Mauritaniamachinery and equipment, petroleum products, capitalgoods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Mauritiusmanufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs,petroleum products, chemicals
Mayottefood, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment,metals, chemicals
Mexicometalworking machines, steel mill products, agriculturalmachinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repairparts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts
Micronesia, Federated States offood, manufactured goods, machineryand equipment, beverages
Moldovamineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment,chemicals, textiles (2000)
Mongoliamachinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products,industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Montserratmachinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Moroccocrude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunicationsequipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics
Mozambiquemachinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metalproducts, foodstuffs, textiles
Namibiafoodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery andequipment, chemicals
Naurufood, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
Nepalgold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer
Netherlandsmachinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels;foodstuffs, clothing
Netherlands Antillescrude petroleum, food, manufactures
New Caledoniamachinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
New Zealandmachinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft,petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics
Nicaraguaconsumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials,petroleum products
Nigerfoodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals
Nigeriamachinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufacturedgoods, food and live animals
Niuefood, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels,lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Norfolk IslandNA
Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Norwaymachinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
Omanmachinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,livestock, lubricants
Pakistanpetroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, ironand steel, tea
Palaumachinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs
Panamacapital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
Papua New Guineamachinery and transport equipment, manufacturedgoods, food, fuels, chemicals
Paraguayroad vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products,electrical machinery
Perupetroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery,vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper
Philippinesraw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehiclesand vehicle parts, plastic, chemicals, grains
Pitcairn Islandsfuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour,sugar, other foodstuffs
Polandmachinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediatemanufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels,lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)
Portugalmachinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum,textiles, agricultural products
Puerto Ricochemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food,fish, petroleum products
Qatarmachinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Reunionmanufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery andtransportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
Romaniamachinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals,textile and products, basic metals, agricultural products
Russiamachinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat,sugar, semifinished metal products
Rwandafoodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleumproducts, cement and construction material
Saint Helenafood, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
Saint Kitts and Nevismachinery, manufactures, food, fuels
Saint Luciafood 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery andtransportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels
Saint Pierre and Miquelonmeat, clothing, fuel, electricalequipment, machinery, building materials
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesfoodstuffs, machinery andequipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Samoamachinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs
San Marinowide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Sao Tome and Principemachinery and electrical equipment, foodproducts, petroleum products
Saudi Arabiamachinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motorvehicles, textiles
Senegalfood and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Serbia and Montenegromachinery and transport equipment, fuels andlubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,raw materials
Seychellesmachinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products,chemicals
Sierra Leonefoodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels andlubricants, chemicals (1995)
Singaporemachinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals,foodstuffs
Slovakiamachinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediatemanufactured goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneousmanufactured goods 10.2% (2003)
Sloveniamachinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islandsfood, plant and equipment, manufactured goods,fuels, chemicals
Somaliamanufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, constructionmaterials, qat
South Africamachinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products,scientific instruments, foodstuffs (2000 est.)
Spainmachinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods;foodstuffs, consumer goods; measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lankatextile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs,machinery and transportation equipment
Sudanfoodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transportequipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Surinamecapital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumergoods
Swazilandmotor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Swedenmachinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motorvehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerlandmachinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agriculturalproducts, textiles
Syriamachinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery,food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemicalproducts, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwanmachinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precisioninstruments (2002)
Tajikistanelectricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzaniaconsumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment,industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailandcapital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials,consumer goods, fuels
Togomachinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelaufoodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tongafoodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobagomachinery, transportation equipment,manufactured goods, food, live animals
Tunisiatextiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals,food
Turkeymachinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transportequipment
Turkmenistanmachinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalufood, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Ugandacapital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies;cereals
Ukraineenergy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
United Kingdommanufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United Statesagricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9%(crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunicationsequipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric powermachinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines,furniture, toys) (2003)
Uruguaymachinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum
Uzbekistanmachinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%,chemicals, metals (1998 est.)
Vanuatumachinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuelaraw materials, machinery and equipment, transportequipment, construction materials
Vietnammachinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer,steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islandscrude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, buildingmaterials
Wallis and Futunachemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumergoods
West Bankfood, consumer goods, construction materials
Western Saharafuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Worldthe whole range of industrial and agricultural goods andservices
Yemenfood and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambiamachinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwemachinery and transport equipment, other manufactures,chemicals, fuels
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2059 Climate
Afghanistanarid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiritemperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and coolwinters
Albaniamild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, drysummers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeriaarid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summersalong coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on highplateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common insummer
American Samoatropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November toApril, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperaturevariation
Andorratemperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angolasemiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguillatropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarcticasevere low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation,and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than WestAntarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula hasthe most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in Januaryalong the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbudatropical maritime; little seasonal temperaturevariation
Arctic Oceanpolar climate characterized by persistent cold andrelatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterizedby continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, andclear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp andfoggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentinamostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic insouthwest
Armeniahighland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Arubatropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islandstropical
Atlantic Oceantropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coastof Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequentfrom August to November
Australiagenerally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;tropical in north
Austriatemperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequentrain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderatesummers with occasional showers
Azerbaijandry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, Thetropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrainarid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Baker Islandequatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Bangladeshtropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humidsummer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbadostropical; rainy season (June to October)
Bassas da Indiatropical
Belaruscold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional betweencontinental and maritime
Belgiumtemperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belizetropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);dry season (February to May)
Benintropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermudasubtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common inwinter
Bhutanvaries; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hotsummers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers inHimalayas
Boliviavaries with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovinahot summers and cold winters; areas of highelevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,rainy winters along coast
Botswanasemiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Islandantarctic
Brazilmostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territorytropical marine; hot, humid,moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islandssubtropical; humid; temperatures moderated bytrade winds
Bruneitropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgariatemperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Fasotropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burmatropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwestmonsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mildtemperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,December to April)
Burundiequatorial; high plateau with considerable altitudevariation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annualtemperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigradebut is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from Februaryto May and September to November, and dry seasons from June toAugust and December to January
Cambodiatropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dryseason (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroonvaries with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiaridand hot in north
Canadavaries from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic innorth
Cape Verdetemperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager andvery erratic
Cayman Islandstropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republictropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,wet summers
Chadtropical in south, desert in north
Chiletemperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;cool and damp in south
Chinaextremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Islandtropical with a wet and dry season; heat andhumidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April
Clipperton Islandtropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degreesC, rains May-October
Cocos (Keeling) Islandstropical with high humidity, moderated bythe southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombiatropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comorostropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Congo, Republic of thetropical; rainy season (March to June); dryseason (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity;particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islandstropical; moderated by trade winds
Coral Sea Islandstropical
Costa Ricatropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoiretropical along coast, semiarid in far north; threeseasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March toMay), hot and wet (June to October)
CroatiaMediterranean and continental; continental climatepredominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, drysummers along coast
Cubatropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November toApril); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprustemperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and coolwinters
Czech Republictemperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmarktemperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and coolsummers
Dhekeliatemperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and coolwinters
Djiboutidesert; torrid, dry
Dominicatropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
East Timortropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Ecuadortropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higherelevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egyptdesert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvadortropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guineatropical; always hot, humid
Eritreahot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetterin the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually);semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest duringJune-September except in coastal desert
Estoniamaritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopiatropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Islandtropical
European Unioncold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north totemperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islandsmild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,windy
Fijitropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finlandcold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mildbecause of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Francegenerally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters andhot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guianatropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperaturevariation
French Polynesiatropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Landsantarctic
Gabontropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, Thetropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,dry season (November to May)
Gaza Striptemperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgiawarm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germanytemperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghanatropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
GibraltarMediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islandstropical
Greecetemperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenlandarctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenadatropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupesubtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately highhumidity
Guamtropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated bynortheast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy seasonfrom July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemalatropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernseytemperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% ofdays are overcast
