EritreaEritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decisionbut, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in theNovember 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea ofsupporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008 Eritrean troopsmove across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupy DoumeraIsland with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea
EstoniaRussia recalled its signature to the 1996 technical borderagreement with Estonia in 2005, rather than concede to Estonia'sappending prepared a unilateral declaration referencing Sovietoccupation and territorial losses; Russia demands betteraccommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estoniancitizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundarybased on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the nowdivided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region withinEstonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's externalborder, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules withRussia
EthiopiaEritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in theNovember 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated formerBritish administrative line has little meaning as a politicalseparation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southernSomalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somaliaand routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007;"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera andtrade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan hashampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia
European Unionas a political union, the EU has no border disputeswith neighboring countries, but Estonia has no land boundaryagreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritimeboundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritimedisputes with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar; the EU has setup a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that havesigned the convention implementing the Schengen agreements or"acquis" (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and theharmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements becameincorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treatyof Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Iceland andNorway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in theSchengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), and Switzerlandsince 2008 bringing the total current membership to 25; the UK(since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in only some aspectsof the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminalmatters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU since2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EUstates, Cyprus is expected to join by 2009, while Romania andBulgaria continue to enhance their border security systems
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Argentina, which claims theislands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UKcontinues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islandsbecause anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resourceshave not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for fullindependence have been deferred; Iceland, the UK, and Irelanddispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelfextends beyond 200 nm
Fijinone
Finlandvarious groups in Finland advocate restoration of Kareliaand other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the FinnishGovernment asserts no territorial demands
FranceMadagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comorosclaims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorialdispute between Suriname and the French overseas department ofFrench Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,east of New Caledonia
French Polynesianone
French Southern and Antarctic LandsFrench claim to "Adelie Land" inAntarctica is not recognized by the USBassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de NovaIsland (Iles Eparses): claimed by Madagascar; the vegetated dryingcays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976,also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France (GloriosoIslands)Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): claimed by Mauritius
GabonUN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve thesovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and lesserislands and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-richCorisco Bay
Gambia, Theattempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, armssmuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southernSenegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other westAfrican states
Gaza StripWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied withcurrent status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Stripin August 2005
GeorgiaRussia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their commonborder, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritimeboundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such asthe Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge inAbkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained apeacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scatteredthroughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groupsin Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from theGeorgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss thealignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Germanynone
GhanaGhana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who workedin the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltarin 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; thegovernment of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talksbetween the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grantGibraltar even greater autonomy
GreeceGreece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve theircomplex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in theAegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use ofthe name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia; the mass migration ofunemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developedcountries, chiefly Greece and Italy
Greenlandmanaged dispute between Canada and Denmark over HansIsland in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island andGreenland
Grenadanone
Guamnone
Guatemalaannual ministerial meetings under the OAS-initiatedAgreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence BuildingMeasures continue to address Guatemalan land and maritime claims inBelize and the Caribbean Sea; the Line of Adjacency created underthe 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous internationalboundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forestsof Belize's border region; Mexico must deal with thousands ofimpoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross theporous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Guernseynone
Guineaconflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs inneighboring states have spilled over into Guinea resulting indomestic instability; Sierra Leone considers Guinea's definition ofthe flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of theMakona and Moa rivers excessive and protests Guinea's continuedoccupation of these lands, including the hamlet of Yenga, occupiedsince 1998
Guinea-Bissauin 2006, political instability within Senegal'sCasamance region resulted in thousands of Senegalese refugees,cross-border raids, and arms smuggling into Guinea-Bissau
Guyanaall of the area west of the Essequibo River is claimed byVenezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyanahas expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claimsbefore UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary withVenezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle ofland between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic disputeover the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitrationunder provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis ofthe territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Haitisince 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN StabilizationMission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despiteefforts to control illegal migration, Haitians cross into theDominican Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claimsUS-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islandsnone
Holy See (Vatican City)none
HondurasInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on thedelimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the ElSalvador-Honduras border in 1992 with final settlement by theparties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS)survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling adviseda tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf ofFonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; ElSalvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in theICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims theBelizean-administered Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize in itsconstitution, but agreed to a joint ecological park around the caysshould Guatemala consent to a maritime corridor in the Caribbeanunder the OAS-sponsored 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum; memorialsand countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ overthe maritime boundary and territorial claims in the westernCaribbean Sea - final public hearings are scheduled for 2007
Hong Kongnone
Hungarybilateral government, legal, technical and economic workinggroup negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary'sfailure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaroshydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state thatforms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented thestrict Schengen border rules
IcelandIceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim thatthe Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Indiasince China and India launched a security and foreign policydialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the disputeover most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclearproliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles toPakistan, and other matters continue; various talks andconfidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defusetensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site ofthe world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute withportions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and NorthernAreas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire inKashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off inthe Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing thehighly militarized Line of Control and construction of the BagliharDam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of thelarger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and itstributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan(UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949;India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands toChina in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on amaritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution ofthe disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rannof Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show itsJunagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladeshremain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, toexchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and tostop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit ofterrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India'sattempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; Indiaseeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland andAssam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders;Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contestedboundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute overthe source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict borderregime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegalcross-border activities from Nepal
Indian Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
IndonesiaIndonesia has a stated foreign policy objective ofestablishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all ofits neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussiexclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved;many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside inIndonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesiaand Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary butoutstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitanislands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock andthe maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea indispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims toand to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesiaand Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north ofIndonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, andillegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea;maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groupschallenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closedparts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditionalfishing and placed restrictions on certain catches
IranIran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributariesto the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of amaritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond themouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE disputeTunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iranstands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division ofthe Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraqcoalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring internal andcross-border security; approximately two million Iraqis have fledthe conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria andJordan, and lesser numbers to Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, and Turkey;Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdictiondisputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds inIraq
IrelandIreland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim thatthe Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Isle of Mannone
IsraelWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrieralong parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israelwithdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from foursettlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights isIsraeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of GolanHeights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN TruceSupervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitorceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolatedincidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in theregion
ItalyItaly's long coastline and developed economy entices tens ofthousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe andnorthern Africa
Jamaicanone
Jan Mayennone
Japanthe sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan asthe "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern KurilIslands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered byRussia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point tosigning a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute bothJapan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economiczone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbonprospecting
Jerseynone
Jordanapproximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict inIraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan; 2004Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
KazakhstanKyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundarydelimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundarieswith Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004;demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007;demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabedboundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains underdiscussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified withAzerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has beenmade on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
KenyaKenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan'snorth-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter toalmost a quarter of a million refugees, including Ugandans who fleeacross the border periodically to seek protection from Lord'sResistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clanand militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border,which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary thatseparates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "IlemiTriangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times
Kiribatinone
Korea, Northrisking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens ofthousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine,economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and Chinadispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers;Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zonehas separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidentsin the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the NorthernLimiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports SouthKorea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks(Tok-do/Take-shima)
Korea, SouthMilitary Demarcation Line within the 4-km wideDemilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over theNorthern Limit Line, which South Korea claims as a maritimeboundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
KosovoSerbia with several other states protest the US and otherstates' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign andindependent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalitiesalong Kosovo's northern border challenge final status ofKosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepersunder UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovobetween the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority inKosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundaryin September 2008
KuwaitKuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritimeboundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in thePersian Gulf
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundarydelimitation with Kazakhstan; disputes in Isfara Valley delaycompletion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 kmof border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes aroundenclaves and other areas
LaosSoutheast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance tocheck the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion ofdemarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in theMekong River; concern among Mekong Commission members that China'sconstruction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels
LatviaRussia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians inLatvia; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary withBelarus was complete and mapped with final ratificationdocumentation in preparation; the Latvian parliament has notratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarilydue to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state thatforms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented thestrict Schengen border rules with Russia
Lebanonlacking a treaty or other documentation describing theboundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear withseveral sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'aFarms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in placesince 1978
Lesothonone
Liberiaalthough civil unrest continues to abate with the assistanceof 18,000 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeepers, as of January2007, Liberian refugees still remain in Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire,Sierra Leone, and Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeingturmoil in Cote d'Ivoire; despite the presence of over 9,000 UNforces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflictcontinues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer sendtheir migrant workers to Ivorian cocoa plantations; UN sanctions banLiberia from exporting diamonds and timber
LibyaLibya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeasternAlgeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo region of Niger in acurrently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels from the Aozouregion reside in southern Libya
Liechtensteinnone
LithuaniaLithuania and Russia committed to demarcating theirboundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treatyratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuaniaoperates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals travelingfrom the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while stillconforming, as a EU member state having an external border with anon-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvianparliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty withLithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; asof January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus wascomplete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation
Luxembourgnone
Macaunone
MacedoniaKosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of theirboundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use ofthe name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Madagascarclaims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France); the vegetateddrying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in1976, also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France(Glorioso Islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands)
Malawidisputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (LakeMalawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
MalaysiaMalaysia is involved in a complex dispute with Brunei,China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam over claims to part or allof the Spratly Islands; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conductof Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over theSpratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct"sought by some parties; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005joint accord among the national oil companies of China, thePhilippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities inthe Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of freshwater to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridgeconstruction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and SingaporeStraits; in 2008, ICJ awards sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau BatuPuteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia,but does not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition ofSouth Ledge; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimedby Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundaryand sovereignty of Unarang rock in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Seain dispute; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslimsouthern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border withMalaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a dormantclaim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; Brunei andMalaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their offshore anddeepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon exploration, andrenounce any territorial claims along their land boundary; piracyremains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Maldivesnone
Malinone
Maltanone
Marshall Islandsclaims US territory of Wake Island
MauritaniaMauritanian claims to Western Sahara remain dormant
MauritiusMauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administeredBritish Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, whoreside chiefly in Mauritius; claims French-administered TromelinIsland
Mayotteclaimed by Comoros
Mexicoabundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-USborder region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharingarrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitorand control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commoditiesacross its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands ofimpoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross theporous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Micronesia, Federated States ofnone
MoldovaMoldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitorthe transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-awayTransnistria region, which remains under OSCE supervision
Monaconone
Mongolianone
Montenegronone
Montserratnone
Moroccoclaims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereigntyremains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained ineffect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum havefailed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon deAlhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; bothcountries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have notprogressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limitson resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median linefrom the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primarylaunching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa
Mozambiquenone
Namibiaconcerns from international experts and local populationsover the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacementscuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on PopaFalls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with SouthAfrica over the location of the boundary in the Orange River;Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to,plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the ZambeziRiver, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearlydelimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
Naurunone
Navassa Islandclaimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepaljoint border commission continues to work on contestedsections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometerdispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituteda stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgentsand illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 BhutaneseLhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps insoutheastern Nepal since 1990
Netherlandsnone
New CaledoniaMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledoniaclaimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealandasserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (RossDependency)
Nicaraguamemorials and countermemorials were filed by the partiesin Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras andColombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorialclaims in the western Caribbean Sea, final public hearings arescheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Hondurasadvised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary inthe Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific;legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on borderwith Costa Rica
NigerLibya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant disputein the Tommo region; much of Benin-Niger boundary, includingtripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria andCameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratifythe delimitation treaty that also includes the Chad-Niger andNiger-Nigeria boundaries
NigeriaJoint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedessovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out ofNigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues;the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-EquatorialGuinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, butimprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and asovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over anisland at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay inimplementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake ChadCommission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which alsoincludes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Niuenone
Norfolk Islandnone
Northern Mariana Islandsnone
NorwayNorway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen MaudLand and its continental shelf); Russia and Norway reached anagreement on how to align Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean boundariesover EEZ and continental shelf in an agreement signed on 15September 2010; this agreement is pending ratification by therespective national assemblies
Omanboundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and AlMadhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been madepublic
Pacific Oceansome maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistanvarious talks and confidence-building measures cautiouslyhave begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since theOctober 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remainsthe site of the world's largest and most militarized territorialdispute with portions under the de facto administration of China(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmirand Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India andPakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeeperssince 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historicKashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintainedtheir 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions ondefusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistanprotests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control andconstruction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu andKashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of theIndus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare fordiscussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seektechnical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuaryat the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani mapscontinue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghanrefugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remainat their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistanprotests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portionsof their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribalareas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and to stemterrorist or other illegal activities
Palaumaritime delineation negotiations continue with Philippines,Indonesia
Panamaorganized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operatewithin the remote border region with Panama
Papua New Guinearelies on assistance from Australia to keep outillegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, includinggoods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters andsecessionists
Paracel Islandsoccupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguayunruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguayborders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegalnarcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
PeruChile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilaterallegislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritimeboundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lineswhich favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombiahave penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claimto restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor throughChile along the Peruvian border
PhilippinesPhilippines claims sovereignty over Scarborough Reef(also claimed by China together with Taiwan) and over certain of theSpratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," haseased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legallybinding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; inMarch 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismicactivities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormantclaim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on theSultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power ofattorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritimedelimitation negotiations continue with Palau
Pitcairn Islandsnone
Polandas a member state that forms part of the EU's externalborder, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules torestrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borderswith Belarus and Ukraine
PortugalPortugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over theterritory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Puerto Ricoincreasing numbers of illegal migrants from theDominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each yearlooking for work
Qatarnone
Romaniathe ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, andRomania until June 2007 to issue a rejoinder, in their disputesubmitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romaniaalso opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from theDanube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
RussiaChina and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands atthe Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordancewith the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long borderdisputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the"Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils,"occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia,and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signinga peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia andGeorgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of theland boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitorvolatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region andthe Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russiasigned equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but thelittoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column;Russia and Norway reached an agreement on how to align Barents Seaand Arctic Ocean boundaries over EEZ and continental shelf in anagreement signed on 15 September 2010; this agreement is pendingratification by the respective national assemblies; various groupsin Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and otherareas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War butthe Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005,Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements withEstonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic statesannounced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Sovietoccupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands bettertreatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizengroups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based onthe 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnicSetu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuaniaand Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 inaccordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia inMay 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplifiedtransit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningradcoastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU memberstate with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rulesapply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of landboundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundarybetween Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azovremains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement andon-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundarydelimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcationshould commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US
Rwandafighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated politicalrebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakesregion transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republicof the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from adecade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation,and efforts by local governments to create civil societies;nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 Africanstates, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditionalcourts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwandaborder verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides ofthe border remains in place
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhanone
Saint Kitts and Nevisjoins other Caribbean states to counterVenezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, acriterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend itsEEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern CaribbeanSea
Saint Luciajoins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela'sclaim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion underUNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelfover a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelonnone
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
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San Marinonone
Sao Tome and Principenone
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filledsecurity barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated borderwith Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and SaudiArabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; SaudiArabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
SenegalThe Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatistviolence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling into theircountries from Senegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectivelyaccepted 6,000 and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict;2,500 Guinea-Bissau residents fled into Senegal in 2006 to escapearmed confrontations along the border
SerbiaSerbia with several other states protest the U.S. and otherstates' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign andindependent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalitiesalong Kosovo's northern border challenge final status ofKosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepersunder UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovobetween the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority inKosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia andHerzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychellestogether with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the ChagosArchipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leoneas domestic fighting among disparate ethnic groups,rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea,Liberia, and Sierra Leone gradually abates, the number of refugeesin border areas has begun to slowly dwindle; Sierra Leone considersexcessive Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to definethe left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers and protestsGuinea's continued occupation of these lands including the hamlet ofYenga occupied since 1998
Singaporedisputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of freshwater to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor andSingapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awards sovereignty of Pedra Branca(Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocksto Malaysia, but does not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, ordisposition of South Ledge; Indonesia and Singapore continue to workon finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement bydefining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; piracyremains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Slovakiabilateral government, legal, technical and economic workinggroup negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungaryover Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaroshydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state thatforms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia has implemented thestrict Schengen border rules
Sloveniathe Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access toSlovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and indispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusiveeconomic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that forms part ofthe EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strictSchengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce throughsoutheastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties withCroatia
Solomon Islandssince 2003, RAMSI, consisting of police, military,and civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted inreestablishing and maintaining civil and political order whilereinforcing regional stability and security
SomaliaEthiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routedIslamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland"secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlockedEthiopia and have established commercial ties with other regionalstates; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek internationalsupport in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping borderclaims; the undemarcated former British administrative line haslittle meaning as a political separation to rival clans withinEthiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya workshard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia fromspreading south across the border, which has long been open tonomadic pastoralists
South AfricaSouth Africa has placed military along the border toapprehend the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunctionand political persecution; as of January 2007, South Africa alsosupports large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi(6,500), and other states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute withNamibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; in2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts ofMpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa
South Georgia and South Sandwich IslandsArgentina, which claims theislands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force
Southern OceanAntarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarcticaentry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UKassert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf inthe Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest inextending those continental shelf claims under the United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersearidges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land ormaritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formalclaims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and150 degrees west
Spainin 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; thegovernment of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talksbetween the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grantGibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control overthe coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon deVelez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, andsurrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (LeilaIsland); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegalmigration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognizeSpanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on adifference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Spratly Islandsall of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China(including Taiwan) and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Brunei,Malaysia and the Philippines; despite no public territorial claim toLouisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within thenatural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabedmedian with Vietnam; claimants in November 2002 signed the"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "codeof conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, thePhilippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marineseismic activities in the Spratly Islands
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Sudanthe effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebelmilitia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all ofthe neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, CentralAfrican Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ugandaprovided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, whichincludes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes byJanjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, inturn, hosted about 116,000 Eritreans, 20,000 Chadians, and smallernumbers of Ethiopians, Ugandans, Central Africans, and Congolese asrefugees; in February 2006, Sudan and DROC signed an agreement torepatriate 13,300 Sudanese and 6,800 Congolese; Sudan accusesEritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcatethe porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil andethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; the boundary that separates Kenyaand Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," whichKenya has administered since colonial times; Sudan claims but Egyptde facto administers security and economic development of Halaibregion north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violentskirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rightspersist among related pastoral populations along the border with theCentral African Republic
Surinamearea claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani andRiviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims atriangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in ahistoric dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeksUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitrationto resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis ofthe territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbarddespite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute theirmaritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rightsbeyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swazilandin 2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim partsof Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa
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Switzerlandnone
SyriaGolan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strongUN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zonesince 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing theboundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear withseveral sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'aFarms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcationsettles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqishave fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge inSyria and Jordan
Taiwaninvolved in complex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, thePhilippines, and Vietnam over the Spratly Islands, and with Chinaand the Philippines over Scarborough Reef; the 2002 "Declaration onthe Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensionsbut falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired byseveral of the disputants; Paracel Islands are occupied by China,but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China and Taiwan becamemore vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabitedislands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterallydeclared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea where allparties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistanin 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commencedemarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and removeminefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation withKyrgyzstan
TanzaniaTanzania still hosts more than a half-million refugees,more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, despite the internationalcommunity's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over theboundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe Riverremain dormant
Thailandseparatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslimsouthern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysiato stem terrorist activities; Southeast Asian states have enhancedborder surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continueon completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain overseveral islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing bordercommittee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnicrebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities, and as of2006, over 116,000 Karen, Hmong, and other refugees and asylumseekers from Burma; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections ofhistoric boundary with missing boundary markers; Cambodia claimsThai encroachments into Cambodian territory and obstructing accessto Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in1962; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructingthe Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to haltconstruction of 13 dams on the Salween River that flows throughChina, Burma, and Thailand
Timor-LesteTimor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolvedall but some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave;maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; many refugeeswho left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuserepatriation; in 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-yeardevelopment zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritimeboundary
Togoin 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - jointcommission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006, 14,000Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 whofled there in 2005
TokelauTokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega) inits 2006 draft constitution
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Trinidad and Tobagoin April 2006, the Permanent Court ofArbitration issued a decision that delimited a maritime boundarywith Trinidad and Tobago and compelled Barbados to enter a fishingagreement that limited Barbadian fishermen's catches of flying fishin Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; in 2005, Barbadosand Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory internationalarbitration under UNCLOS challenging whether the northern limit ofTrinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends intoBarbadian waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to includeitself in the arbitration as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuelamaritime boundary may extend into its waters as well
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Turkeycomplex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greecein the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syriaand Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upperEuphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status ofKurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed overNagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistancotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistancreates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; fielddemarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, butCaspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran,and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocatethe sea's waters and seabed
Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder
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UgandaUganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnicgroups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forcesthat extend across its borders; Uganda hosts 209,860 Sudanese,27,560 Congolese, and 19,710 Rwandan refugees, while Ugandanrefugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seekshelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo'sGaramba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villagesacross the border
Ukraine1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remainsun-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcationand reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary withRussia is complete with preparations for demarcation underway; thedispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through theKerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions;Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transitof people and commodities through Moldova's break-away TransnistriaRegion, which remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraineuntil December 2006 to reply, and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin,in their dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administeredZmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary;Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from theDanube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
United Arab Emiratesboundary agreement was signed and ratified withOman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsulaand Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and detailedmaps showing the alignment have not been published; Iran and UAEdispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which Iran occupies
United Kingdomin 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly byreferendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement betweenthe UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equalparticipation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapprovesof UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius andSeychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian OceanTerritory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965;most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UKcitizenship, where some have since resettled; in May 2006, the HighCourt of London reversed the UK Government's 2004 orders of councilthat banned habitation on the islands; UK rejects sovereignty talksrequested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands(Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim;Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the FaroeIslands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
United Statesthe U.S. has intensified domestic security measuresand is collaborating closely with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico,to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, andcommodities across the international borders; abundant rainfall inrecent years along much of the Mexico-US border region hasameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; 1990Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits RussianDuma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with Canada atDixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around thedisputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The Bahamas and US havenot been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base atGuantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or USabandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claimsUS-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim inAntarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does notrecognize the claims of any other states; Marshall Islands claimsWake Island; Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island amongthe islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refugesnone
Uruguayin Jan 2007, ICJ provisionally ruled Uruguay may beginconstruction of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which formsthe border with Argentina, while the court examines further whetherArgentina has the legal right to stop such construction withpotential environmental implications to both countries; twouncontested boundary disputes with Brazil over Isla Brasilera at thetripoint with Argentina at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim andUruguay rivers, and, in the 235 square kilometer Invernada Riverregion, over which tributary represents the legitimate source of theQuarai/Cuareim River
Uzbekistanprolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistanand Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Daryariver states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstancommenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border withKyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and otherareas
VanuatuMatthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed byVanuatu and France
Venezuelaclaims all of the area west of the Essequibo River inGuyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana hasexpressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims beforethe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) thatTrinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends intotheir waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary andVenezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf ofVenezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitaryactivities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, anestimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communitiesalong the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlandsrecognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, therebyclaiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a largeportion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts andNevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protestVenezuela's full effect claim