Sloveniaadopted 23 December 1991, amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July2000
Solomon Islands7 July 1978
Somalia25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known asthe Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa10 December 1996; note - certified by theConstitutional Court on 4 December 1996; was signed by thenPresident MANDELA on 10 December 1996; and entered into effect on 4February 1997
Spainapproved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum6 December 1978; signed by the king 27 December 1978
Sri Lankaadopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended20 December 2001
SudanInterim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005note: under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Interim NationalConstitution was ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of SouthernSudan was signed December 2005
Surinameratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987
Swazilandsigned by the King in July 2005; went into effect on 8February 2006
Sweden1 January 1975
Switzerlandrevision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the FederalParliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria13 March 1973
Taiwanadopted on 25 December 1946; promulgated on 1 January 1947;effective 25 December 1947; amended numerous times
Tajikistan6 November 1994
Tanzania25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand24 August 2007
Timor-Leste20 May 2002 (effective date)
Togoadopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelauadministered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amendedin 1970
Tonga4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago1 August 1976
Tunisia1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey7 November 1982; amended 17 May 1987, 1995, 2001, 2007 and2010; note - amendment passed by referendum concerning presidentialelections on 21 October 2007
Turkmenistanadopted 26 September 2008
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands Constitution(Interim Amendment) Order 2009, S.I. 2009/701 - effective 14 August2009 - suspended Ministerial government, the House of Assembly, andthe constitutional right to trial by jury, and imposed directBritish rule
Tuvalu1 October 1978
Uganda8 October 1995; amended in 2005note: the amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits andlegalized a multiparty political system
Ukraineadopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdomunwritten; partly statutes, partly common law andpractice
United States17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistanadopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu30 July 1980
Venezuela30 December 1999
Vietnam15 April 1992
Virgin IslandsRevised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidentialterm limits
Zimbabwe21 December 1979
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Field Listing ::
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@2065
Field Listing ::
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@2066
Field Listing :: Death rate
This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population. Country Comparison to the World Country
Death rate(deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan17.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Albania6.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Algeria4.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
American Samoa4.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Andorra6.21 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Angola23.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Anguilla4.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda5.77 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Argentina7.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Armenia8.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Aruba7.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Australia6.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Austria10.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Azerbaijan8.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bahamas, The6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bahrain4.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bangladesh5.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Barbados8.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Belarus13.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Belgium10.5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Belize5.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Benin9.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bermuda7.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bhutan7.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bolivia6.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina8.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Botswana9.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Brazil6.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
British Virgin Islands4.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Brunei3.32 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Bulgaria14.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Burkina Faso13.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Burma8.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Burundi9.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cambodia8.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cameroon12.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Canada7.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cape Verde6.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cayman Islands5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Central African Republic 15.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Chad15.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Chile5.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
China6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Christmas IslandNA
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNA
Colombia5.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Comoros7.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the11.39 deaths/1,000 population(July 2010 est.)
Congo, Republic of the11.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cook Islands7.22 deaths/1,000 population NA
Costa Rica4.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire10.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Croatia11.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Cuba7.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Curacao8 deaths/1,000 population (2009)
Cyprus6.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Czech Republic10.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Denmark10.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Djibouti8.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Dominica8.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Dominican Republic4.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Ecuador5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Egypt4.85 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
El Salvador5.61 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Equatorial Guinea9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Eritrea8.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Estonia13.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Ethiopia11.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
European Union10.33 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)NA
Faroe Islands8.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Fiji5.88 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Finland10.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
France8.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
French Polynesia4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Gabon12.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Gambia, The12.03 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Gaza Strip3.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Georgia9.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Germany11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Ghana8.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Gibraltar8.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Greece10.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Greenland8.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Grenada7.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guam4.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guatemala5.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guernsey8.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guinea10.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guinea-Bissau15.52 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Guyana7.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Haiti8.21 deaths/1,000 populationnote: the preliminary 2011 numbers differ significantly from thoseof 2010, which were strongly influenced by the demographic effect ofthe January 2010 earthquake; the latest figures more closelycorrespond to those of 2009 (2011 est.)
Honduras4.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Hong Kong6.91 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Hungary12.67 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Iceland6.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
India7.53 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Indonesia6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Iran5.94 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Iraq4.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Ireland6.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Isle of Man9.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Israel5.45 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Italy10.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Jamaica6.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Japan9.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Jersey7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Jordan2.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Kazakhstan9.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Kenya9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Kiribati7.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Korea, North10.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Korea, South6.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Kuwait2.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Kyrgyzstan6.85 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Laos8.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Latvia13.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Lebanon6.46 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Lesotho15.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Liberia10.88 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Libya3.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Liechtenstein7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Lithuania11.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Luxembourg8.46 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Macau3.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Macedonia8.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Madagascar7.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Malawi13.69 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Malaysia4.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Maldives3.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mali14.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Malta8.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Marshall Islands4.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mauritania9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mauritius6.63 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mayotte7.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mexico4.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 4.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Moldova10.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Monaco8.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mongolia6.08 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Montenegro8.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Montserrat7.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Morocco4.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Mozambique19.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Namibia12.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Nauru6.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Nepal6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Netherlands8.78 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
New Caledonia5.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
New Zealand7.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Nicaragua4.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Niger14.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Nigeria16.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
NiueNA
Norfolk IslandNA
Northern Mariana Islands 3.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Norway9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Oman3.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Pakistan7.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Palau7.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Panama4.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Papua New Guinea6.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Paraguay4.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Peru6.13 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Philippines5.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Pitcairn IslandsNA
Poland10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Portugal10.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Puerto Rico7.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Qatar2.44 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Romania11.78 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Russia16.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Rwanda10.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha 6.91 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis7.11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Saint Lucia6.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon8.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines6.94 deaths/1,000 population (July2010 est.)
Samoa5.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
San Marino7.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe8.45 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Saudi Arabia3.34 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Senegal9.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Serbia13.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Seychelles6.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sierra Leone11.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Singapore4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sint Maarten3 deaths/1,000 population (2009)
Slovakia9.56 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Slovenia10.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Solomon Islands3.96 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Somalia15.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
South Africa16.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Spain8.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sri Lanka6.2 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sudan11.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Suriname5.53 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
SvalbardNA
Swaziland14.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Sweden10.2 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Switzerland8.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Syria3.7 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Taiwan6.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Tajikistan6.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Tanzania12.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Thailand6.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Timor-Leste5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Togo8.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
TokelauNA
Tonga4.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago8.21 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Tunisia5.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Turkey6.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Turkmenistan6.27 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands 4.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Tuvalu9.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Uganda11.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Ukraine15.7 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
United Arab Emirates2.08 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
United Kingdom9.33 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
United States8.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Uruguay9.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Uzbekistan5.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Vanuatu7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Venezuela5.14 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Vietnam5.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Virgin Islands6.96 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Wallis and Futuna4.56 deaths/1,000 population NA
West Bank3.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Western Sahara9.13 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
World8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Yemen7.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Zambia12.84 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Zimbabwe14.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
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@2068
Field Listing :: Dependent areas
This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all nonindependent entities associated in some way with a particular independent state. Country
Dependent areas
AustraliaAshmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonaldIslands, Macquarie Island, Norfolk Island
FranceClipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern andAntarctic Lands, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, SaintMartin, Wallis and Futunanote: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledoniahas been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent countryand a French overseas department
NetherlandsAruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten
New ZealandCook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
NorwayBouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United KingdomAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and theSouth Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United StatesAmerican Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, NavassaIsland, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, VirginIslands, Wake Islandnote: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administeredthe Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into apolitical relationship with all four political units: the NorthernMariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islandssigned a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compactof Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palauconcluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1October 1994)
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@2070
Field Listing :: Disputes - international
This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. Country
Disputes - international
AfghanistanPakistan has built fences in some portions of its borderwith Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to foreignterrorists and other illegal activities
Albaniathe Albanian Government calls for the protection of therights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and thepeaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albaniangroups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the massemigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developedcountries, chiefly Greece and Italy
AlgeriaAlgeria, and many other states, rejects Moroccanadministration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled inAlgeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Algeria'sborder with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, eachnation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling;Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughoutthe Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormantdisputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflectedon its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of aclaim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American SamoaTokelau periodically asserts claims to AmericanSamoa's Swains Island (Olohega), such as in its 2006 draftindependence constitution
Andorranone
AngolaCabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolanexclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006ceasefire and peace agreement
Anguillanone
Antarcticathe Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do notrecognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made byArgentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and theUnited Kingdom (some overlapping) for three-fourths of thecontinent; the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims; noformal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees westand 150 degrees west; the International Whaling Commission created asanctuary around the entire continent to deter catches by countriesclaiming to conduct scientific whaling; Australia has established asimilar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim
Antigua and Barbudanone
Arctic Oceanthe littoral states are engaged in various stages ofdemonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance withArticle 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Lawof the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic hasrestimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floorexploration
ArgentinaArgentina continues to assert its claims to theUK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia,and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forciblyoccupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer toseek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partiallyoverlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence ofArgentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraisingfor extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil andUruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/CuareimRiver leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006,Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, theconstruction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River,which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder inJuly 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile andArgentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimitedboundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo deHielo Sur)
ArmeniaArmenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists inNagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation inEurope (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostlyethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes inAzerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seekstransit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; borderwith Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnicArmenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greaterautonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia,seeking employment
Arubanone
Ashmore and Cartier Islandsas the closest Australian territory toIndonesia, these islands became the target of human traffickers forthe landing of illegal immigrants; in 2001, the Australiangovernment removed these islands from the Australian Migration Zonemaking illegal arrivals ineligible for temporary visas and entryinto Australia
Atlantic Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
AustraliaIn 2007 Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-yeardevelopment zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritimeboundary; dispute with Timor-Leste hampers creation of a revisedmaritime boundary with Indonesia in the Timor Sea; regional statescontinue to express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australiaasserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; in 2004 Australiasubmitted its claims to Commission on the Limits of the ContinentalShelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margins covering over 3.37million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percentmore than its claimed exclusive economic zone; since 2003, Australiahas led the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands(RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order and reinforce regionalsecurity
Austriawhile threats of international legal action nevermaterialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of thenewly elected Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008,demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to theEU unless Prague closed its nuclear power plant in Temelin,bordering Austria
AzerbaijanArmenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists inNagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis weredriven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnicArmenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armeniaand Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armeniato connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security andCooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute;Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia have ratified Caspian seabeddelimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues toinsist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan'shydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continuewith Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields inthe middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue todiscuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, Thedisagrees with the US on the alignment the northernaxis of a potential maritime boundary; continues to monitor andinterdict drug dealers and Haitian and Cuban refugees in Bahamianwaters
Bahrainnone
Bangladeshdiscussions with India remain stalled to delimit a smallsection of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 smallBangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves inBangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-bordertrade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through theporous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling offhigh-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a jointBangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92missing pillars in 2007; after 21 years, Bangladesh in January 2008resumed talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary
BarbadosBarbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritimeboundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad andTobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states tocounter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains humanhabitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of theSea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continentalshelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
BelarusBoundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified overunresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishingborder security
Belgiumnone
BelizeOAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations andConfidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation ofGuatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land andmaritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved;the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves inlieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squattingin the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region;Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in itsconstitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under theDifferendum
Beninin September 2007, Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over twovillages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint withNigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteenvillages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rivalcross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo onfunding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River
Bermudanone
BhutanBhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagalandseparatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan andChina continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignmentto resolve territorial disputes arising from substantialcartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan'snorthwest and along the Chumbi salient
BoliviaChile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restorethe Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offersinstead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chilefor Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed thelong-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island onthe Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, butsovereignty remains in dispute
Bosnia and Herzegovinasections along the Drina River remain indispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussionscontinue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of theboundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratificationof the 1999 border agreement
BotswanaBotswana still struggles to seal its border from thousandsof Zimbabweans who flee economic collapse and political persecution;Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objectionsto, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over theZambezi River at Kazungula crossing, thereby de facto recognizingthe short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Islandnone
Brazilunruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguayborders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegalnarcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;two uncontested boundary disputes with Uruguay over Isla Brasileraat the tripoint with Argentina at the confluence of theQuarai/Cuareim and Uruguay rivers, and in the 235 square kilometerInvernada River region over which tributary represents thelegitimate source of the Quarai/Cuareim River; the Itaipu Damreservoir covers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguayboundary west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana; an accord placedthe long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvialisland on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, butsovereignty remains in dispute
British Indian Ocean TerritoryMauritius claims the ChagosArchipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001, the former inhabitantsof the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1967 and 1973 and now residingchiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right torepatriation; in May 2007, the UK Court of Appeals upheld the May2006 High Court of London judgment reversing the UK government's2004 Orders of Council that banned habitation on the islands; asmall group of Chagossians visited Diego Garcia in April 2006;repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease ofDiego Garcia that restricts access to the largest viable island inthe chain
British Virgin Islandsnone
BruneiBrunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve theiroffshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbonexploration, and renounce any territorial claims along their landboundary; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Bruneiimplicitly lays claim by including it within the naturalprolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed medianwith Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in theSouth China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but fallsshort of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several ofthe disputants
Bulgarianone
Burkina Fasoin September 2007, Economic Community of West AfricanStates (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute overtwo villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from a2005 ICJ decision; in recent years citizens and rogue securityforces rob and harass local populations on both sides of the poorlydefined Burkina Faso-Niger border; despite the presence of more than9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflictcontinues to spread into neighboring states that can no longer sendtheir migrant workers to work in Ivorian cocoa plantations
Burmaover half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnicgroups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries;Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylumseekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities fromBurma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructingthe Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma;citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China isreconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River butenergy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent onbuilding five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identicalregional and international protests; India seeks cooperation fromBurma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the UnitedLiberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands;after 21 years, Bangladesh in January 2008 resumed talks with Burmaon delimiting a maritime boundary
BurundiBurundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on theAkanyaru/Kanyaru and the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which havechanged course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited;cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups,associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various governmentforces persist in the Great Lakes region
CambodiaCambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary withmissing boundary markers and claims of Thai encroachments intoCambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered byunresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; Thailandaccuses Cambodia of obstructing inclusion of Thai areas near PreahVihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962, aspart of a planned UN World Heritage site
CameroonJoint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cededsovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a fullphase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008;Cameroon and Nigeria agree on maritime delimitation in March 2008;sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over anisland at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroonhave heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify thedelimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger andNiger-Nigeria boundaries
Canadamanaged maritime boundary disputes with the US at DixonEntrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf ofMaine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock;Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of theNorthwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensifysecurity measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegalmovement of people, transport, and commodities across theinternational border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over HansIsland in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island andGreenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence forsubmission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelfin support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical milesfrom its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea
Cape Verdenone
Cayman Islandsnone
Central African Republicperiodic skirmishes over water and grazingrights among related pastoral populations along the border withsouthern Sudan persist
Chadsince 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese militaryhave driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad;Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict,reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry;Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria andCameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratifythe delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger andNiger-Nigeria boundaries
ChileChile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reinvigorated claim to restorethe Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offeredinstead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chileto Bolivian gas and other commodities; Chile rejects Peru'sunilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundarywith Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoringPeru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chileto the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean AntarcticTerritory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; thejoint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in theinhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)
Chinacontinuing talks and confidence-building measures work towardreducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarizedwith portions under the de facto administration of China (AksaiChin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir andNorthern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historicKashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue theirsecurity and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to thedispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regionalnuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most ofIndia's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking anytreaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continuenegotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolveterritorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese mapsshow an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoralstates of the South China Seas, where China has interruptedVietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty overScarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over theSpratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan,Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Partiesin the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is notthe legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities inthe Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies ofChina, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marineseismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some ofthe Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China andTaiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabitedislands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterallydeclared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site ofintensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islandsin the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; NorthKorea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by NorthKoreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fencealong portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deportedby China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islandsat the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River inaccordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan havebegun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitationof 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam landboundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, andsocial concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams onthe Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing fromThailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric damsdownstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese andHong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and useof lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010
Christmas Islandnone
Clipperton Islandnone
Cocos (Keeling) Islandsnone
Colombiain December 2007, ICJ allocates San Andres, Providencia,and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but doesnot rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary withNicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary andVenezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf ofVenezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, andparamilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and havecaused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries;Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert variousclaims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank
Comorosclaims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France'sand Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in theMozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces are called into assist the Comoros military recapture Anjouan Island from rebelswho seized it in 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and DROC dispute Rukwanzi island in Lake Albert and other areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential; boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda river claimed by Zambia near the DROC village of Pweto
Congo, Republic of thethe location of the boundary in the broadCongo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefiniteexcept in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islandsnone
Coral Sea Islandsnone
Costa Ricathe ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to replyand Nicaragua until July 2008 to rejoin before rendering itsdecision on the navigation, security, and commercial rights of CostaRican vessels on the Rio San Juan over which Nicaragua retainssovereignty
Cote d'Ivoiredespite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI)in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict still leaves displacedhundreds of thousands of Ivorians in and out of the country as wellas driven out migrants from neighboring states who worked in Ivoriancocoa plantations; the March 2007 peace deal between Ivorian rebelsand the government brought significant numbers of rebels out ofhiding in neighboring states
Croatiadispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over severalsmall sections of the boundary related to maritime access thathinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; theCroatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which wouldhave ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia andseveral villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute;Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economiczone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Sloveniaimposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia inDecember 2007
CubaUS Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutualagreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease
Cyprushostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de factoautonomous entities, the internationally recognized CypriotGovernment and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served inCyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north andsouth; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union stilldivided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquiscommunitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests CypriotGovernment creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary withLebanon in March 2007
Czech Republicwhile threats of international legal action nevermaterialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of thepopular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demandingthat Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unlessPrague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant inTemelin, bordering Austria
DenmarkIceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim thatthe Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroesecontinue to study proposals for full independence; sovereigntydispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel betweenEllesmere Island and Greenland
DjiboutiDjibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties tovarious factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link; in2008, Eritrean troops move across the border on Ras Doumerapeninsula and occupy Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty inthe Red Sea
DominicaDominica is the only Caribbean state to challengeVenezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the otherisland nations in challenging whether the feature sustains humanhabitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of theSea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its ExclusiveEconomic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a largeportion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Dominican RepublicHaitian migrants cross the porous border into theDominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the DominicanRepublic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to findbetter work
Ecuadororganized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrateacross Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians alsocross to escape the violence in their home country
EgyptSudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security andeconomic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallelboundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawiltrapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wallwith Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring theSinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands ofTiran and Sanafir
El SalvadorInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on thedelimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the ElSalvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by theparties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS)survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling adviseda tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf ofFonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvadorcontinues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJdecision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca
Equatorial Guineain 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlementof Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulfof Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon overan island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely definedmaritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delay final delimitation;UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereigntydispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create amaritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay