM];Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R.SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil UnitedLiberation Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Partyor UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P.CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,represented in either Parliament or provincial councils
Sudanthe government allows political "associations" under a 1998law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties mustaccept the constitution and refrain from advocating or usingviolence against the regime; approved parties include the NationalCongress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular NationalCongress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor,pro-government parties
SurinameDemocratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of theAlternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity inPolitics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [Winston JESSURUN];Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of twoparties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [JulesWIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA[Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition ofthree parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity andSolidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; NationalDemocratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leaderNA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Partyof National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; PertjajaLuhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers'Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition offour parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive ReformParty or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur)[Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (acombination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and SurinameProgressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]
Swazilandpolitical parties are banned by the constitution - thefollowing are considered political associations; Imbokodvo NationalMovement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Liberatory Congress orNNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movementor PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]; Swaziland National Front orSWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE, president]
SwedenCenter Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party[Goran HAGGLUND]; Green Party [no formal leader but partyspokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Partyor V (formerly Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Liberal People's Party [LarsLEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT];Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]
SwitzerlandGreen Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, PartiEcologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or IVerdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruth GENNER];Christian Democratic People's Party (ChristichdemokratischeVolkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse orPDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, PartidaCristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Doris LEUTHARD,president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-DemokratischePartei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD,Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [MarianneKLEINER-SCHLAEPFER, president]; Social Democratic Party(Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti SocialistSuisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, PartidaSocialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Hans-Juerg FEHR, president];Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, UnionDemocratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC,Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; andother minor parties