Surinamearea claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims atriangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in ahistoric dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeksUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitrationto resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis ofthe territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbarddespite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute theirmaritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rightsbeyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swazilandnone
Swedennone
Switzerlandnone
SyriaGolan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strongUN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zonesince 1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights;international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops andintelligence personnel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; 2004Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan
Taiwaninvolved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South ChinaSea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "codeof conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islandsare occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claimsto the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) andJapan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the EastChina Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistanboundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km ofPamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishingclaims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands, but neither state haspublished maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced;talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and removeminefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation withKyrgyzstan
Tanzaniadisputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailandseparatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslimsouthern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysiato stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhancedborder surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continueon completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain overseveral areas along Mekong River and Thai squatters; despitecontinuing border committee talks, significant differences remainwith Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnicrebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia andThailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory andobstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodiaby ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand- to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops -resulting in Thailand sheltering about 120,000 Burmese refugees in2005; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectricdam construction on the Salween River near the border;environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned aboutChina's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on theNujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province
Togoin 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - jointcommission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelaunone
Tonganone
Trinidad and TobagoBarbados will assert its claim before the UNConvention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that the northern limit ofTrinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends intoits waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to challengethis boundary as it may extend into its waters as well
Tromelin Islandclaimed by Mauritius
Tunisianone
Turkeycomplex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greecein the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syriaand Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upperEuphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status ofKurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed overNagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistancotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistancreates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed andcontested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation ofland boundary with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabeddelimitation remains stalled
Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder
Tuvalunone
UgandaUganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnicgroups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various governmentforces; Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)into the southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;LRA forces have attacked Kenyan villages across the border
Ukraine1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due tounresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducingborder security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia iscomplete and parties have renewed discussions on demarcation; thedispute over the maritime boundary between Russia and Ukrainethrough the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despitea December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-leveldiscussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customsposts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away TransnistriaRegion, which remains under OSCE supervision; in 2004 Ukraine andRomania took their dispute over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ foradjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigationcanal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
United Arab Emiratesthe United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook publisheda map and text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, asstipulated in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the groundsthat the agreement was not formally ratified; boundary agreement wassigned and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, includingOman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents ofthe agreement and maps showing the alignment have not beenpublished; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island,which Iran occupies
United Kingdomin 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement betweenthe UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equalparticipation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapprovesof UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius andSeychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian OceanTerritory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965;most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UKcitizenship but no right to patriation in the UK; UK rejectssovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims theFalkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the SouthSandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British AntarcticTerritory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chileanclaim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that theFaroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
United Statesprolonged drought, population growth, and outmodedpractices and infrastructure in the border region strainwater-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped upefforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and otherparts of the world from crossing illegally into the US from Mexico;illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti and theDominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida by sea;1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaitsRussian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes withCanada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, andaround the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US andCanada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commoditiescrossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agreeon a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leasedfrom Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the areacan terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered NavassaIsland; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but hasreserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims ofany other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refugesnone
Uruguayuncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in theQuarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint withArgentina
Uzbekistanprolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistanand Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Daryariver states; delimitation with Kazakhstan complete with demarcationunderway; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan ishampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas
VanuatuMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed byVanuatu and France
Venezuelaclaims all of the area west of the Essequibo River inGuyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana hasexpressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims beforethe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) thatTrinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends intotheir waters; dispute with Colombia over Los Monjes islands andmaritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organizedillegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela'sshared border region resulting in several thousand residentsmigrating away from the border; US, France, and the Netherlandsrecognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves Island,which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over alarge portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protestVenezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation andother states' recognition of it
Vietnamsoutheast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance tocheck the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamesesquatters and armed encroachments along border; after years ofCambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary markers,in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreementwith Vietnam that settled all but a small portion of the landboundary; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia ishampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004,Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missingmarkers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnamboundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundarydelimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands alsoclaimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute withChina, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over theSpratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties inthe South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legallybinding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in theSpratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marineseismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Virgin Islandsnone
Wake Islandclaimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futunanone
West BankWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrieralong parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israelwithdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN TruceSupervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem,monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolatedincidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in theregion
Western SaharaMorocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whosesovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire hasremained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UNMission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attemptsto hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejectedall brokered proposals
Worldstretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international landboundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies,areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided statesinto separate political entities as much as history, physicalterrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimesarbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimedlimits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries andjoint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to providefor national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, andterritorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant toviolent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment ofpolitical boundaries are confined to short segments and are todayless common and less hostile than borderland, resource, andterritorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, andunmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-borderactivities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorialdisputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or theymay be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and culturalclashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorialfragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or inrivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundaryconflict; other sources of contention include access to water andmineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arableland; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify theirinternational boundaries and to resolve territorial and resourcedisputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so muchbetween the armed forces of independent states as between statelessarmed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of localpopulations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultantrefugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmentaldegradation
YemenYemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islandsawarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; Saudi Arabia still maintainsthe concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of theborder with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as asecurity barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities insections of the boundary
Zambiain 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswanaand Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby defacto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited,Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
ZimbabweBotswana has built electric fences and South Africa hasplaced military along the border to stem the flow of thousands ofZimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections toplans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the ZambeziRiver, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearlydelimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
======================================================================
@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
AfghanistanPashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
AlbaniaAlbanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
AlgeriaArab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; theminority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in themountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are alsoMuslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab culturalheritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, forautonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but hasoffered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoanative Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)
AndorraSpanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other6% (1998)
AngolaOvimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixedEuropean and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguillablack (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,other 1.5% (2001 Census)
Antigua and Barbudablack, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentinawhite (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixedwhite and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-whitegroups 3%
ArmeniaArmenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%(2001 census)
Arubamixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
AustraliaCaucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
AustriaAustrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other orunspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
AzerbaijanAzeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,other 3.9% (1999 census)note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakhregion
Bahamas, Theblack 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
BahrainBahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
BangladeshBengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbadosblack 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
BelarusBelarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
BelgiumFleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belizemestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other9.7%
BeninAfrican 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermudablack 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)
BhutanBhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one ofseveral Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
BoliviaQuechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other0.6% (2000)note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoidconfusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
BotswanaTswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazilwhite 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified0.7% (2000 census)
British Virgin Islandsblack 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
BruneiMalay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
BulgariaBulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (includingMacedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Burkina FasoMossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,Fulani
BurmaBurman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
BurundiHutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
CambodiaKhmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
CameroonCameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, otherAfrican 13%, non-African less than 1%
CanadaBritish Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixedbackground 26%
Cape VerdeCreole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islandsmixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates ofvarious ethnic groups 20%
Central African RepublicBaya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom areMuslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000French citizens live in Chad
Chilewhite and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
ChinaHan Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas IslandChinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsEuropeans, Cocos Malays
Colombiamestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixedblack-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
ComorosAntalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of theover 200 African ethnic groups ofwhich the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about45% of the population
Congo, Republic of theKongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,Europeans and other 3%
Cook IslandsCook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook IslandMaori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)
Costa Ricawhite (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'IvoireAkan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
CroatiaCroat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)
Cubamulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
CyprusGreek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech RepublicCzech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%(2001 census)
DenmarkScandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,Somali
DjiboutiSomali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian5%
Dominicablack, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, CaribAmerindian
Dominican Republicmixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%
East TimorAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chineseminority
Ecuadormestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
EgyptEgyptian 98%, Berber, Nubian, Bedouin, and Beja 1%, Greek,Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%
El Salvadormestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%
Equatorial GuineaBioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
EritreaTigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Seacoast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
EstoniaEstonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)
EthiopiaOromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)British
Faroe IslandsScandinavian
FijiFijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesianadmixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseasChinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
FinlandFinn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma0.2%, Sami 0.1%
FranceCeltic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guianablack or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French PolynesiaPolynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,metropolitan French 4%
GabonBantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang,Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000,including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, TheAfrican 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza StripPalestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
GeorgiaGeorgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,other 2.5% (2002 census)
GermanyGerman 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely ofGreek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
GhanaAfrican 98.5% (includes Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%,Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)
GibraltarSpanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,North Africans
GreeceGreek 98%, Turkish and other 2%note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions inGreece
GreenlandGreenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danishand others 12% (2000)
Grenadablack 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and EastIndian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupeblack or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,Chinese less than 5%
GuamChamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,mixed 9.8% (2000 census)
GuatemalaMestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanishcalled Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,other 0.1% (2001 census)
GuernseyUK and Norman-French descent with small percentages fromother European countries
GuineaPeuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-BissauAfrican 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
GuyanaEast Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,and mixed 7%
Haitiblack 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)Italians, Swiss, other
Hondurasmestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,black 2%, white 1%
Hong KongChinese 95%, other 5%
HungaryHungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001census)
Icelandhomogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,population of foreign origin 6%
IndiaIndo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
IndonesiaJavanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays7.5%, other 26%
IranPersian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
IraqArab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
IrelandCeltic, English
Isle of ManManx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
IsraelJewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostlyArab) (2004)
ItalyItalian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, andSlovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians andGreek-Italians in the south)
Jamaicablack 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
JapanJapanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japanin the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil(2004)
JerseyJersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)
JordanArab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
KazakhstanKazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
KenyaKikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, andArab) 1%
KiribatiMicronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)
Korea, Northracially homogeneous; there is a small Chinesecommunity and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, Southhomogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
KuwaitKuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,other 7%
KyrgyzstanKyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
LaosLao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnicVietnamese/Chinese 1%
LatviaLatvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
LebanonArab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab butrather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to becalled Phoenicians
LesothoSotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberiaindigenous African 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants ofimmigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
LibyaBerber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
LiechtensteinAlemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
LithuaniaLithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other orunspecified 3.6% (2001 census)
LuxembourgCeltic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European(guest and resident workers)
MacauChinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)
MacedoniaMacedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
MadagascarMalayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,Creole, Comoran
MalawiChewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,Ngonde, Asian, European
MalaysiaMalay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,others 7.8% (2004 est.)
