Geography Poland
Location:Central Europe, east of Germany
Geographic coordinates:52 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 312,685 sq kmland: 304,465 sq kmwater: 8,220 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land boundaries:total: 3,056 kmborder countries: Belarus 416 km, Czech Republic 790 km, Germany 467km, Lithuania 103 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia541 km, Ukraine 529 km
Coastline:491 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties
Climate:temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters withfrequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers andthundershowers
Terrain:mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Elevation extremes:lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 mhighest point: Rysy 2,499 m
Natural resources:coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber,arable land
Land use: arable land: 40.25% permanent crops: 1% other: 58.75% (2005)
Irrigated land:1,000 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:flooding
Environment - current issues:situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industryand increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments;air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxideemissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rainhas caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial andmunicipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardouswastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrialestablishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but atsubstantial cost to business and the government
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, AntarcticTreaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, AirPollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Geography - note:historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and thelack of natural barriers on the North European Plain
People Poland
Population:38,536,869 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 15.9% (male 3,142,811/female 2,976,363)15-64 years: 70.8% (male 13,585,306/female 13,704,763)65 years and over: 13.3% (male 1,961,326/female 3,166,300) (2006est.)
Median age: total: 37 years male: 35.1 years female: 39 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:-0.05% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:9.85 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.06 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 7.22 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 7.95 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 6.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 74.97 yearsmale: 70.95 yearsfemale: 79.23 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.25 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:14,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:100 (2001 est.)
Nationality:noun: Pole(s)adjective: Polish
Ethnic groups:Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, otherand unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Religions:Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox 1.3%,Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)
Languages:Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 99.8%male: 99.8%female: 99.7% (2003 est.)
Government Poland
Country name:conventional long form: Republic of Polandconventional short form: Polandlocal long form: Rzeczpospolita Polskalocal short form: Polska
Government type:republic
Capital:name: Warsawgeographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 Etime difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in October
Administrative divisions:16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskiewojewodztwo, Kujawsko-Pomorskie wojewodztwo, Lodzkie wojewodztwo,Lubelskie wojewodztwo, Lubuskie wojewodztwo, Malopolskiewojewodztwo, Mazowieckie wojewodztwo, Opolskie wojewodztwo,Podkarpackie wojewodztwo, Podlaskie wojewodztwo, Pomorskiewojewodztwo, Slaskie wojewodztwo, Swietokrzyskie wojewodztwo,Warminsko-Mazurskie wojewodztwo, Wielkopolskie wojewodztwo,Zachodniopomorskie wojewodztwo
Independence:11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)
National holiday:Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Constitution:adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by nationalreferendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997
Legal system:mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdoverCommunist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as partof broader democratization process; limited judicial review oflegislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal arefinal; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court ofJustice in Strasbourg; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Lech KACZYNSKI (since 23 December 2005)head of government: Prime Minister Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI (since 10 July2006); Deputy Prime Ministers Ludwik DORN (since 23 November 2005),Roman GIERTYCH (since 5 May 2006), Zyta GILOWSKA (since 22 September2006), Andrzej LEPPER (since 16 October 2006)cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister andthe Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, andthe Sejm approves the Council of Ministerselections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 9 and 23 October2005 (next to be held fall 2010); prime minister and deputy primeministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejmelection results: Lech KACZYNSKI elected president; percent ofpopular vote - Lech KACZYNSKI 54%, Donald Tusk 46%
Legislative branch:bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Senate orSenat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on aprovincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house, theSejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system ofproportional representation to serve four-year terms); thedesignation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is onlyused on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointlyelections: Senate - last held 25 September 2005 (next to be held bySeptember 2009); Sejm elections last held 25 September 2005 (next tobe held by September 2009)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats byparty - PiS 49, PO 34, LPR 7, SO 3, PSL 2, independents 5; Sejm -percent of vote by party - PiS 27%, PO 24.1%, SO 11.4%, SLD 11.3%,LPR 8%, PSL 7%, other 11.2%; seats by party - PiS 155, PO 133, SO56, SLD 55, LPR 34, PSL 25, German minorities 2note: two seats are assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejmonly
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on therecommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for anindefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen bythe Sejm for nine-year terms)
Political parties and leaders:Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; CivicPlatform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or SKL[Artur BALASZ]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [WojciechOLEJNICZAK]; Democratic Party or PD [Janusz ONYSZKIEWICZ]; DomOjczysty (Fatherland Home); German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO[Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; Leagueof Polish Families or LPR [Roman GIERTYCH]; Peasant-Democratic Partyor PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI];Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Ruch Patriotyczny orRP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; SocialDemocratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movementor RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [AndrzejSPYCHALSKI]
Political pressure groups and leaders:All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ];Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Jozef GLEMP]; Solidarity Trade Union[Janusz SNIADEK]
International organization participation:ACCT (observer), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS,BSEC (observer), CBSS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC,NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW,OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE,UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate),WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Janusz REITER chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802 FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000 FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688 consulate(s) general: Krakow
Flag description:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to theflags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Economy Poland
