United States The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $46,900. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. The war in March-April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national resources to the military. Hurricane Katrina caused extensive damage in the Gulf Coast region in August 2005, but had a small impact on overall GDP growth for the year. Soaring oil prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 threatened inflation and unemployment, as higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets. Imported oil accounts for about two-thirds of US consumption. Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. The merchandise trade deficit reached a record $819 billion in 2007 and $821 billion in 2008. The global economic downturn, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, investment bank failures, falling home prices, and tight credit pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and other industrial corporations. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover.
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refugesno economic activity
UruguayUruguay's economy is characterized by an export-orientedagricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels ofsocial spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually during1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major downturn,stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problemsof its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. In 2001-02, Argentinecitizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayanbanks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen, which led to aplunge in the Uruguayan peso, a banking crisis, and a sharp economiccontraction. Real GDP fell in four years by nearly 20%, with 2002the worst year. The unemployment rate rose, inflation surged, andthe burden of external debt doubled. Financial assistance from theIMF helped stem the damage. Uruguay restructured its external debtin 2003 without asking creditors to accept a reduction on theprincipal. Economic growth for Uruguay resumed, and averaged 8%annually during the period 2004-08.
UzbekistanUzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11%consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter andfifth largest producer; it relies heavily on cotton production asthe major source of export earnings and has come under increasinginternational criticism for the use of child labor in its annualcotton harvest. Other major export earners include gold, naturalgas, and oil. Following independence in September 1991, thegovernment sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy withsubsidies and tight controls on production and prices. While awareof the need to improve the investment climate, the government stillsponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, its controlover business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality ofincome distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society sinceindependence. In 2003, the government accepted Article VIIIobligations under the IMF, providing for full currencyconvertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening ofborders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have alsoled to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity.The Central Bank often delays or restricts convertibility,especially for consumer goods. Potential investment by Russia andChina in Uzbekistan's gas and oil industry, as well as increasedcooperation with South Korea in the realm of civil aviation, mayboost growth prospects. In November 2005, Russian President VladimirPUTIN and Uzbekistan President KARIMOV signed an "alliance," whichincluded provisions for economic and business cooperation. Russianbusinesses have shown increased interest in Uzbekistan, especiallyin mining, telecom, and oil and gas. In 2006, Uzbekistan took stepsto rejoin the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and theEurasian Economic Community (EurASEC), which it subsequently left in2008, both organizations dominated by Russia. Uzbek authorities haveaccused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan ofviolating Uzbek tax laws and have frozen their assets.
VanuatuThis South Pacific island economy is based primarily onsmall-scale agriculture, which provides a living for over 70% of thepopulation. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, withmore than 167,000 visitors in 2007 are other mainstays of theeconomy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no knownpetroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to thelocal market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economicdevelopment is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodityexports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances frommain markets and between constituent islands. In response to foreignconcerns, the government has promised to tighten regulation of itsoffshore financial center. In mid-2002, the government stepped upefforts to boost tourism through improved air connections, resortdevelopment, and cruise ship facilities. Agriculture, especiallylivestock farming, is a second target for growth. Australia and NewZealand are the main suppliers of tourists and foreign aid.
VenezuelaVenezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, whichaccount for roughly 90% of export earnings, about 50% of the federalbudget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. A nationwide strike betweenDecember 2002 and February 2003 had far-reaching economicconsequences - real GDP declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003- but economic output since then has recovered strongly. Fueled byhigh oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP byabout 10% in 2006, 8% in 2007, and nearly 5% in 2008. This spending,combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access todomestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at thecost of higher inflation - roughly 20% in 2007 and more than 30% in2008. Imports also have jumped significantly. Declining oil pricesin the latter part of 2008 are expected to undermine the govenment'sability to continue the high rate of spending. President Hugo CHAVEZin 2008 continued efforts to increase the government's contol of theeconomy by nationalizing firms in the cement and steel sectors. In2007, he nationalized firms in the petroleum, communications, andelectricity sectors. In July 2008, CHAVEZ implemented by decree anumber of laws that further consolidate and centralize authorityover the economy through his plan for "21st Century Socialism."
VietnamVietnam is a densely-populated developing country that inthe last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, theloss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and therigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Since 2001, Vietnameseauthorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economicliberalization and international integration. They have moved toimplement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy andto produce more competitive export-driven industries. Vietnam'smembership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into forceof the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 haveled to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economicregime. Vietnam's exports to the US increased 900% from 2001 to2007. Vietnam joined the WTO in January 2007 following over a decadelong negotiation process. WTO membership has provided Vietnam ananchor to the global market and reinforced the domestic economicreform process. Among other benefits, accession allows Vietnam totake advantage of the phase-out of the Agreement on Textiles andClothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTOpartners on 1 January 2005. Agriculture's share of economic outputhas continued to shrink from about 25% in 2000 to less than 20% in2008. Deep poverty has declined significantly and is now smallerthan that of China, India, and the Philippines. Vietnam is workingto create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that isgrowing by more than one-and-a-half million people every year. Theglobal financial crisis, however, will constrain Vietnam's abilityto create jobs and further reduce poverty. As global growth sharplydrops in 2009, Vietnam's export-oriented economy - exports were 68%of GDP in 2007 - will suffer from lower exports, higher unemploymentand corporate bankruptcies, and decreased foreign investment.
Virgin IslandsTourism is the primary economic activity, accountingfor 80% of GDP and employment. The islands hosted 2.6 millionvisitors in 2005. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleumrefining, rum distilling, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals,and watch assembly. One of the world's largest petroleum refineriesis at Saint Croix. The agricultural sector is small, with most foodbeing imported. International business and financial services aresmall but growing components of the economy. The islands arevulnerable to substantial damage from storms. The government isworking to improve fiscal discipline, to support constructionprojects in the private sector, to expand tourist facilities, toreduce crime, and to protect the environment.
