Vietnamsoutheast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance tocheck the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamesesquatters and armed encroachments along border; an estimated 300,000Vietnamese refugees reside in China; establishment of a maritimeboundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over thesovereignty of offshore islands; the decade-long demarcation of theChina-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupiesthe Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved incomplex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, andTaiwan over the Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on theConduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions butfalls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired byseveral of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand constructionof facilities in the Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the nationaloil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a jointaccord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Virgin Islandsnone
Wake Islandclaimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futunanone
West BankWest Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with currentstatus subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrieralong parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israelwithdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN TruceSupervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem,monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolatedincidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in theregion
Western SaharaMorocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whosesovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire hasremained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UNMission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attemptsto hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejectedall brokered proposals; several states have extended diplomaticrelations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented bythe Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognizeMoroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately102,000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria
Worldstretching over 250,000 km, the world's 322 international landboundaries separate 194 independent states and 71 dependencies,areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided statesinto separate political entities as much as history, physicalterrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimesarbitrary and imposed boundaries; most maritime states have claimedlimits that include territorial seas and exclusive economic zones;overlapping limits due to adjacent or opposite coasts create thepotential for 430 bilateral maritime boundaries of which 209 haveagreements that include contiguous and non-contiguous segments;boundary, borderland/resource, and territorial disputes vary inintensity from managed or dormant to violent or militarized;undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries tend toencourage illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration,and confrontation; territorial disputes may evolve from historicaland/or cultural claims, or they may be brought on by resourcecompetition; ethnic and cultural clashes continue to be responsiblefor much of the territorial fragmentation and internal displacementof the estimated 6.6 million people and cross-border displacementsof 8.6 million refugees around the world as of early 2006; just overone million refugees were repatriated in the same period; othersources of contention include access to water and mineral(especially hydrocarbon) resources, fisheries, and arable land;armed conflict prevails not so much between the uniformed armedforces of independent states as between stateless armed entitiesthat detract from the sustenance and welfare of local populations,leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant refugees,hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental degradation
YemenSaudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled securitybarrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen tostem illegal cross-border activities
Zambiain 2004, Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans betweenBotswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited,Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
ZimbabweBotswana built electric fences and South Africa has placedmilitary along the border to stem the flow of thousands ofZimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to,plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the ZambeziRiver, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearlydelimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
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Field Listing :: Ethnic groups
This entry provides an ordered listing of ethnic groups startingwith the largest and normally includes the percent of totalpopulation.Country
Ethnic groups(%)
AfghanistanPashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
AlbaniaAlbanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
AlgeriaArab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; theminority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in themountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are alsoMuslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab culturalheritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, forautonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but hasoffered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoanative Pacific islander 91.6%, Asian 2.8%, white1.1%, mixed 4.2%, other 0.3% (2000 census)
AndorraSpanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other6% (1998)
AngolaOvimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixedEuropean and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguillablack (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,other 1.5% (2001 census)
Antigua and Barbudablack 91%, mixed 4.4%, white 1.7%, other 2.9%(2001 census)
Argentinawhite (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixedwhite and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-whitegroups 3%
ArmeniaArmenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%(2001 census)
Arubamixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%, other 20%
Australiawhite 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
AustriaAustrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other orunspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
AzerbaijanAzeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,other 3.9% (1999 census)note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakhregion
Bahamas, Theblack 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
BahrainBahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
BangladeshBengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups,non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)
Barbadosblack 93%, white 3.2%, mixed 2.6%, East Indian 1%, other0.2% (2000 census)
BelarusBelarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
BelgiumFleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belizemestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other9.7% (2000 census)
BeninFon and related 39.2%, Adja and related 15.2%, Yoruba andrelated 12.3%, Bariba and related 9.2%, Peulh and related 7%,Ottamari and related 6.1%, Yoa-Lokpa and related 4%, Dendi andrelated 2.5%, other 1.6% (includes Europeans), unspecified 2.9%(2002 census)
Bermudablack 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)
BhutanBhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one ofseveral Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
BoliviaQuechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other0.6% (2000)note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoidconfusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
BotswanaTswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazilwhite 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified0.7% (2000 census)
British Virgin Islandsblack 82%, white 6.8%, other 11.2% (includesIndian and mixed) (2008)
BruneiMalay 66.3%, Chinese 11.2%, indigenous 3.4%, other 19.1%(2004 est.)
BulgariaBulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (includingMacedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Burkina FasoMossi over 40%, other approximately 60% (includesGurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani)
BurmaBurman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
BurundiHutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
CambodiaKhmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
CameroonCameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, otherAfrican 13%, non-African less than 1%
CanadaBritish Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixedbackground 26%
Cape VerdeCreole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islandsmixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates ofvarious ethnic groups 20%
Central African RepublicBaya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
ChadSara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%,Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)
Chilewhite and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenousgroups 0.6% (2002 census)
ChinaHan Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uighur, Tujia,Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and othernationalities 8.5% (2000 census)
Christmas IslandChinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsEuropeans, Cocos Malays
Colombiamestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixedblack-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
ComorosAntalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of theover 200 African ethnic groups ofwhich the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about45% of the population
Congo, Republic of theKongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,Europeans and other 3%
Cook IslandsCook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook IslandMaori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)
Costa Ricawhite (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'IvoireAkan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
CroatiaCroat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)
Cubawhite 65.1%, mulatto and mestizo 24.8%, black 10.1% (2002census)
CyprusGreek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech RepublicCzech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%(2001 census)
DenmarkScandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,Somali
DjiboutiSomali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (includes French, Arab,Ethiopian, and Italian)
Dominicablack 86.8%, mixed 8.9%, Carib Amerindian 2.9%, white 0.8%,other 0.7% (2001 census)
Dominican Republicmixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%
Ecuadormestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
EgyptEgyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)
El Salvadormestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%
Equatorial GuineaFang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%,Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census)
Eritreanine recognized ethnic groups: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera)5% (2010 est.)
EstoniaEstonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)
EthiopiaOromo 34.5%, Amara 26.9%, Somalie 6.2%, Tigraway 6.1%,Sidama 4%, Guragie 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Affar 1.7%, Gamo1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, other 11.3% (2007 Census)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)British
Faroe IslandsScandinavian
FijiFijian 57.3% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesianadmixture), Indian 37.6%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 3.9% (European, otherPacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 census)
FinlandFinn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma(Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)
FranceCeltic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,Indochinese, Basque minoritiesoverseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese,Amerindian
French PolynesiaPolynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,metropolitan French 4%
GabonBantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang,Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000,including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, TheAfrican 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1% (2003 census)
Gaza StripPalestinian Arab
GeorgiaGeorgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,other 2.5% (2002 census)
GermanyGerman 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely ofGreek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
GhanaAkan 45.3%, Mole-Dagbon 15.2%, Ewe 11.7%, Ga-Dangme 7.3%, Guan4%, Gurma 3.6%, Grusi 2.6%, Mande-Busanga 1%, other tribes 1.4%,other 7.8% (2000 census)
GibraltarSpanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,North Africans
Greecepopulation: Greek 93%, other (foreign citizens) 7% (2001census)note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collectdata on ethnicity
GreenlandInuit 89%, Danish and other 11% (2009)
Grenadablack 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and EastIndian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
GuamChamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,mixed 9.8% (2000 census)
GuatemalaMestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanishcalled Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,other 0.1% (2001 census)
GuernseyBritish and Norman-French descent with small percentagesfrom other European countries
GuineaPeuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-BissauAfrican 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
GuyanaEast Indian 43.5%, black (African) 30.2%, mixed 16.7%,Amerindian 9.1%, other 0.5% (2002 census)
Haitiblack 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)Italians, Swiss, other
Hondurasmestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,black 2%, white 1%
Hong KongChinese 95%, Filipino 1.6%, Indonesian 1.3%, other 2.1%(2006 census)
HungaryHungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001census)
Icelandhomogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,population of foreign origin 6%
IndiaIndo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
IndonesiaJavanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other orunspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
IranPersian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
IraqArab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%
IrelandIrish 87.4%, other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed1.1%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 census)
Isle of ManManx (Norse-Celtic descent), Britons
IsraelJewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostlyArab) (2004)
ItalyItalian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, andSlovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians andGreek-Italians in the south)
Jamaicablack 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census)
JapanJapanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japanin the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil(2004)
JerseyJersey 51.1%, Britons 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)
JordanArab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
KazakhstanKazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uighur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
KenyaKikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, andArab) 1%
KiribatiMicronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)
Korea, Northracially homogeneous; there is a small Chinesecommunity and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, Southhomogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
KosovoAlbanians 92%, other (Serb, Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk,Ashkali, Egyptian) 8% (2008)
KuwaitKuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,other 7%
KyrgyzstanKyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,Ukrainian 1%, Uighur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
LaosLao 55%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 8%, other (over 100 minor ethnicgroups) 26% (2005 census)
LatviaLatvian 59.3%, Russian 27.8%, Belarusian 3.6%, Ukrainian2.5%, Polish 2.4%, Lithuanian 1.3%, other 3.1% (2009)
LebanonArab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab butrather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to becalled Phoenicians
LesothoSotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
LiberiaKpelle 20.3%, Bassa 13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio 8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru6%, Lorma 5.1%, Kissi 4.8%, Gola 4.4%, other 20.1% (2008 Census)
LibyaBerber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese,Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians)
LiechtensteinLiechtensteiner 65.6%, other 34.4% (2000 census)
LithuaniaLithuanian 84%, Polish 6.1%, Russian 4.9%, Belarusian1.1%, other or unspecified 3.9% (2009)
LuxembourgLuxembourger 63.1%, Portuguese 13.3%, French 4.5%,Italian 4.3%, German 2.3%, other EU 7.3%, other 5.2% (2000 census)
MacauChinese 94.3%, other 5.7% (includes Macanese - mixedPortuguese and Asian ancestry) (2006 census)
MacedoniaMacedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma(Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
MadagascarMalayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,Creole, Comoran
MalawiChewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,Ngonde, Asian, European
MalaysiaMalay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,others 7.8% (2004 est.)
MaldivesSouth Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
MaliMande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
MaltaMaltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicianswith strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Marshall IslandsMarshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2%(2006)
Mauritaniamixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
MauritiusIndo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,Franco-Mauritian 2%
MayotteNA
Mexicomestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantlyAmerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States ofChuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%,Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%,Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4% (2000 census)
MoldovaMoldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
MonacoFrench 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
MongoliaMongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
MontenegroMontenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)
Montserratblack, white
MoroccoArab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
MozambiqueAfrican 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, andothers), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibiablack 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7%, Damara7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
NauruNauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European8%
NepalChhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)
NetherlandsDutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%,Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Caribbean 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)
New CaledoniaMelanesian 44.1%, European 34.1%, Wallisian & Futunian9%, Tahitian 2.6%, Indonesian 2.5%, Vietnamese 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu1.1%, other 5.2% (1996 census)
New ZealandEuropean 56.8%, Asian 8%, Maori 7.4%, Pacific islander4.6%, mixed 9.7%, other 13.5% (2006 Census)
Nicaraguamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black9%, Amerindian 5%
NigerHaoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%, Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%,Kanouri Manga 4.7%, other 1.2% (2001 census)
NigeriaNigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of morethan 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous andpolitically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
NiueNiuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Norfolk Islanddescendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, NewZealander, Polynesian
Northern Mariana IslandsAsian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)
NorwayNorwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)
OmanArab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,Bangladeshi), African
PakistanPunjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%,Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%
PalauPalauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%,Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%(2000 census)
Panamamestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian andmixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New GuineaMelanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguaymestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%
PeruAmerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
PhilippinesTagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%,Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,other 25.3% (2000 census)
Pitcairn Islandsdescendants of the Bounty mutineers and theirTahitian wives
PolandPolish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)
Portugalhomogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black Africandescent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number lessthan 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Ricowhite (mostly Spanish origin) 76.2%, black 6.9%, Asian0.3%, Amerindian 0.2%, mixed 4.4%, other 12% (2007)
QatarArab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
RomaniaRomanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
RussiaRussian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
RwandaHutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%
Saint Barthelemywhite, Creole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo(French-East Asia)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaAfrican descent 50%,white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevispredominantly black; some British, Portuguese,and Lebanese
Saint Luciablack 82.5%, mixed 11.9%, East Indian 2.4%, other orunspecified 3.1% (2001 census)
Saint Martincreole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo(French-East Asia), white, East Indian
Saint Pierre and MiquelonBasques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesblack 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian6%, European 4%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 3%
SamoaSamoan 92.6%, Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesianblood) 7%, Europeans 0.4% (2001 census)
San MarinoSammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principemestico, angolares (descendants of Angolanslaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contractlaborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (childrenof servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi ArabiaArab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
SenegalWolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
SerbiaSerb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)
Seychellesmixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra LeoneTemne 35%, Mende 31%, Limba 8%, Kono 5%, Kriole 2%(descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in theFreetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio),Mandingo 2%, Loko 2%, other 15% (includes refugees from Liberia'srecent civil war, and small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese,Pakistanis, and Indians) (2008 census)
SingaporeChinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000census)
SlovakiaSlovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
SloveniaSlovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other orunspecified 12% (2002 census)
Solomon IslandsMelanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)
SomaliaSomali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs30,000)
South Africablack African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)
Spaincomposite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri LankaSinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 censusprovisional data)
Sudanblack 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
SurinameHindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; theirancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country inthe 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
SvalbardNorwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%(1998)
SwazilandAfrican 97%, European 3%
Swedenindigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Samiminorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
SwitzerlandGerman 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other6%
SyriaArab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
TaiwanTaiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,indigenous 2%
TajikistanTajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,other 2.6% (2000 census)
Tanzaniamainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consistingof more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European,and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
ThailandThai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Timor-LesteAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chineseminority
TogoAfrican (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina,and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
TokelauPolynesian
TongaPolynesian, Europeans
Trinidad and TobagoIndian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)
TunisiaArab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
TurkeyTurkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2008est.)
TurkmenistanTurkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Turks and Caicos Islandsblack 90%, mixed, European, or NorthAmerican 10%
TuvaluPolynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
UgandaBaganda 16.9%, Banyakole 9.5%, Basoga 8.4%, Bakiga 6.9%,Iteso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Bagisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%,Bunyoro 2.7%, other 29.6% (2002 census)
UkraineUkrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
United Arab EmiratesEmirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, SouthAsian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)8% (1982)note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdomwhite (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)
United Stateswhite 79.96%, black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%, Amerindianand Alaska native 0.97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate)note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the USCensus Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons ofSpanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban,Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or SouthAmerican origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnicgroup (white, black, Asian, etc.); about 15.1% of the total USpopulation is Hispanic
Uruguaywhite 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practicallynonexistent)
UzbekistanUzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
VanuatuNi-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)
VenezuelaSpanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,indigenous people
VietnamKinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
Virgin Islandsblack 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,mixed 3.5% (2000 census)
Wallis and FutunaPolynesian
West BankPalestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western SaharaArab, Berber
Yemenpredominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
ZambiaAfrican 99.5% (includes Bemba, Tonga, Chewa, Lozi, Nsenga,Tumbuka, Ngoni, Lala, Kaonde, Lunda, and other African groups),other 0.5% (includes Europeans, Asians, and Americans) (2000 Census)
ZimbabweAfrican 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed andAsian 1%, white less than 1%
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@2076
Field Listing :: Exchange rates
This entry provides the official value of a country's monetary unit at a given date or over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and as determined by international market forces or official fiat. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4217 alphabetic currency code for the national medium of exchange is presented in parenthesis. Country
Exchange rates
Afghanistanafghanis (AFA) per US dollar - 50.23 (2009), 50.25(2008), 50 (2007), 46 (2006), 47.7 (2005), 48 (2004)
Akrotirieuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009),0.6827 (2008)note: on 1 January 2008 Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopted the euro alongwith the rest of Cyprus
Albanialeke (ALL) per US dollar - 106.5 (2010), 94.979 (2009),79.546 (2008), 92.668 (2007), 98.384 (2006)
AlgeriaAlgerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar - 76 (2010), 72.6474(2009), 63.25 (2008), 69.9 (2007), 72.647 (2006)
American Samoathe US dollar is used
Andorraeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7306 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Angolakwanza (AOA) per US dollar - 92.08 (2010), 79.328 (2009),75.023 (2008), 76.6 (2007), 80.4 (2006)
AnguillaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
Antigua and BarbudaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7(2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)note: fixed rate since 1976
ArgentinaArgentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar - 3.8983 (2010),3.7101 (2009), 3.1636 (2008), 3.1105 (2007), 3.0543 (2006)
Armeniadrams (AMD) per US dollar - 374.29 (2010), 363.28 (2009),303.93 (2008), 344.06 (2007), 414.69 (2006)
ArubaAruban guilders/florins (AWG) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.79(2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003)
AustraliaAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151 (2010),1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
Austriaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijani manats (AZN) per US dollar - 0.8035 (2010),0.8038 (2009), 0.8219 (2008), 0.8581 (2007), 0.8934 (2006)
Bahamas, TheBahamian dollars (BSD) per US dollar - 1 (2009), 1(2008), 1 (2007), 1 (2006)
BahrainBahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2010), 0.376(2009), 0.376 (2008), 0.376 (2007), 0.376 (2006)
Bangladeshtaka (BDT) per US dollar - 70.59 (2010), 69.039 (2009),68.554 (2008), 69.893 (2007), 69.031 (2006)
BarbadosBarbadian dollars (BBD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2(2006), 2 (2005), 2 (2004), 2 (2003)
BelarusBelarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 3,019.9 (2010),2,789.5 (2009), 2,130 (2008), 2,145 (2007), 2,144.6 (2006)
Belgiumeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
BelizeBelizean dollars (BZD) per US dollar - 2 (2010), 2 (2009), 2(2008), 2 (2007), 2 (2006)
BeninCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -506.04 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59(2006)
BermudaBermudian dollars (BMD) per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed ratepegged to the US dollar)
Bhutanngultrum (BTN) per US dollar - 46.6 (2009), 41.487 (2007),45.279 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004)note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee
Boliviabolivianos (BOB) per US dollar - 7.0699 (2010), 7.07 (2009),7.253 (2008), 7.8616 (2007), 8.0159 (2006)
Bosnia and Herzegovinakonvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -1.5088 (2010), 1.4079 (2009), 1.3083 (2008), 1.4419 (2007), 1.5576(2006)
Botswanapulas (BWP) per US dollar - 6.7413 (2010), 7.1602 (2009),6.7907 (2008), 6.2035 (2007), 5.8447 (2006)
Brazilreals (BRL) per US dollar - 1.77 (2010), 1.9976 (2009),1.8644 (2008), 1.85 (2007), 2.1761 (2006)
British Indian Ocean Territorythe US dollar is used
British Virgin Islandsthe US dollar is used
BruneiBruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar - 1.45 (2009), 1.45(2009), 2 (2006), 2 (2005), 2 (2004)
Bulgarialeva (BGN) per US dollar - 1.5138 (2010), 1.404 (2009),1.3171 (2008), 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006)
Burkina FasoCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 506.04 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007),522.59 (2006)
Burmakyats (MMK) per US dollar - 1,000 (2010), 1,055 (2009), 1,205(2008), 1,296 (2007), 1,280 (2006)
BurundiBurundi francs (BIF) per US dollar - 1,250.75 (2010),1,230.18 (2009), 1,198 (2008), 1,065 (2007), 1,030 (2006)
Cambodiariels (KHR) per US dollar - 4,217.96 (2010), 4,139.33(2009), 4,070.94 (2008), 4,006 (2007), 4,103 (2006)
CameroonCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs 506.04(2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
CanadaCanadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.0346 (2010), 1.1431(2009), 1.0364 (2008), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006)
Cape VerdeCape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.58 (2010),79.377 (2009), 73.84 (2008), 81.235 (2007), 87.946 (2006)
Cayman IslandsCaymanian dollars (KYD) per US dollar - NA (2007),0.8496 (2006)
Central African RepublicCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centralefrancs (XAF) per US dollar - 506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.8(2007), 522.59 (2006)note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not acceptedin countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
ChadCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs 506.04(2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
ChileChilean pesos (CLP) per US dollar - 525.34 (2010), 560.86(2009), 509.02 (2008), 526.25 (2007), 530.29 (2006)
ChinaRenminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 6.7852 (2010), 6.8314(2009), 6.9385 (2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006)
Christmas IslandAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151(2010), 1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -1.1151 (2010), 1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285(2006)
ColombiaColombian pesos (COP) per US dollar - 1,893.1 (2010),2,157.6 (2009), 2,243.6 (2008), 2,013.8 (2007), 2,358.6 (2006)
ComorosComoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 361.4 (2007), 391.8(2006), 395.6 (2005), 396.21 (2004), 435.9 (2003)note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongolese francs (CDF) per USdollar - 930 (2010), 810 (2009), 559 (2008), 516 (2007), 464.69(2006)
Congo, Republic of theCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centralefrancs per US dollar - 507.71 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008),483.6 (2007), 522.59 (2006)
Cook IslandsNZ dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4015 (2009), 1.4151(2008), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006)
Costa RicaCosta Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar - 526.68 (2010),573.29 (2009), 530.41 (2008), 519.53 (2007), 511.3 (2006)
Cote d'IvoireCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 506.04 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83 (2007),522.89 (2006)
Croatiakuna (HRK) per US dollar - 5.6356 (2010), 5.271 (2009), 4.98(2008), 5.3735 (2007), 5.8625 (2006)
CubaCuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2010), 0.9259 (2009),0.9259 (2008), 0.9259 (2007), 0.9231 (2006)
CuracaoNetherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar - 1.79(2009), 1.79 (2008), 1.79 (2007), 1.79 (2006)
Cypruseuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.774 (2010), 0.718 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.4286 (2007), 0.4586 (2006)
Czech Republickoruny (CZK) per US dollar - 19.737 (2010), 19.063(2009), 17.064 (2008), 20.53 (2007), 22.596 (2006)
DenmarkDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.774 (2010), 5.3609(2009), 5.0236 (2008), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006)
Dhekeliaeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009),0.6827 (2008)note: on 1 January 2008, Dhekelia and Akrotiri adopted the euroalong with the rest of Cyprus
DjiboutiDjiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar - 177.71 (2007),174.75 (2006), 177.72 (2005), 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003)
DominicaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Dominican RepublicDominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 36.92(2010), 36.027 (2009), 34.775 (2008), 33.113 (2007), 33.406 (2006)
Ecuador1 (2010), 1 (2009)note: the US dollar is legal tender
EgyptEgyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.6124 (2010), 5.545(2009), 5.4 (2008), 5.67 (2007), 5.725 (2006)
El Salvadorthe US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001
Equatorial GuineaCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francsper US dollar - 506.04 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83(2007), 522.4 (2006)
Eritreanakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.375 (2010), 15.375 (2009),15.38 (2008), 15.5 (2007), 15.4 (2006)
Estoniakroon (EEK) per US dollar - 12.11 (2010), 11.232 (2009),10.7 (2008), 11.535 (2007), 12.473 (2006)note: Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011
Ethiopiabirr (ETB) per US dollar - 14.4 (2010), 11.7776 (2009),9.57 (2008), 8.96 (2007), 8.69 (2006)
European Unioneuros per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland pounds (FKP) per USdollar - 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005),0.5462 (2004)note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe IslandsDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.774 (2009),5.0236 (2008), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006)
FijiFijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.7313 (2006),1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003)
Finlandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Franceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
French PolynesiaComptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per USdollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),105.66 (2003)note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
GabonCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs per USdollar - 507.71 (2010), 472.19 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 481.83 (2007),522.89 (2006)
Gambia, Thedalasis (GMD) per US dollar - 28.5193 (2010), 26.67(2009), 22.75 (2008), 27.79 (2007), 28.066 (2006)
Gaza Stripnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.7461 (2010),3.9326 (2009), 3.56 (2008), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006)
Georgialaris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.8009 (2010), 1.6705 (2009),1.47 (2008), 1.7 (2007), 1.78 (2006)
Germanyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Ghanacedis (GHC) per US dollar - 1.4 (2010), 1.4 (2009), 1.1(2008), 0.95 (2007), 9,174.8 (2006)
GibraltarGibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - 0.6494 (2009),0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greeceeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
GreenlandDanish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.774 (2009), 5.0236(2008), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006)
GrenadaEast Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7(2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
Guamthe US dollar is used
Guatemalaquetzales (GTQ) per US dollar - 8.0798 (2010), 8.1616(2009), 7.5895 (2008), 7.6833 (2007), 7.6026 (2006)
GuernseyGuernsey pound 0.6504 (2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007),0.5418 (2006)note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
GuineaGuinean francs (GNF) per US dollar - 6,100 (2010), 5,500(2009), 5,500 (2008), 4,122.8 (2007), 5,350 (2006)
Guinea-BissauCommunaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per USdollar - 506.04 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006)note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) hasbeen pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted incountries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,even though the two currencies trade at par
GuyanaGuyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 204.07 (2010), 204.02(2009), 203.86 (2008), 201.89 (2007), 200.28 (2006)
Haitigourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 41.198 (2010), 41.195 (2009),39.216 (2008), 37.138 (2007), 40.232 (2006)
Holy See (Vatican City)euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010),0.7179 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Honduraslempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.9 (2010), 18.895 (2009),18.983 (2008), 18.9 (2007), 18.895 (2006)
Hong KongHong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.78 (2010),7.7518 (2009), 7.751 (2008), 7.802 (2007), 7.7678 (2006)
Hungaryforints (HUF) per US dollar - 213.69 (2010), 202.34 (2009),171.8 (2008), 183.83 (2007), 210.39 (2006)
IcelandIcelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 139.319 (2010),123.638 (2009), 85.619 (2008), 63.391 (2007), 70.195 (2006)
IndiaIndian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 46.163 (2010), 48.405(2009), 43.319 (2008), 41.487 (2007), 45.3 (2006)
IndonesiaIndonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,169.5 (2010),10,389.9 (2009), 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006)
IranIranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 10,308.2 (2010), 9,864.3(2009), 9,142.8 (2008), 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006)
IraqIraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - 1,170 (2010), 1,170 (2009),1,176 (2008), 1,255 (2007), 1,466 (2006)
Irelandeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Isle of ManManx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.6504 (2010), 0.6389(2009), 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
Israelnew Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.7461 (2010),3.9326 (2009), 3.588 (2008), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006)
Italyeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
JamaicaJamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 87.41 (2010), 87.894(2009), 72.236 (2008), 69.034 (2007), 65.768 (2006)
Japanyen (JPY) per US dollar - 88.67 (2010), 93.57 (2009), 103.58(2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006)
JerseyJersey pounds per US dollar 0.6504 (2010), 0.6389 (2009),0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006)note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
JordanJordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2010), 0.709(2009), 0.709 (2008), 0.709 (2007), 0.709 (2006)
Kazakhstantenge (KZT) per US dollar - 147.28 (2010), 147.5 (2009),120.25 (2008), 122.55 (2007), 126.09 (2006)
KenyaKenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 79.217 (2010), 77.35(2009), 68.358 (2008), 68.309 (2007), 72.101 (2006)
KiribatiAustralian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.1151 (2010),1.2822 (2009), 1.2059 (2008), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006)
Korea, NorthNorth Korean won (KPW) per US dollar (market rate)1,800 (December 2010), 3,630 (December 2008), 140 (2007), 141 (2006)
Korea, SouthSouth Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,153.77 (2010),1,276.93 (2009), 1,101.7 (2008), 929.2 (2007), 954.8 (2006)
Kosovoeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7338 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)
KuwaitKuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2888 (2010), 0.2877(2009), 0.2679 (2008), 0.2844 (2007), 0.29 (2006)
Kyrgyzstansoms (KGS) per US dollar - 46.337 (2010), 42.905 (2009),36.108 (2008), 37.746 (2007), 40.149 (2006)
Laoskips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,320.27 (2010), 8,516.04 (2009),8,760.69 (2008), 9,658 (2007), 10,235 (2006)
Latvialati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.5422 (2010), 0.5056 (2009),0.4701 (2008), 0.5162 (2007), 0.5597 (2006)
LebanonLebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2010),1,507.5 (2009), 1,507.5 (2008), 1,507.5 (2007), 1,507.5 (2006)
Lesothomaloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.9 (2010), 8.4737 (2009), 7.75(2008), 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006)
LiberiaLiberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)
LibyaLibyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2648 (2010), 1.2535(2009), 1.2112 (2008), 1.2604 (2007), 1.3108 (2006)
LiechtensteinSwiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0723 (2010),1.0881 (2009), 1.0774 (2008), 1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006)
Lithuanialitai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.6637 (2010), 2.4787 (2009),2.3251 (2008), 2.5362 (2007), 2.7498 (2006)
Luxembourgeuros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7715 (2010), 0.7179 (2009),0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006)
Macaupatacas (MOP) per US dollar - 7.985 (2009), 7.983 (2008),8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006)
MacedoniaMacedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 47.601 (2010),44.1 (2009), 41.414 (2008), 44.732 (2007), 48.978 (2006)
MadagascarMalagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 2,062.5 (2010),1,956.21 (2009), 1,654.78 (2008), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006)