Guineagenerally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June toNovember) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissautropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-typerainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyanatropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; tworainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
Haititropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islandsantarctic
Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Hondurassubtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kongtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainyfrom spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Islandequatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Hungarytemperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Icelandtemperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windywinters; damp, cool summers
Indiavaries from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Oceannortheast monsoon (December to April), southwestmonsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/Juneand October/November in the northern Indian Ocean andJanuary/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesiatropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iranmostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraqmostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudlesssummers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkishborders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows thatmelt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding incentral and southern Iraq
Irelandtemperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mildwinters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half thetime
Israeltemperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italypredominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry insouth
Jamaicatropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayenarctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japanvaries from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Islandtropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jerseytemperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atolltropical, but generally dry; consistent northeasttrade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordanmostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Islandtropical
Kazakhstancontinental, cold winters and hot summers, arid andsemiarid
Kenyavaries from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reeftropical; moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribatitropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, Northtemperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, Southtemperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwaitdry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstandry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropicalin southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laostropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season(December to April)
Latviamaritime; wet, moderate winters
LebanonMediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, drysummers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesothotemperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberiatropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool tocold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
LibyaMediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtensteincontinental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snowor rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuaniatransitional, between maritime and continental; wet,moderate winters and summers
Luxembourgmodified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macausubtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedoniawarm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winterswith heavy snowfall
Madagascartropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawisub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (Mayto November)
Malaysiatropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast(October to February) monsoons
Maldivestropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November toMarch); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Malisubtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
MaltaMediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
Man, Isle oftemperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcastabout one-third of the time
Marshall Islandstropical; hot and humid; wet season from May toNovember; islands border typhoon belt
Martiniquetropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June toOctober); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) everyeight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritaniadesert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritiustropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, drywinter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayottetropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season duringnortheastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May toNovember)
Mexicovaries from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islandssubtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Moldovamoderate winters, warm summers
MonacoMediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongoliadesert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperatureranges)
Montserrattropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
MoroccoMediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambiquetropical to subtropical
Namibiadesert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Naurutropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November toFebruary)
Navassa Islandmarine, tropical
Nepalvaries from cool summers and severe winters in north tosubtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlandstemperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antillestropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledoniatropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealandtemperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaraguatropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Nigerdesert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeriavaries; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid innorth
Niuetropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Islandsubtropical; mild, little seasonal temperaturevariation
Northern Mariana Islandstropical marine; moderated by northeasttrade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry seasonDecember to June, rainy season July to October
Norwaytemperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;rainy year-round on west coast
Omandry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strongsouthwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Oceanplanetary air pressure systems and resultant windpatterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; tradewinds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified byseasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form southof Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and CentralAmerica; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be muchless pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the samelatitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific ismonsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, whenmoisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dryseason during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asianlandmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strikesoutheast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistanmostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic innorth
Palautropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Palmyra Atollequatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panamatropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season(May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guineatropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperaturevariation
Paracel Islandstropical
Paraguaysubtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in theeastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peruvaries from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperateto frigid in Andes
Philippinestropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islandstropical; hot and humid; modified by southeasttrade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Polandtemperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters withfrequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers andthundershowers
Portugalmaritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer anddrier in south
Puerto Ricotropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperaturevariation
Qatararid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Reuniontropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool anddry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Romaniatemperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russiaranges from steppes in the south through humid continental inmuch of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate inthe polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast tofrigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to coolalong Arctic coast
Rwandatemperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November toJanuary); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint HelenaSaint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered bytrade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered bytrade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevistropical tempered by constant sea breezes;little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Luciatropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry seasonfrom January to April, rainy season from May to August
Saint Pierre and Miqueloncold and wet, with much mist and fog;spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestropical; little seasonaltemperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoatropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May toOctober)
San MarinoMediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principetropical; hot, humid; one rainy season(October to May)
Saudi Arabiaharsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Senegaltropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) hasstrong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated byhot, dry, harmattan wind
Serbia and Montenegroin the north, continental climate (coldwinters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall);central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to thesouth, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers andautumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Seychellestropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeastmonsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwestmonsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leonetropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May toDecember); winter dry season (December to April)
Singaporetropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons- Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwesternmonsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoonand early evening thunderstorms
Slovakiatemperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
SloveniaMediterranean climate on the coast, continental climatewith mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus andvalleys to the east
Solomon Islandstropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature andweather
Somaliaprincipally desert; December to February - northeastmonsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; Mayto October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in thesouth, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)between monsoons
South Africamostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunnydays, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islandsvariable, with mostlywesterly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods ofcalm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Oceansea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsiusto -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around thecontinent and frequently are intense because of the temperaturecontrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from aboutlatitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest averagewinds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outwardto 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degreessouth latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatureswell below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intensepersistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shorelineice-free throughout the winter
Spaintemperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate andcloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudyand cool along coast
Spratly Islandstropical
Sri Lankatropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudantropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season variesby region (April to November)
Surinametropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbardarctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; coolsummers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west andnorth coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable mostof the year
Swazilandvaries from tropical to near temperate
Swedentemperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partlycloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerlandtemperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers withoccasional showers
Syriamostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) andmild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weatherwith snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Taiwantropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (Juneto August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Tajikistanmidlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzaniavaries from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailandtropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May toSeptember); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togotropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelautropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tongatropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December toMay), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobagotropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Islandtropical
Tunisiatemperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, drysummers; desert in south
Turkeytemperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsherin interior
Turkmenistansubtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islandstropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalutropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March toNovember); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Ugandatropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December toFebruary, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukrainetemperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southernCrimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highestin west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary fromcool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warmacross the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emiratesdesert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdomtemperate; moderated by prevailing southwest windsover the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days areovercast
United Statesmostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of theMississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; lowwinter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally inJanuary and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopesof the Rocky Mountains
Uruguaywarm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistanmostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mildwinters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatutropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May toOctober; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affectedby cyclones from December to April
Venezuelatropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnamtropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October tomid-March)
Virgin Islandssubtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;rainy season September to November
Wake Islandtropical
Wallis and Futunatropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Banktemperate; temperature and precipitation vary withaltitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Saharahot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore aircurrents produce fog and heavy dew
Worldtwo large areas of polar climates separated by two rathernarrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical tosubtropical climates
Yemenmostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate inwestern mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,dry, harsh desert in east
Zambiatropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October toApril)
Zimbabwetropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November toMarch)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2060 Coastline (km)
Afghanistan0 km (landlocked)
Akrotiri56.3 km
Albania362 km
Algeria998 km
American Samoa116 km
Andorra0 km (landlocked)
Angola1,600 km
Anguilla61 km
Antarctica17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda153 km
Arctic Ocean45,389 km
Argentina4,989 km
Armenia0 km (landlocked)
Aruba68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean111,866 km
Australia25,760 km
Austria0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the CaspianSea (800 km, est.)
Bahamas, The3,542 km
Bahrain161 km
Baker Island4.8 km
Bangladesh580 km
Barbados97 km
Bassas da India35.2 km
Belarus0 km (landlocked)
Belgium66.5 km
Belize386 km
Benin121 km
Bermuda103 km
Bhutan0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina20 km
Botswana0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island29.6 km
Brazil7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory698 km
British Virgin Islands80 km
Brunei161 km
Bulgaria354 km
Burkina Faso0 km (landlocked)
Burma1,930 km
Burundi0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia443 km
Cameroon402 km
Canada202,080 km
Cape Verde965 km
Cayman Islands160 km
Central African Republic0 km (landlocked)
Chad0 km (landlocked)
Chile6,435 km
China14,500 km
Christmas Island138.9 km
Clipperton Island11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands26 km
Colombia3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448km)
Comoros340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the37 km
Congo, Republic of the169 km
Cook Islands120 km
Coral Sea Islands3,095 km
Costa Rica1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire515 km
Croatia5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba3,735 km
Cyprus648 km
Czech Republic0 km (landlocked)
Denmark7,314 km
Dhekelia27.5 km
Djibouti314 km
Dominica148 km
Dominican Republic1,288 km
East Timor706 km
Ecuador2,237 km
Egypt2,450 km
El Salvador307 km
Equatorial Guinea296 km
Eritrea2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in RedSea 1,083 km
Estonia3,794 km
Ethiopia0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island22.2 km
European Union65,413.9 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)1,288 km
Faroe Islands1,117 km
Fiji1,129 km
Finland1,250 km
France3,427 km
French Guiana378 km
French Polynesia2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands1,232 km
Gabon885 km
Gambia, The80 km
Gaza Strip40 km
Georgia310 km
Germany2,389 km
Ghana539 km
Gibraltar12 km
Glorioso Islands35.2 km
Greece13,676 km
Greenland44,087 km
Grenada121 km
Guadeloupe306 km
Guam125.5 km
Guatemala400 km
Guernsey50 km
Guinea320 km
Guinea-Bissau350 km
Guyana459 km
Haiti1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City)0 km (landlocked)
Honduras820 km
Hong Kong733 km
Howland Island6.4 km
Hungary0 km (landlocked)
Iceland4,988 km
India7,000 km
Indian Ocean66,526 km
Indonesia54,716 km
Iran2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq58 km
Ireland1,448 km
Israel273 km
Italy7,600 km
Jamaica1,022 km
Jan Mayen124.1 km
Japan29,751 km
Jarvis Island8 km
Jersey70 km