Economy - overview:Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalizationsince 1990 and today stands out as a success story among transitioneconomies. Even so, much remains to be done, especially in bringingdown the unemployment rate - still the highest in the EU despiterecent improvement. The privatization of small- and medium-sizedstate-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firmshas encouraged the development of the private business sector, butlegal and bureaucratic obstacles alongside persistent corruption arehampering its further development. Poland's agricultural sectorremains handicapped by surplus labor, inefficient small farms, andlack of investment. Restructuring and privatization of "sensitivesectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railroads, and energy), while recentlyinitiated, have stalled. Reforms in health care, education, thepension system, and state administration have resulted inlarger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Further progress in publicfinance depends mainly on reducing losses in Polish stateenterprises, restraining entitlements, and overhauling the tax codeto incorporate the growing gray economy and farmers, most of whompay no tax. The previous Socialist-led government introduced apackage of social and administrative spending cuts to reduce publicspending by about $17 billion through 2007, but full implementationof the plan was trumped by election-year politics in 2005. Theright-wing Law and Justice party won parliamentary elections inSeptember, and Lech KACZYNSKI won the presidential election inOctober 2005, running on a state-interventionist fiscal and monetaryplatform. Poland joined the EU in May 2004, and surging exports tothe EU contributed to Poland's strong growth in 2004, though itscompetitiveness could be threatened by the zloty's appreciation. GDPper capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic states. Polandbenefited from nearly $23.2 billion in EU funds, which wereavailable through 2006. Farmers have already begun to reap therewards of membership via booming exports, higher food prices, andEU agricultural subsidies.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$542.6 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$265.4 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:5.3% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$14,100 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.8% industry: 31.2% services: 64% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 17.26 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 16.1% industry: 29% services: 54.9% (2002)
Unemployment rate:14.9% (November 2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:17% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 26.7% (2002)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:34.1 (2002)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.3% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):19.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $62 billionexpenditures: $71.25 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(2006 est.)
Public debt:49% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
Industries:machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals,shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
Industrial production growth rate:10.2% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:143.5 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 98.1% hydro: 1.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:124.1 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:14.6 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:5.3 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:35,880 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:445,700 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:53,000 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:413,700 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:142.4 million bbl (December 2004)
Natural gas - production:5.957 billion cu m (2004)
Natural gas - consumption:15.67 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:46 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:9.963 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:164.8 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)
Current account balance:$-4.548 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$110.7 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufacturedgoods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and liveanimals 7.6% (2003)
Exports - partners:Germany 28.2%, France 6.2%, Italy 6.1%, UK 5.6%, Czech Republic4.6%, Russia 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2005)
Imports:$113.2 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufacturedgoods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and relatedmaterials 9.1% (2003)
Imports - partners:Germany 29.6%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.9%, France5.7% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$49.69 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$147.3 billion (30 June 2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $13.9 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)
Currency (code):zloty (PLN)
Currency code:PLN
Exchange rates:zlotych per US dollar - 3.11 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004),3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), note, zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Poland
Telephones - main lines in use:11.803 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:29,166,400 (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications networkhas accelerated with market based competition finalized in 2003;fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, isdwarfed by the growth in wireless telephonydomestic: wireless service, available since 1993 (GSM serviceavailable since 1996) and provided by three nation-wide networks,has grown rapidly in response to the weak fixed-line coverage; thirdgeneration UMTS service available in urban areas; cellular coverageis generally good with more gaps in the east; fixed-line service isgrowing slowly and still lags in rural areasinternational: country code - 48; international direct dialing withautomated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat,Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:20.2 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:40 (2006)
Televisions:13.05 million (1997)
Internet country code:.pl
Internet hosts:358,476 (2006)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):19 (2000)
Internet users:10.6 million (2005)
Transportation Poland
Airports: 122 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 83 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 29 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2006)
Heliports:3 (2006)
Pipelines:gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)
Railways:total: 23,072 kmbroad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gaugestandard gauge: 22,443 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational;11,910 km electrified) (2005)
Roadways:total: 423,997 kmpaved: 295,356 km (including 484 km of expressways)unpaved: 128,641 km (2004)
Waterways:3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2005)
Merchant marine:total: 11 ships (1000 GRT or over) 55,701 GRT/45,082 DWTby type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/rolloff 1, vehicle carrier 1foreign-owned: 1 (Nigeria 1)registered in other countries: 106 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Bahamas15, Belize 2, Cyprus 20, Liberia 14, Malta 27, Norway 2, Panama 15,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Slovakia 2, Vanuatu 5) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin
Military Poland
Military branches:Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces (includes Navy (Marynarka Wojenna,MW)), Polish Air Force (Sily Powietrzenje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej,SPRP) (2006)
Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for compulsory military service after January 1st of the year of 18th birthday; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; in 2005, Poland plans to shorten the length of conscript service obligation from 12 to 9 months; by 2008, plans call for at least 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004, women are only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2004)
Manpower available for military service:males age 17-49: 9,681,703females age 17-49: 9,480,641 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 17-49: 7,739,472females age 17-49: 7,859,165 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 275,446females age 17-49: 265,164 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$3.5 billion (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:1.71% (2002)
Transnational Issues Poland
Disputes - international:as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border,Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules to restrictillegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarusand Ukraine
Illicit drugs:major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the internationalmarket; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin Americanillicit drugs to Western Europe
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Portugal
Introduction Portugal
Background:Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16thcenturies, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with thedestruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during theNapoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony.A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next sixdecades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, aleft-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. Thefollowing year, Portugal granted independence to all of its Africancolonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC(now the EU) in 1986.
Geography Portugal
Location:Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west ofSpain
Geographic coordinates:39 30 N, 8 00 W
Map references:Europe
Area:total: 92,391 sq kmland: 91,951 sq kmwater: 440 sq kmnote: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Area - comparative:slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries: total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km
Coastline: 1,793 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier insouth
Terrain:mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico inthe Azores 2,351 m
Natural resources:fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten,silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land,hydropower
Land use:arable land: 17.29%permanent crops: 7.84%other: 74.87% (2005)
Irrigated land:6,500 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Environment - current issues:soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicleemissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas
Environment - international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, ClimateChange-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine LifeConservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, TropicalTimber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, EnvironmentalModification
Geography - note:Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along westernsea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
People Portugal
Population:10,605,870 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 16.5% (male 915,604/female 839,004)15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,484,545/female 3,544,674)65 years and over: 17.2% (male 751,899/female 1,070,144) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 38.5 yearsmale: 36.4 yearsfemale: 40.6 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:0.36% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:10.72 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:3.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.07 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 4.98 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 5.45 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 4.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 77.7 yearsmale: 74.43 yearsfemale: 81.2 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.47 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:0.4% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:22,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:less than 1,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)adjective: Portuguese
Ethnic groups:homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descentwho immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Religions:Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)
Languages:Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 93.3%male: 95.5%female: 91.3% (2003 est.)
Government Portugal
Country name:conventional long form: Portuguese Republicconventional short form: Portugallocal long form: Republica Portuguesalocal short form: Portugal
Government type:parliamentary democracy
Capital:name: Lisbongeographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 Wtime difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends lastSunday in October
Administrative divisions:18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomousregions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro,Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra,Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto,Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Independence:1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (independentrepublic proclaimed)
National holiday:Portugal Day (Day of Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also calledCamoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes(1524-80) died
Constitution:25 April 1976; revised many times
Legal system:civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews theconstitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto deSousa (since 12 March 2005)cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on therecommendation of the prime ministernote: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultativebody to the presidentelections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term(eligible for a second term); election last held 22 January 2006(next to be held January 2011); following legislative elections, theleader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition isusually appointed prime minister by the presidentelection results: Anibal CAVACO SILVA elected president; percent ofvote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE 20.7%, Mario AlbertoNobre Lopes SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo DE SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
Legislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)elections: last held 20 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009)election results: percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%,CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE 6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14,PP 12, BE 8
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed forlife by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)
Political parties and leaders:Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa Augusta Baiao de BritoAPOLONIA]; Popular Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO]; PortugueseCommunist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE SOUSA]; Portuguese SocialistParty or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; SocialDemocratic Party or PSD [Luis Manuel Goncalves Marques MENDES]; TheLeft Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian DemocraticCoalition or CDU (includes PEV and PCP) [Jeronimo DE SOUSA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU,ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA,IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO,ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS(observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI (observer), UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Joao DE VALLERAchancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone: [1] (202) 350-5400FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), SanFranciscoconsulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Alfred J. HOFFMAN Jr.embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbonmailing address: Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE09726telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Flag description:two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on thedividing line
Economy Portugal
Economy - overview:Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-basedeconomy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the pasttwo decades, successive governments have privatized manystate-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy,including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The countryqualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and begancirculating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU membereconomies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much ofthe 1990s, but fell back in 2001-06. GDP per capita stands atroughly 70% of the EU-25 average. A poor educational system, inparticular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth.Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producersin Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign directinvestment. The budget deficit surged to an all-time high of 6% ofGDP in 2005 but was reduced to 4.6% in 2006. The government facestough choices in its attempts to boost Portugal's economiccompetitiveness while keeping the budget deficit within theeurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$203.1 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$176.6 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:1.2% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$19,100 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.6% industry: 28.6% services: 64.9% (2006 est.)
Labor force: 5.57 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 10% industry: 30% services: 60% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:7.5% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:38.5 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.7% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):20.9% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:revenues: $83.89 billionexpenditures: $93.09 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(2006 est.)
Public debt:65.7% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats,swine, poultry, dairy products; fish
Industries:textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metals andmetalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; rubber andplastic products; ceramics; electronics and communicationsequipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace equipment; shipconstruction and refurbishment; wine; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:0.9% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:42.52 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 64.5% hydro: 31.3% nuclear: 0% other: 4.1% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:46.05 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:2.1 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:8.6 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production:3,849 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:332,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:28,830 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:357,300 bbl/day (2001)
Natural gas - production:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:3.737 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:3.76 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance:$-16.75 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:$46.77 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paperproducts, hides
Exports - partners:Spain 25.9%, France 13.1%, Germany 11.9%, UK 8%, US 5.4%, Italy4.3% (2005)
Imports:$67.74 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles,agricultural products
Imports - partners:Spain 29%, Germany 13.4%, France 8.5%, Italy 5.2%, Netherlands4.3%, UK 4.2% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$10.7 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:$310.8 billion (30 June 2006 est.)
Economic aid - donor:ODA, $271 million (1995)
Currency (code):euro (EUR)note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced theeuro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions ofmember countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the solecurrency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Currency code:EUR
Exchange rates:euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004),0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year
Communications Portugal
Telephones - main lines in use:4.234 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:11.448 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has achieved astate-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilitiesdomestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwaveradio relay, and domestic satellite earth stationsinternational: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satelliteearth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean),NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth stationfor Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned
Radio broadcast stations:AM 47, FM 172 (many are repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios:3.02 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 62 (plus 166 repeaters) note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995)
Televisions:3.31 million (1997)
Internet country code:.pt
Internet hosts:845,980 (2005)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):16 (2000)
Internet users:7,782,700 (2006)
Transportation Portugal
Airports: 66 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 43 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 11 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 22 (2006)
Pipelines:gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2006)
Railways:total: 2,850 kmbroad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified)narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)
Roadways:total: 78,470 kmpaved: 67,484 km (including 2,002 km of expressways)unpaved: 10,986 km (2004)
Waterways:210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2003)
Merchant marine:total: 111 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,077,300 GRT/1,363,435 DWTby type: bulk carrier 11, cargo 27, chemical tanker 15, container 7,liquefied gas 11, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker8, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 9foreign-owned: 82 (Australia 1, Belgium 8, Cyprus 1, Denmark 4,Germany 17, Greece 4, Italy 12, Japan 9, Malta 1, Mexico 1,Netherlands 1, Norway 4, Spain 15, Switzerland 3, US 1)registered in other countries: 16 (Cyprus 2, Hong Kong 1, Malta 3,Panama 10) (2006)
Ports and terminals:Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines
Military Portugal
Military branches:Army, Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Air Force(Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP), National Republican Guard (GuardaNacional Republicana) (2005)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; compulsory military service was ended in 2004; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties (2005)
Manpower available for military service:males age 18-49: 2,435,042females age 18-49: 2,405,816 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 18-49: 1,952,819females age 18-49: 1,977,264 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 67,189females age 18-49: 60,626 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:$3,497.8 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:2.3% (2003)
Transnational Issues Portugal
Disputes - international:Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territoryof Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Illicit drugs:gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asianheroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil);transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;consumer of Southwest Asian heroin
This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007
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@Puerto Rico
Introduction Puerto Rico
Background:Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island wasclaimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following COLUMBUS' secondvoyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rulethat saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and Africanslave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a resultof the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted UScitizenship in 1917. Popularly-elected governors have served since1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internalself government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voterschose not to alter the existing political status.