Wake IslandEconomic activity is limited to providing services tomilitary personnel and contractors located on the island. All foodand manufactured goods must be imported.
Wallis and FutunaThe economy is limited to traditional subsistenceagriculture, with about 80% of labor force earnings from agriculture(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues comefrom French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights toJapan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriateworkers in New Caledonia.
West BankThe West Bank - the larger of the two areas comprising thePalestinian Authority (PA) - has experienced a general decline ineconomic conditions since the second intifada began in September2000. The downturn has been largely a result of Israeli closurepolicies - the imposition of closures and access restrictions inresponse to security concerns in Israel - which disrupted labor andtrading relationships. In 2001, and even more severely in 2002,Israeli military measures in PA areas resulted in the destruction ofcapital, the disruption of administrative structures, and widespreadbusiness closures. International aid of at least $1.14 billion tothe West Bank and Gaza Strip in 2004 prevented the complete collapseof the economy and allowed some reforms in the government'sfinancial operations. In 2005, high unemployment and limited tradeopportunities - due to continued closures both within the West Bankand externally - stymied growth. Israel's and the internationalcommunity's financial embargo of the PA when HAMAS ran the PA duringMarch 2006 - June 2007 interrupted the provision of PA socialservices and the payment of PA salaries. Since then the FAYYADgovernment in the West Bank has restarted salary payments and theprovision of services but would be unable to operate absent highlevels of international assistance.
Western SaharaWestern Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for thepopulation. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainableagricultural production, and most of the food for the urbanpopulation must be imported. Incomes in Western Sahara aresubstantially below the Moroccan level. The Moroccan Governmentcontrols all trade and other economic activities in Western Sahara.Morocco and the EU signed a four-year agreement in July 2006allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco,including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara.Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore foroil off the coast of Western Sahara, which has angered thePolisario. However, in 2006 the Polisario awarded similarexploration licenses in the disputed territory, which would comeinto force if Morocco and the Polisario resolve their dispute overWestern Sahara.
WorldGlobal output rose by 3.8% in 2008, down from 5.2% in 2007.Among major economies, growth was led by China (9.8%), Russia(7.4%), and India (7.3%). Worldwide, nations varied widely in theirgrowth results, with Macau (15%), Azerbaijan (13.2%), and Angola(11.6%), registering the highest. Growth rates slowed in all themajor industrial countries and most developing countries, because ofuncertainties in the financial markets and lowered consumerconfidence. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrockeconomic-political institution, is steadily losing control overinternational flows of people, goods, funds, and technology.Internally, the central government often finds its control overresources slipping as separatist regional movements - typicallybased on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successorstates of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, inIndia, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada. Externally, the centralgovernment is losing decisionmaking powers to international bodies,notably the EU. In Western Europe, governments face the difficultpolitical problem of channeling resources away from welfare programsin order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seekemployment. The addition of 80 million people each year to analready overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution,desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because oftheir own internal problems and priorities, the industrializedcountries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with thepoorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point ofview, are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of theeuro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse,poses economic risks because of varying levels of income andcultural and political differences among the participating nations.The terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated agrowing risk to global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by thereallocation of resources away from investment to anti-terroristprograms. The opening of war in March 2003 between a US-ledcoalition and Iraq added new uncertainties to global economicprospects. The complex political difficulties and the high economiccost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major globalproblems that continued through 2008.
YemenYemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,reported average annual growth in the range of 3-4% from 2000through 2007. In 2008, growth declined slightly as the price of oildropped and the slowing global economy reduced demand for oil.Yemen's economic fortunes depend mostly on declining oil resources,but the country is trying to diversify its earnings. In 2006, Yemenbegan an economic reform program designed to bolster non-oil sectorsof the economy and foreign investment. As a result of the program,international donors pledged about $5 billion for developmentprojects. A liquefied natural gas facility is scheduled to open in2009. Yemen has limited exposure to the international financialsystem and no capital markets, however, the global financial crisisprobably will reduce international aid in 2009.
ZambiaZambia's economy has experienced strong growth in recentyears, with real GDP growth in 2005-08 about 6% per year.Privatization of government-owned copper mines in the 1990s relievedthe government from covering mammoth losses generated by theindustry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining toreturn to profitability and spur economic growth. Copper output hasincreased steadily since 2004, due to higher copper prices andforeign investment. In 2005, Zambia qualified for debt relief underthe Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative, consisting ofapproximately USD 6 billion in debt relief. Zambia experienced abumper harvest in 2007, which helped to boost GDP and agriculturalexports and contain inflation. Although poverty continues to besignificant problem in Zambia, its economy has strengthened,featuring single-digit inflation, a relatively stable currency,decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Thedecline in world commodity prices and demand will hurt GDP growth in2009, and elections and campaign promises are likely to weakenZambia's improved fiscal stance.
ZimbabweThe government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety ofdifficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainablefiscal deficit, an overvalued official exchange rate,hyperinflation, and bare store shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement inthe war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds ofmillions of dollars from the economy. The government's land reformprogram, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged thecommercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports andforeign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabweinto a net importer of food products. The EU and the US provide foodaid on humanitarian grounds. Badly needed support from the IMF hasbeen suspended because of the government's arrears on past loans andthe government's unwillingness to enact reforms that would stabilizethe economy. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe routinely prints money tofund the budget deficit, causing the official annual inflation rateto rise from 32% in 1998, to 133% in 2004, 585% in 2005, past 1,000%in 2006, and 26,000% in November 2007, and to 11.2 million percentin 2008. Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell fromapproximately 1 (revalued) Zimbabwean dollar per US dollar in 2003to 30,000 per US dollar in September 2007.
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Field Listing :: Pipelines
This entry gives the lengths and types of pipelines for transporting products like natural gas, crude oil, or petroleum products. Country
Pipelines(km)
Afghanistangas 466 km (2008)
Albaniagas 339 km; oil 207 km (2008)
Algeriacondensate 1,937 km; gas 14,648 km; liquid petroleum gas2,933 km; oil 7,579 km (2008)
Angolagas 2 km; oil 87 km (2008)
Argentinagas 28,138 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 5,939 km;refined products 3,629 km (2008)
Armeniagas 2,233 km (2008)
Australiagas 27,105 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 3,258 km;oil/gas/water 1 km (2008)
Austriagas 2,721 km; oil 663 km; refined products 157 km (2008)
Azerbaijancondensate 1 km; gas 3,361 km; oil 1,424 km (2008)
Bahraingas 20 km; oil 32 km (2008)
Bangladeshgas 2,597 km (2008)
Belarusgas 5,250 km; oil 1,528 km; refined products 1,730 km (2008)
Belgiumgas 1,330 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2008)
Boliviagas 4,883 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,475 km;refined products 1,589 km (2008)
Brazilcondensate/gas 62 km; gas 9,892 km; liquid petroleum gas 353km; oil 4,517 km; refined products 4,465 km (2008)
Bruneigas 37 km; oil 18 km (2008)
Bulgariagas 2,926 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2008)
Burmagas 2,228 km; oil 558 km (2008)
Cameroonoil 889 km (2008)
Canadacrude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980km (2006)
Chadoil 250 km (2008)
Chilegas 2,676 km; liquid petroleum gas 519 km; oil 892 km; refinedproducts 769 km (2008)
Chinagas 28,132 km; oil 20,204 km; refined products 9,746 km (2008)
Colombiagas 4,560 km; oil 6,094 km; refined products 3,383 km (2008)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the gas 37 km; oil 39 km; refined products 756 km (2008)
Congo, Republic of thegas 7 km; oil 207 km (2008)
Costa Ricarefined products 796 km (2008)
Cote d'Ivoirecondensate 86 km; gas 180 km; oil 92 km (2008)
Croatiagas 1,327 km; oil 583 km (2008)
Cubagas 41 km; oil 230 km (2008)
Czech Republicgas 7,010 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km(2008)
Denmarkgas 2,858 km; oil 107 km (2008)
Ecuadorextra heavy crude 435 km; gas 5 km; oil 1,374 km; refinedproducts 1,301 km (2008)
Egyptcondensate 320 km; condensate/gas 13 km; gas 5,586 km; liquidpetroleum gas 956 km; oil 4,314 km; oil/gas/water 3 km; refinedproducts 895 km; unknown 59 km; water 9 km (2008)
Equatorial Guineagas 38 km (2008)
Estoniagas 859 km (2008)
Finlandgas 694 km (2008)
Francegas 14,688 km; oil 3,036 km; refined products 5,080 km (2008)
Gabongas 240 km; oil 723 km (2008)
Georgiagas 1,591 km; oil 1,253 km (2008)
Germanygas 24,364 km; oil 3,379 km; refined products 3,843 km (2008)
Ghanaoil 5 km; refined products 309 km (2008)
Greecegas 1,197 km; oil 75 km (2008)
Guatemalaoil 480 km (2008)
Hungarygas 4,407 km; oil 987 km; refined products 335 km (2008)
Indiacondensate/gas 2 km; gas 6,061 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,156km; oil 7,678 km; refined products 6,876 km (2008)
Indonesiacondensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,797 km; oil5,721 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km; water 44km (2008)
Irancondensate 7 km; condensate/gas 12 km; gas 19,246 km; liquidpetroleum gas 570 km; oil 7,018 km; refined products 7,936 km (2008)
Iraqgas 2,501 km; liquid petroleum gas 918 km; oil 5,418 km;refined products 1,637 km (2008)
Irelandgas 1,550 km (2008)
Israelgas 176 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2008)
Italygas 17,544 km; oil 1,241 km (2008)
Japangas 3,862 km; oil 167 km; oil/gas/water 53 km (2008)
Jordangas 439 km; oil 49 km (2008)
Kazakhstancondensate 658 km; gas 11,146 km; oil 10,376 km; refinedproducts 1,095 km; water 1,465 km (2008)
Kenyaoil 4 km; refined products 928 km (2008)
Korea, Northoil 154 km (2008)
Korea, Southgas 1,423 km; refined products 827 km (2008)
Kuwaitgas 269 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2008)
Kyrgyzstangas 254 km; oil 16 km (2008)
Laosrefined products 540 km (2008)
Latviagas 948 km; refined products 415 km (2008)
Lebanongas 43 km (2008)
Libyacondensate 776 km; gas 2,860 km; oil 6,987 km (2008)
Liechtensteingas 20 km (2008)
Lithuaniagas 1,695 km; refined products 114 km (2008)
Luxembourggas 155 km (2008)
Macedoniagas 268 km; oil 120 km (2008)
Malaysiacondensate 3 km; gas 1,965 km; oil 31 km; refined products114 km (2008)
Mexicogas 22,705 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,875 km; oil 8,688 km;oil/gas/water 228 km; refined products 6,520 km (2006)
Moldovagas 1,906 km (2008)
Moroccogas 830 km; oil 439 km (2008)
Mozambiquegas 918 km; refined products 278 km (2008)
Netherlandsgas 3,816 km; oil 365 km; refined products 716 km (2008)
New Zealandcondensate 331 km; gas 1,838 km; liquid petroleum gas172 km; oil 288 km; refined products 198 km (2008)
Nicaraguaoil 54 km (2008)
Nigeriacondensate 21 km; gas 2,560 km; liquid petroleum gas 97 km;oil 3,396 km; refined products 4,090 km (2008)
Norwaycondensate 31 km; gas 64 km (2008)
Omangas 4,126 km; oil 3,558 km; refined products 263 km (2008)
Pakistangas 10,402 km; oil 2,076 km; refined products 792 km (2008)
Papua New Guineaoil 195 km (2008)
Peruextra heavy crude 533 km; gas 1,078 km; liquid petroleum gas654 km; oil 1,018 km; refined products 15 km (2008)
Philippinesoil 107 km; refined products 112 km (2008)
Polandgas 13,631 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2008)
Portugalgas 1,098 km; oil 11 km; refined products 188 km (2008)
Qatarcondensate 145 km; condensate/gas 132 km; gas 978 km; liquidpetroleum gas 90 km; oil 382 km (2008)
Romaniagas 3,588 km; oil 2,424 km (2008)
Russiacondensate 122 km; gas 158,767 km; liquid petroleum gas 127km; oil 74,285 km; refined products 13,658 km; water 23 km (2008)
Saudi Arabiacondensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas1,183 km; oil 4,239 km; refined products 1,148 km (2008)
Senegalgas 43 km; refined products 8 km (2008)
Serbiagas 1,921 km; oil 323 km (2008)
Singaporegas 106 km (2008)
Slovakiagas 6,769 km; oil 416 km (2008)
Sloveniagas 840 km; oil 11 km (2008)
South Africacondensate 11 km; gas 908 km; oil 980 km; refinedproducts 1,379 km (2008)
Spaingas 7,738 km; oil 560 km; refined products 3,445 km (2008)
Sudangas 156 km; oil 4,070 km; refined products 1,613 km (2008)
Surinameoil 50 km (2008)
Swedengas 786 km (2008)
Switzerlandgas 1,662 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2008)
Syriagas 2,900 km; oil 2,000 km (2008)
Taiwangas 406 km (2008)
Tajikistangas 549 km; oil 38 km (2008)
Tanzaniagas 253 km; oil 888 km; refined products 8 km (2008)
Thailandgas 1,348 km; refined products 323 km (2008)
Trinidad and Tobagogas 659 km; oil 336 km (2008)
Tunisiagas 2,102 km; oil 1,195 km; refined products 372 km (2008)
Turkeygas 7,555 km; oil 3,636 km (2008)
Turkmenistangas 6,417 km; oil 1,457 km (2008)
Ukrainegas 33,327 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2008)
United Arab Emiratescondensate 458 km; gas 2,129 km; liquidpetroleum gas 220 km; oil 1,310 km; refined products 212 km; water90 km (2008)
United Kingdomcondensate 43 km; gas 7,541 km; liquid petroleum gas59 km; oil 699 km; refined products 4,417 km (2008)
United Statespetroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km(2006)
Uruguaygas 226 km; oil 155 km (2008)
Uzbekistangas 9,706 km; oil 868 km (2008)
Venezuelaextra heavy crude 980 km; gas 5,036 km; oil 6,695 km;refined products 1,484 km; unknown 141 km (2008)
Vietnamcondensate/gas 42 km; gas 66 km; refined products 206 km(2008)
Yemengas 96 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,367 km (2008)
Zambiaoil 771 km (2008)
Zimbabwerefined products 270 km (2008)
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@2118
Field Listing :: Political parties and leaders
This entry includes a listing of significant political organizationsand their leaders.Country
Political parties and leaders
AfghanistanAfghanistan Peoples' Treaty Party [Sayyed Amir TAHSEEN];Afghanistan's Islamic Mission Organization [Abdul Rasoul SAYYAF];Afghanistan's Islamic Nation Party [Toran Noor Aqa Ahmad ZAI];Afghanistan's National Islamic Party [Rohullah LOUDIN];Afghanistan's Welfare Party [Meer Asef ZAEEFI]; Afghan SocialDemocratic Party [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; Afghan Society for the Call tothe Koran and Sunna [Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; ComprehensiveMovement of Democracy and Development of Afghanistan Party [SherMohammad BAZGAR]; Democratic Party of Afghanistan [Tawos ARAB];Democratic Party of Afghanistan [Abdul Kabir RANJBAR]; Elites Peopleof Afghanistan Party [Abdul Hamid JAWAD]; Freedom and DemocracyMovement of Afghanistan [Abdul Raqib Jawid KOHISTANEE]; FreedomParty of Afghanistan [Ilaj Abdul MALEK]; Freedom Party ofAfghanistan [Dr. Ghulam Farooq NEJRABEE]; Hizullah-e-Afghanistan[Qari Ahmad ALI]; Human Rights Protection and Development Party ofAfghanistan [Baryalai NASRATI]; Islamic Justice Party of Afghanistan[Mohammad Kabir MARZBAN]; Islamic Movement of Afghanistan [MohammadAli JAWID]; Islamic Movement of Afghanistan Party [Mohammad MukhtarMUFLEH]; Islamic Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad Khalid FAROOQI,Abdul Hadi ARGHANDIWAL]; Islamic Party of the Afghan Land [MohammadHassan FEROZKHEL]; Islamic People's Movement of Afghanistan [IlhajSaid Hussain ANWARY]; Islamic Society of Afghanistan [UstadRABBANI]; Islamic Unity of the Nation of Afghanistan Party [QurbanAli URFANI]; Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad KarimKHALILI]; Islamic Unity Party of the People of Afghanistan [UstadMohammad MOHAQQEQ]; Labor and Progress of Afghanistan Party[Zulfiqar OMID]; Muslim People of Afghanistan Party [BesmellahJOYAN]; Muslim Unity Movement Party of Afghanistan [Wazir MohammadWAHDAT]; National and Islamic Sovereignty Movement Party ofAfghanistan [Ahmad Shah AHMADZAI]; National Congress Party ofAfghanistan [Abdul Latif PEDRAM]; National Country Party [GhulamMOHAMMAD]; National Development Party of Afghanistan [Dr. ArefBAKTASH]; National Freedom Seekers Party [Abdul Hadi DABEER];National Independence Party of Afghanistan [Taj Mohammad WARDAK];National Islamic Fighters Party of Afghanistan [Amanat NINGARHAREE];National Islamic Front of Afghanistan [Pir Sayed Ahmad GAILANEE];National Islamic Moderation Party of Afghanistan [Qara Bik EizedYAAR]; National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan [Sayed NOORULLAH]National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad AKBAREE];National Movement of Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOOUD]; NationalParty of Afghanistan [Abdul Rashid ARYAN]; National Patch ofAfghanistan Party [Sayed Kamal SADAT]; National Peace Islamic Partyof Afghanistan [Shah Mohammood Popal ZAI]; National Peace & IslamicParty of the Tribes of Afghanistan [Abdul Qaher SHARIATEE]; NationalPeace & Unity Party of Afghanistan [Abdul Qader IMAMI]; NationalProsperity and Islamic Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad OsmanSALEKZADA]; National Prosperity Party [Mohammad Hassan JAHFAREE];National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan [Pir Sayed EshaqGAILANEE]; National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan [Sayed MansoorNADREEI]; National Sovereignty Party [Sayed Mustafa KAZEMI];National Stability Party [Mohammad Same KHAROTI]; National StanceParty [Habibullah JANEBDAR]; National Tribal Unity Islamic Party ofAfghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANI]; National United Front[Burhanuddin RABBANI] (a coalition); National Unity Movement [SultanMohammad GHAZI]; National Unity Movement of Afghanistan [MohammadNadir AATASH]; National Unity Party of Afghanistan [Abdul RashidJALILI]; New Afghanistan Party [Mohammad Yunis QANUNI]; Peace andNational Welfare Activists Society [Shamsul Haq Noor SHAMS]; PeaceMovement [Shahnawaz TANAI]; People's Aspirations Party ofAfghanistan [Ilhaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE]; People's Freedom SeekersParty of Afghanistan [Feda Mohammad EHSAS]; People's Liberal FreedomSeekers Party of Afghanistan [Ajmal SUHAIL]; People's Message Partyof Afghanistan [Noor Aqa WAINEE]; People's Movement of the NationalUnity of Afghanistan [Abdul Hakim NOORZAI]; People's Party ofAfghanistan [Ahmad Shah ASAR]; People's Prosperity Party ofAfghanistan [Ustad Mohammad ZAREEF]; People's Sovereignty Movementof Afghanistan [Hayatullah SUBHANEE]; People's Uprising Party ofAfghanistan [Sayed Zahir Qayed Omul BELADI]; People's Welfare Partyof Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASIQ]; People's Welfare Party ofAfghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ]; Progressive Democratic Partyof Afghanistan [Wali ARYA]; Republican Party [Sebghatullah SANJAR];Solidarity Party of Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT]; TheAfghanistan's Mujahid Nation's Islamic Unity Movement [SaeedullahSAEED]; The People of Afghanistan's Democratic Movement [SharifNAZARI]; Tribes Solidarity Party of Afghanistan [Mohammad ZarifNASERI]; Understanding and Democracy Party of Afghanistan [AhamadSHAHEEN]United Afghanistan Party [Mohammad Wasil RAHIMEE]; United IslamicParty of Afghanistan [Wahidullah SABAWOON]; Young Afghanistan'sIslamic Organization [Sayed Jawad HUSSINEE]; Youth Solidarity Partyof Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil KARZAI]; note - includes onlypolitical parties approved by the Ministry of Justice
AlbaniaAgrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA]; Communist Party ofAlbania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or AD[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; G99 PoliticalMovement [Erion VELIAJ]; Liberal Union Party or BLD [Arjan STAROVA];National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Artur ROSHI]; NewDemocratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Republican Party or PR [FatmirMEDIU]; Social Democracy Party of Albania or PDSSh [Paskal MILO];Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; SocialistMovement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS[Edi RAMA]; Socialist Party 1991 [Petro KOCI]; Union for HumanRights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]
AlgeriaAhd 54 [Ali Fauzi REBAINE]; Algerian National Front or FNA[Moussa TOUATI]; National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement NationalDemocratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]; National Liberation Front orFLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general]; National ReformMovement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Ahmed ABDESLAM]; Rally for Cultureand Democracy or RCD [Said SADI]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahdaMovement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine AitAHMED]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enactedin March 1997
American SamoaDemocratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party[Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO]
AndorraAndorra for Change [Juan Eusebio NOMEN CALVET]; New Center[Vicenc MATEU] (formerly Andorran Democratic Center Party); LiberalParty of Andorra or PLA [Joan Gabriel i ESTANY] (formerly LiberalUnion or UL); Reformist Coalition (includes the Liberal Party andNew Center) [Joan Gabriel i ESTANY]; Social Democratic Party or PS[Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY] (formerly part of National Democratic Groupor AND)
AngolaNational Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [NgolaKABANGU]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola orUNITA (largest opposition party) [Isaias SAMAKUVA]; Popular Movementfor the Liberation of Angola or MPLA (ruling party in power since1975) [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS]; Social Renewal Party or PRS[Eduardo KUANGANA]note: nine other parties participated in the legislative election inSeptember but won no seats
AnguillaAnguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, VictorBANKS] (a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and theAnguilla National Alliance or ANA); Anguilla United Movement or AUM[Hubert HUGHES]; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy ROGERS];Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL]; Barbuda People'sMovement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; Barbuda People's Movement forChange [Arthur NIBBS]; United Progressive Party or UPP [BaldwinSPENCER] (a coalition of three parties - Antigua CaribbeanLiberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor Movement or PLM,United National Democratic Party or UNDP)
ArgentinaCoalicion Civica (a broad coalition loosely affiliatedwith Elisa CARRIO); Front for Victory or FpV (a broad coalition,including elements of the UCR and numerous provincial parties)[Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad coalition ofapproximately 12 parties including PRO); Justicialist Party or PJ[Nestor KIRCHNER]; Radical Civic Union or UCR [Gerardo MORALES];Republican Proposal or PRO [Mauricio MACRI] (including FederalRecreate Movement or RECREAR [Esteban BULLRICH]; Socialist Party orPS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia BULLRICH]; severalprovincial parties
ArmeniaArmenian National Congress or ANC [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN];Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN]; ArmenianPeople's Party [Tigran KARAPETIAN]; Armenian Ramkavar Azadagan PartyAlliance or HRAK (includes former Dashink Party, National RevivalParty, and Ramkavar Liberal Party); Armenian RevolutionaryFederation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARIAN]; HeritageParty [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN]; National Democratic Party [ShavarshKOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN];National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMIAN]; People's Party of Armenia[Stepan DEMIRCHIAN]; Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSAROUKIAN]; RepublicParty [Aram SARKISIAN]; Republican Party of Armenia or HHK [SerzhSARGSIAN]; Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) [Artur BAGHDASARIAN];Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURIAN]; United LaborParty [Gurgen ARSENIAN]
ArubaAliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; ArubanLiberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban PatrioticMovement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People'sElectoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracyor PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platformor PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]
AustraliaAustralian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [BobBROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party[Terry MILLS]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party[Malcolm TURNBULL]; The Nationals [Warren TRUSS]
AustriaAlliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Josef BUCHER];Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Josef PROELL]; Freedom Party ofAustria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic Partyof Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN]; The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG]
AzerbaijanAzadliq (Freedom) coalition (Popular Front Party, LiberalParty, Citizens' Development Party); Azerbaijan Democratic Party orADP [Sardar JALALOGLU]; Azerbaijan Democratic Reforms Party (ADRP)Youth Movement [Ramin HAJILI]; Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF, nowsplit in two [Ali KARIMLI, leader of "Reform" APF party; MirmahmudMIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic" APF party]; Azerbaijan Public Forum[Eldar NAMAZOV]; Citizens' Development Party [Ali ALIYEV]; CivilSolidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Dalga Youth Movement[Vafa JAFAROVA]; Green Party [Mais GULALIYEV and Tarana MAMMADOVA];Hope (Umid) Party [Iqbal AGAZADE]; Ireli Youth Movement [JeyhunOSMANLI, Roya TALIBOVA, Farhad MAMMADOV, Elnara GARIBOVA, ElnurMAMMADOV, Ziya ALIYEV]; Justice Party [Ilyas ISMAILOV]; LiberalParty of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA]; Magam Youth Movement[Emin HUSEYNOV]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; Musavat(Equality) [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; Musavat Party Youth Movement[Elnur MAMMADLI]; National Democratic Party or Grey Wolves(Nationalist, Pan-Turkic) [Iskender HAMIDOV]; Open Society Party[Rasul GULIYEV, in exile in the US]; Party for National Independenceof Azerbaijan or PNIA [Ayaz RUSTAMOV]; Popular Front Party YouthMovement [Seymur KHAZIYEV]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan orSDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV (in exile)]; TurkishNationalist Party [Vugar BAYTURAN]; United Azerbaijan Party [KarrarABILOV]; United Azerbaijan National Unity Party [Hajibaba AZIMOV];United Party [Tahir KARIMLI]; Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party [PresidentIlham ALIYEV]; Yeni Azerbaijan Party Youth Movement [Ramil HASANOV];Yox (No) Youth Movement [Ali ISMAYILOV]note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties;
Bahamas, TheFree National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM];Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrainpolitical parties prohibited but political societies werelegalized per a July 2005 law
BangladeshAwami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh CommunistParty or BCP [Manjurul A. KHAN]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP[Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq AMINI];Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI]; JatiyaParty or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party(Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]; Liberal Democratic Party orLDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]
BarbadosBarbados Labor Party or BLP [Mia MOTTLEY]; Democratic LaborParty or DLP [David THOMPSON]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP[David COMISSIONG]
Belaruspro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [MikhailSHIMANSKY]; Communist Party of Belarus or KPB; Belarusian PatrioticMovement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH,chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH]; RepublicanParty of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV]; Social-Sports Party[Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]opposition parties: Belarusian Christian Democracy Party(unregistered) [Pavel SEVERINETS]; Belarusian Party of Communists orPKB [Sergey KALYAKIN]; Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered)[Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV, Leonid LEMESHONAK]; Belarusian Popular Frontor BPF [Levon BARSHCHEVSKIY]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada[Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH]; Belarusian Social Democratic Party Hramada(People's Assembly) or BSDPH [Anatoliy LEVKOVICH]; EuropeanCoalition [Nikolay STATKEVICH]; Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO]; Party ofFreedom and Progress (unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD]; UnitedCivic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]; Women's Party Hope (Nadezhda)[Valentina MATUSEVICH, chairperson]other opposition includes: Christian Conservative BPF [ZyanonPAZNIAK]; Ecological Party of Greens [Mikhail KARTASH]; Party ofPopular Accord [Sergey YERMAKK]; Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]
BelgiumFlemish parties: Christian Democratic and Flemish or CDV[Marianne THYSSEN]; Dedecker List [Jean-Marie DEDECKER]; FlemishLiberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Bart SOMERS]; Groen! [MiekeVOGELS] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens); New Flemish Alliance orN-VA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Liberal Party or SLP [Geert LAMBERT];note - prior to 19 April 2008, known as Spirit; Social ProgressiveAlternative or SP.A [Caroline GENNEZ]; Vlaams Belang (FlemishInterest) or VB [Bruno VALKENIERS]Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,Isabelle DURANT]; Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [JoelleMILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel HUYGENS]; Reform Movement orMR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]; otherminor parties
BelizeNational Alliance for Belizean Rights or NABR; NationalReform Party or NRP [Cornelius DUECK]; People's National Party orPNP [Wil MAHEIA]; People's United Party or PUP [John BRICENO];United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean BARROW]; Vision Inspired by thePeople or VIP [Paul MORGAN]; We the People Reform Movement or WTP[Hipolito BAUTISTA]
BeninAlliance for Dynamic Democracy or ADD; Alliance of ProgressForces or AFP; African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP[Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Benin Renaissance or RB [Rosine SOGLO];Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Force Cowriefor an Emerging Benin or FCBE; Impulse for Progress and Democracy orIPD [Theophile NATA]; Key Force or FC [Lazare SEHOUETO]; Movementfor the People's Alternative or MAP [Olivier CAPO-CHICHI]; Rally forDemocracy and Progress or RDP [Dominique HOUNGNINOU]; SocialDemocrat Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU]; Union for the Relief or UPR[Issa SALIFOU]; Union for Democracy and National Solidarity or UDS[Sacca LAFIA]note: approximately 20 additional minor parties
BermudaProgressive Labor Party or PLP [Ewart BROWN]; United BermudaParty or UBP [Kim SWAN]
BhutanBhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) orDPT [Jigme THINLEY]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [TsheringTOBGAY]
BoliviaFree Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; MovementToward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]; Movement WithoutFear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; National Revolutionary Movement orMNR [Mirta QUEVEDO]; National Unity [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana];Poder Democratico Nacional or PODEMOS [Jorge Fernando QUIROGARamirez]; Social Alliance [Rene JOAQUINO]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlliance of Independent Social Democrats orSNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC];Bosnian Patriotic Party of BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic DemocraticParty or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic Union ofBosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party of Rightsor HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS [Marko TADIC];Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BH[Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ1990 [BozoLJUBIC]; Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic NationalUnion or DNZ [Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Party of DP [Dragan CAVIC];Democratic Peoples Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]; Liberal DemocraticParty or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; Nasa Stranka or NS [Bojan BAJIC]; NewCroat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia andHerzegovina or SBiH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Actionor SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party for Work and Progress or RzB [MladenIVANKOVIC-LIJANOVIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [MladenIVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb RadicalParty of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; SerbRadical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC];Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; SocialDemocratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party ofRepublika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]
BotswanaBotswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim LepetuSETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Gilson SALESHANDO];Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Daniel KWELAGOBE]; BotswanaNational Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party orBPP [Bernard BALIKANI]; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS [ThembaJOINA]; New Democratic Front or NDF [Dick BAYFORD]note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form theBAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes theUnited Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the IndependenceFreedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union[D. K. KWELE]
BrazilBrazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal DeputyMichel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON];Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz];Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS SANTOS];Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Sergio GUERRA];Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Governor Eduardo Henrique AcciolyCAMPOS]; Christian Labor Party or PTC [Daniel TOURINHO]; CommunistParty of Brazil or PCdoB [Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic LaborParty or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]; the Democrats or DEM (formerlyLiberal Front Party or PFL) [Federal Deputy Rodrigo MAIA]; Freedomand Socialism Party or PSOL [Heloisa HELENA]; Green Party or PV[Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of Solidarity or PHS[Paulo Roberto MATOS]; Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [Luis Henriquede Oliveira RESENDE]; Liberal Front Party or PFL (now known as theDemocrats or DEM); National Mobilization Party or PMN [Oscar NoronhaFILHO]; Party of the Republic or PR [Sergio TAMER]; PopularSocialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Fernando CORUJA]; ProgressiveParty or PP [Francisco DORNELLES]; Social Christian Party or PSC[Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo JoseRibeiro BERZOINI]
British Virgin IslandsConcerned Citizens Movement or CCM [EthlynSMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; UnitedParty or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.O'NEAL]
BruneiNational Development Party or NDP [YASSIN Affendi]note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF binChuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN binHaji Ahmad] were deregistered; parties are small and have limitedactivity
BulgariaATAKA (Attack Coalition) (coalition of parties headed bythe Attack National Union); Attack National Union [Volen SIDEROV];Agrarian National Union or ANU [Stefan LICHEV]; Blue Coalition (acoalition of center-right parties dominated by UDF and DSB);Bulgarian New Democracy [Borislav RALCHEV]; Bulgarian SocialistParty or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]; Citizens for the EuropeanDevelopment of Bulgaria or GERB [Tsvetan TSVETANOV]; Coalition forBulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by BSP) [SergeiSTANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV];Gergyovden [Petar STOYANOVICH]; Internal Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Liberal Initiative forDemocratic European Development or LIDER [Khristo KOVACHKI];Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; MovementForward (LIDER, IMRO, ANU, Gergyovden); National Movement forStability and Progress or NDSV [Simeon SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA] (formerlyNational Movement Simeon II or NMS2); New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV];Order, Law, Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV]; Union of Democratic Forcesor UDF [Martin DIMITROV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD [StefanSOFIYANSKI]; United Agrarians [Anastasia MOZER]
Burkina FasoAfrican Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy andFederation or ADF-RDA [Gilbert OUEDRAOGO]; Citizen's Popular Rallyor RPC [Antoine QUARE]; Coalition of Democratic Forces of Burkina orCFD-B [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for Democracy and Progressor CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Democratic and Popular Rally orRDP [Nana THIBAUT]; Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP[Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE]; Party for African Independence or PAI[Soumane TOURE]; Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party orPDP-PS [Ali LANKOANDE]; Party for Democracy and Socialism or PDS[Felix SOUBEIGA]; Party for National Rebirth or PAREN [JeanneTRAORE]; Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [AntoineKARGOUGOU]; Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [RamOUEDRAGO]; Republican Party for Integration and Solidarity or PARIS;Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Fidele HIEN]; Unionfor Rebirth - Sankarist Movement or UNIR-MS [Benewende STANISLAS];Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]; Union ofSankarist Parties or UPS [Ernest Nongma OUEDRAOGO]
BurmaNational League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, AUNG SAN SUUKYI]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-regime) [TUN YE]; ShanNationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; andnumerous other smaller parties
Burundigoverning parties: Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU[Leonce NGENDAKUMANA]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy- Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [JeremieNGENDAKUMANA]; Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA]note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD [LeonardNYANGOMA]; National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation ofthe Citizen or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Partyfor National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]
CambodiaCambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Human RightsParty or HRP [KHEM SOKHA, also spelled KEM SOKHA]; National UnitedFront for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and CooperativeCambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI]; Norodom Ranariddh Party orNRP [CHHIM SEAK LENG]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI, alsospelled SAM RAINSY]
CameroonCameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]; Movementfor the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movementfor the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [MarcelYONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [MaigariBELLO BOUBA]; Progressive Movement or MP; Social Democratic Front orSDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [AugustinFrederic KODOCK]
CanadaBloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada[Stephen HARPER] (a merger of the Canadian Alliance and theProgressive Conservative Party); Green Party [Elizabeth MAY];Liberal Party [Michael IGNATIEFF]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]
Cape VerdeAfrican Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Christian Party orPDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]; Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [VictorFIDALGO]; Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID[Antonio MONTEIRO]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Jorge SANTOS];Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]; Partyof Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES]; Social DemocraticParty or PSD [Joao ALEM]
Cayman IslandsUnited Democratic Party or UDP [McKeeva BUSH];People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Kurt TIBBETTS]
Central African RepublicAlliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [AndreKOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; DemocraticForum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal DemocraticParty or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Londo Association or LONDO;Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO];Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC[Ange-Felix PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); NationalConvergence or KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [AbelGOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre SammyMAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; SocialDemocratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]
ChadFederation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR];National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa KassireKOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [SalehKEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni OumarMahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat SalehAHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [LolMahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. WadalAbdelkader KAMOUGUE]
ChileAlliance for Chile (Alianza) or APC (including NationalRenewal or RN [Carlos LARRAIN Pena] and Independent Democratic Unionor UDI [Juan Antonio COLOMA Correa]); Coalition of Parties forDemocracy (Concertacion) or CPD (including Christian DemocraticParty or PDC [Juan Carlos LATORRE Carmona], Socialist Party or PS[Camilo ESCALONA Medina], Party for Democracy or PPD [Pepe AUTHStewart], and Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose AntonioGOMEZ Urrutia]); Communist Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER delValle]; Humanist Party [Marilen CABRERA Olmos]
ChinaChinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registeredsmall parties controlled by CCP
Christmas Islandnone
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsnone
ColombiaColombian Conservative Party or PC [Efrain Jose CEPEDASarabia]; Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Carlos GAVIRIA Diaz];Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo]; Radical Change or CR[German VARGAS Lleras]; Social National Unity Party or U Party[Carlos FERRO Solanilla]note: Colombia has 15 formally recognized political parties, andnumerous unofficial parties that did not meet the vote threshold inthe March 2006 legislative elections required for recognition
ComorosConvention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALIAssowmani]; Camp of the Autonomous Islands or CdIA (a coalition ofparties organized by the islands' presidents in opposition to theUnion President); Front National pour la Justice or FNJ [AhmedRACHID] (Islamic party in opposition); Mouvement pour la Democratieet le Progress or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Parti Comorien pour laDemocratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; RassemblementNational pour le Development or RND [Omar TAMOU, AbdoulhamidAFFRAITANE]
Congo, Democratic Republic of theChristian Democrat Party or PDC[Jose ENDUNDO]; Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [AzariasRUBERWA]; Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC; Forces ofRenewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI]; Movement for the Liberation of theCongo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA]; People's Party for Reconstructionand Democracy or PPRD [Joseph KABILA]; Social Movement for Renewalor MSR [Pierre LUMBI]; Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [AntoineGIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [EtienneTSHISEKEDI]; Union of Mobutuist Democrats or UDEMO [MOBUTU Nzanga]
Congo, Republic of theAction Movement for Renewal or MAR; CongoleseMovement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [MichelMAMPOUYA]; Congolese Labour Party or PCT; Movement for Solidarityand Development or MSD; Pan-African Union for Social Development orUPADS [Martin MBERI]; Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP;Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-PierreThystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republicor RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic orUDR; United Democratic Forces or FDU [Sebastian EBAO]; many lessimportant parties
Cook IslandsCook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]; DemocraticParty or Demo [Dr. Terepai MAOATE]
Costa RicaAuthentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; CitizenAction Party or PAC [Epsy CAMPBELL Barr]; Costa Rican RenovationParty or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Partyor PFD [Marco NUNEZ Gonzalez]; General Union Party or PUGEN [CarlosAlberto FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGASFallas]; Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBEROCarmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora];National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; NationalLiberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO Fernandez];National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas];National Restoration Party or PRN [Fabio Enrique DELGADO Hernandez];National Union Party or PUN [Arturo ACOSTA Mora]; NationalistDemocratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; PatrioticUnion or UP [Jose Miguel CORRALES Bolanos]; Social Christian UnityParty or PUSC [Luis FISHMAN Zonzinski]; Union for Change Party orUPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti]; United Leftist Coalition or IU[Humberto VARGAS Carbonel]
Cote d'IvoireCitizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Theodore MEL EG];Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE];Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Pascale Affi N'GUESSAN]; IvorianWorker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Opposition Movement of theFuture or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY]; Rally of the Republicans orRDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and Peace in Coted'Ivoire or UDPCI [Toikeuse MABRI]; over 144 smaller registeredparties
CroatiaCroatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja orHDSSB [Vladimir SISLJAGIC]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [IvoSANADER]; Croatian Party of the Right or HSP [Anto DJAPIC]; CroatianPeasant Party or HSS [Josip FRISCIC]; Croatian Pensioner Party orHSU [Silvano HRELJA]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [RadimirCACIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Djurdja ADLESIC];Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC];Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; SocialDemocratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zoran MILANOVIC]