MaldivesSouth Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
MaliMande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
MaltaMaltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Marshall IslandsMicronesian
MartiniqueAfrican and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,East Indian and Chinese less than 5%
Mauritaniamixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
MauritiusIndo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,Franco-Mauritian 2%
MayotteNA
Mexicomestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantlyAmerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States ofnine ethnic Micronesian andPolynesian groups
MoldovaMoldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
MonacoFrench 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
MongoliaMongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
MontenegroMontenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Montserratblack, white
MoroccoArab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
MozambiqueAfrican 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, andothers), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibiablack 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%,Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
NauruNauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European8%
NepalChhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)
NetherlandsDutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western originmainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antillesmixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, EastAsian
New CaledoniaMelanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New ZealandEuropean 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)
Nicaraguamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black9%, Amerindian 5%
NigerHausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200French expatriates
NigeriaNigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of morethan 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous andpolitically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
NiueNiuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Norfolk Islanddescendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, NewZealander, Polynesian
Northern Mariana IslandsAsian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)
NorwayNorwegian, Sami 20,000
OmanArab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Bangladeshi), African
PakistanPunjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir(immigrants from India at the time of partition and theirdescendants)
PalauPalauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%(2000 census)
Panamamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian andmixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New GuineaMelanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguaymestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%
PeruAmerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
PhilippinesTagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,other 25.3% (2000 census)
Pitcairn Islandsdescendants of the Bounty mutineers and theirTahitian wives
PolandPolish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Portugalhomogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black Africandescent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number lessthan 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Ricowhite (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
QatarArab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
ReunionFrench, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
RomaniaRomanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
RussiaRussian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
RwandaHutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint HelenaAfrican descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese
Saint Luciablack 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and MiquelonBasques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesblack 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%
SamoaSamoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European andPolynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San MarinoSammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principemestico, angolares (descendants of Angolanslaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contractlaborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (childrenof servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi ArabiaArab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
SenegalWolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
SerbiaSerb 66%, Albanian 17%, Hungarian 3.5%, other 13.5% (1991)
Seychellesmixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaveswho were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers ofEuropeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
SingaporeChinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000census)
SlovakiaSlovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
SloveniaSlovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other orunspecified 12% (2002 census)
Solomon IslandsMelanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)
SomaliaSomali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs30,000)
South Africablack African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)
Spaincomposite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri LankaSinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 censusprovisional data)
Sudanblack 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
SurinameHindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; theirancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country inthe 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
SvalbardNorwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%(1998)
SwazilandAfrican 97%, European 3%
Swedenindigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Samiminorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
SwitzerlandGerman 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other6%
SyriaArab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
TaiwanTaiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,aborigine 2%
TajikistanTajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,other 2.6% (2000 census)
Tanzaniamainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consistingof more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
ThailandThai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
TogoAfrican (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
TokelauPolynesian
TongaPolynesian, Europeans
Trinidad and TobagoIndian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)
TunisiaArab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
TurkeyTurkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
TurkmenistanTurkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Turks and Caicos Islandsblack 90%, mixed, European, or NorthAmerican 10%
TuvaluPolynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
UgandaBaganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
UkraineUkrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, SouthAsian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdomwhite (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)
United Stateswhite 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian andAlaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%(2003 est.)note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the USCensus Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin Americandescent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Ricanorigin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguaywhite 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practicallynonexistent)
UzbekistanUzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
VanuatuNi-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)
VenezuelaSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,indigenous people
VietnamKinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
Virgin Islandsblack 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,mixed 3.5% (2000 census)
Wallis and FutunaPolynesian
West BankPalestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western SaharaArab, Berber
Yemenpredominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
ZambiaAfrican 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
ZimbabweAfrican 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed andAsian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
======================================================================