Geography Puerto Rico
Location:Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North AtlanticOcean, east of the Dominican Republic
Geographic coordinates:18 15 N, 66 30 W
Map references:Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total: 13,790 sq kmland: 8,870 sq kmwater: 4,921 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:501 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountainsprecipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastalareas
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,339 m
Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Land use: arable land: 3.69% permanent crops: 5.59% other: 90.72% (2005)
Irrigated land:400 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:periodic droughts; hurricanes
Environment - current issues:erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages
Geography - note:important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane tothe Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best naturalharbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high centralmountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry;fertile coastal plain belt in north
People Puerto Rico
Population:3,927,188 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 21.3% (male 428,610/female 409,484)15-64 years: 65.8% (male 1,239,255/female 1,345,519)65 years and over: 12.8% (male 218,045/female 286,275) (2006 est.)
Median age:total: 34.7 yearsmale: 33 yearsfemale: 36.4 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:0.4% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:12.77 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:-1.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 9.14 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 10.32 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 78.4 yearsmale: 74.46 yearsfemale: 82.54 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.75 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:7,397 (1997)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)adjective: Puerto Rican
Ethnic groups:white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%,Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
Religions:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%
Languages:Spanish, English
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 94.1%male: 93.9%female: 94.4% (2002 est.)
Government Puerto Rico
Country name:conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Ricoconventional short form: Puerto Rico
Dependency status:unincorporated, organized territory of the US with commonwealthstatus; policy relations between Puerto Rico and the US conductedunder the jurisdiction of the Office of the President
Government type:commonwealth
Capital:name: San Juangeographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 66 07 Wtime difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)
Administrative divisions:none (territory of the US with commonwealth status); there are nofirst-order administrative divisions as defined by the USGovernment, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular -municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, AguasBuenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta,Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas,Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio,Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama,Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao,Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, LasPiedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca,Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce,Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, SanGerman, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, ToaAlta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja,Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco
Independence:none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
National holiday:US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day,25 July (1952)
Constitution:ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July 1952,effective 25 July 1952
Legal system:based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system ofjustice
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal; island residents are US citizens but donot vote in US presidential elections
Executive branch:chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January2001)head of government: Governor Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (since 2 January2005)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of thelegislatureelections: under the US Consitution, residents of unincorporatedterritories, such as Puerto Rico, do not vote in elections for USpresident and vice president; governor elected by popular vote for afour-year term (no term limits); election last held 2 November 2004(next to be held November 2008)election results: Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (PPD) elected governor;percent of vote - 48.4%
Legislative branch:bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (at least 27seats - currently 29; members are directly elected by popular voteto serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (51seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to servefour-year terms)elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be heldNovember 2008); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004(next to be held November 2008)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PNP 43.4%, PPD40.3%, PIP 9.4%; seats by party - PNP 17, PPD 9, PIP 1; House ofRepresentatives - percent of vote by party - PNP 46.3%, PPD 43.1%,PIP 9.7%; seats by party - PNP 32, PPD 18, PIP 1note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissionerto serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the USHouse of Representatives; aside from not voting on the House floor,he enjoys all the rights of a member of Congress; elections lastheld 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008); Luis FORTUNOelected resident commissioner; results - percent of vote by party -PNP 48.6%; seats by party - PNP 1
Judicial branch:Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance composed oftwo sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices forall these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of theSenate)
Political parties and leaders:National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS]; National RepublicanParty of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP(pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD(pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican IndependenceParty or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
Political pressure groups and leaders:Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known asLos Macheteros); note - the following radical groups are considereddormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces for NationalLiberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteersof the Puerto Rican Revolution
International organization participation:Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ITUC, UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCL, WFTU
Diplomatic representation in the US:none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
Diplomatic representation from the US:none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
Flag description:five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternatingwith white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearsa large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design initiallyinfluenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with thecolors of the bands and triangle reversed
Economy Puerto Rico
Economy - overview:Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbeanregion. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed agriculture asthe primary locus of economic activity and income. Encouraged byduty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms haveinvested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wagelaws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production andother livestock products as the main source of income in theagricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an importantsource of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5 milliontourists in 2004. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to theslowdown in the US economy, recovered in 2004-05, but declined againin 2006.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$74.89 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):NA (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:0.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):$19,100 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 45% services: 54% (2002 est.)
Labor force: 1.3 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 3% industry: 20% services: 77% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:12% (2002)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.5% (2003 est.)
Budget:revenues: $6.7 billionexpenditures: $9.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA(FY99/00)
Agriculture - products: sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock products, chickens
Industries:pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:NA%
Electricity - production:24.14 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.2% hydro: 0.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:22.45 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:721.8 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:234,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:NA bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:NA bbl/day (2001)
Natural gas - production:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:680 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - exports:0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports:680 million cu m (2004 est.)
Exports:$46.9 billion f.o.b. (2001)
Exports - commodities:chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverageconcentrates, medical equipment