@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistanafghanis per US dollar - 541 (2005), 48 (2004), 49(2003), 41 (2002), 66 (2001)note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilizedat about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market ratevaried widely from the official rate
Albanialeke per US dollar - 102.649 (2005), 102.78 (2004), 121.863(2003), 140.155 (2002), 143.485 (2001)
AlgeriaAlgerian dinars per US dollar - 73.276 (2005), 72.061(2004), 77.395 (2003), 79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001)
American Samoathe US dollar is used
Andorraeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Angolakwanza per US dollar - 88.6 (2005), 83.541 (2004), 74.606(2003), 43.53 (2002), 22.058 (2001)
AnguillaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)note: fixed rate since 1976
Antigua and BarbudaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7(2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)note: fixed rate since 1976
ArgentinaArgentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9037 (2005), 2.9233(2004), 2.9006 (2003), 3.0633 (2002), 0.9995 (2001)
Armeniadrams per US dollar - 457.69 (2005), 533.45 (2004), 578.76(2003), 573.35 (2002), 555.08 (2001)
ArubaAruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2005), 1.79(2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001)
AustraliaAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
Austriaeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,727.1 (2005),4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001)note: on 1 January 2006 Azerbaijan revalued its currency, with 5,000old manats equal to 1 new manat
Bahamas, TheBahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2005), 1 (2004), 1(2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001)
BahrainBahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2005), 0.376 (2004),0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002), 0.376 (2001)
Bangladeshtaka per US dollar - 64.328 (2005), 59.513 (2004), 58.15(2003), 57.888 (2002), 55.807 (2001)
BarbadosBarbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2(2003), 2 (2002), 2 (2001)
BelarusBelarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,150 (2005), 2,160.26(2004), 2,051.27 (2003), 1,790.92 (2002), 1,390 (2001)
Belgiumeuros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
BelizeBelizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2(2003), 2 (2002), 2 (2001)
BeninCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
BermudaBermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate peggedto the US dollar)
Bhutanngultrum per US dollar - 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583(2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001)
Boliviabolivianos per US dollar - 8.0661 (2005), 7.9363 (2004),7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002), 6.6069 (2001)
Bosnia and Herzegovinamarka per US dollar - 1.5727 (2005), 1.5752(2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002), 2.1857 (2001)note: the marka is pegged to the euro
Botswanapulas per US dollar - 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499(2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412 (2001)
Brazilreals per US dollar - 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771(2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577 (2001)
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902(2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001)
Bulgarialeva per US dollar - 1.5741 (2005), 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327(2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847 (2001)
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),733.04 (2001)
Burmakyats per US dollar - 5.761 (2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764(2003), 6.5734 (2002), 6.6841 (2001)note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange ratesranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar,and by year-end 2005, the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/USdollar
BurundiBurundi francs per US dollar - 1,138 (2005), 1,100.91(2004), 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001)
Cambodiariels per US dollar - 4,092.5 (2005), 4,016.25 (2004),3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001)
CameroonCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar- 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
CanadaCanadian dollars per US dollar - 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004),1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.67 (2005),88.808 (2004), 97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African RepublicCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs(XAF) per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003),696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001)
ChadCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04(2001)
ChileChilean pesos per US dollar - 560.09 (2005), 609.37 (2004),691.43 (2003), 688.94 (2002), 634.94 (2001)
Chinayuan per US dollar - 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.277(2003), 8.277 (2002), 8.2771 (2001)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095 (2005),1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars per US dollar - 1.3095(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001)
ColombiaColombian pesos per US dollar - 2,320.75 (2005), 2,628.61(2004), 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63 (2001)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 395.6 (2005), 396.21(2004), 435.9 (2003), 522.74 (2002), 549.78 (2001)note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs per US dollar -437.86 (2005), 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002), 206.62(2001)
Congo, Republic of theCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)per US dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002), 733.04 (2001)
Cook IslandsNew Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.4203 (2005),1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones per US dollar - 477.79 (2005), 437.91(2004), 398.66 (2003), 359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),733.04 (2001)
Croatiakuna per US dollar - 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035(2003), 7.8687 (2002), 8.34 (2001)
CubaConvertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93note: Cuba has three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso(CUP), the convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), althoughthe dollar is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 theofficial exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC(0.93 CUC per $1), both for individuals and enterprises; individualscan buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cubanpesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUPand CUC at a 1:1 ratio.
CyprusCypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.4641 (2005), 0.4686 (2004),0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), 0.6431 (2001), Turkish lira per USdollar - 1.36 (2005), 1.426 million (2004), 1.501 million (2003),1.507 million (2002), 1.226 million (2001)
Czech Republickoruny per US dollar - 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004),28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002), 38.035 (2001)
DenmarkDanish kroner per US dollar - 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004),6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001)
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2005), 177.72(2004), 177.72 (2003), 177.72 (2002), 177.72 (2001)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2005), 2.7(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos per US dollar - 30.409 (2005),42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002), 16.952 (2001)
East Timorthe US dollar is used
Ecuador25,000 (2005), 25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002),25,000 (2001)
EgyptEgyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004),5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002), 3.973 (2001)
El Salvadorthe US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001
Equatorial GuineaCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) perUS dollar - 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99(2002), 733.04 (2001)
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 14.5 (2005), 13.788 (2004),13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002), 11.31 (2001)
Estoniakrooni per US dollar - 12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004), 13.856(2003), 16.612 (2002), 17.478 (2001), note - the krooni is pegged tothe euro
Ethiopiabirr per US dollar - 8.68 (2005), 8.6356 (2004), 8.5997(2003), 8.5678 (2002), 8.4575 (2001)note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a dailybasis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank