Malta-$403 million (2010 est.)-$491 million (2009 est.)
Mauritania-$184 million (2007 est.)
Mauritius-$949 million (2010 est.)-$674.6 million (2009 est.)
Mexico-$7 billion (2010 est.)-$6.23 billion (2009 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of-$34.3 million (FY05 est.)
Moldova-$565 million (2010 est.)-$464.6 million (2009 est.)
Mongolia-$228.7 million (2009 est.)-$710 million (2008 est.)
Montenegro-$1.102 billion (2007 est.)
Morocco-$7.922 billion (2010 est.)-$4.958 billion (2009 est.)
Mozambique-$1.028 billion (2010 est.)-$866 million (2009 est.)
Namibia-$187 million (2010 est.)-$160.9 million (2009 est.)
Nepal-$449 million (2010)$537 million (2009)
Netherlands$46.69 billion (2010 est.)$39.58 billion (2009 est.)
New Zealand-$4.504 billion (2010 est.)-$3.693 billion (2009 est.)
Nicaragua-$819 million (2010 est.)-$841.1 million (2009 est.)
Niger-$321 million (2007 est.)
Nigeria$27.77 billion (2010 est.)$22.89 billion (2009 est.)
Norway$60.23 billion (2010 est.)$53.53 billion (2009 est.)
Oman$2.724 billion (2010 est.)-$2.143 billion (2009 est.)
Pakistan-$2.641 billion (2010 est.)-$3.583 billion (2009 est.)
Palau$15.09 million (FY03/04)
Panama-$813 million (2010 est.)-$2.33 billion (2009 est.)
Papua New Guinea-$99 million (2010 est.)-$446.4 million (2009 est.)
Paraguay-$391 million (2010 est.)-$149.2 million (2009 est.)
Peru-$333 million (2010 est.)$246.3 million (2009 est.)
Philippines$8.575 billion (2010 est.)$8.552 billion (2009 est.)
Poland-$12.33 billion (2010 est.)-$9.598 billion (2009 est.)
Portugal-$19.03 billion (2010 est.)-$23.95 billion (2009 est.)
Qatar$20.11 billion (2010 est.)$809 million (2009 est.)
Romania-$7.934 billion (2010 est.)-$7.139 billion (2009 est.)
Russia$68.85 billion (2010 est.)$48.97 billion (2009 est.)
Rwanda-$489 million (2010 est.)-$379 million (2009 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis-$163 million (2007 est.)
Saint Lucia-$199 million (2007 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-$149 million (2007 est.)
Samoa-$24 million (2007 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe-$73 million (2010 est.)-$49 million (2009 est.)
Saudi Arabia$52.03 billion (2010 est.)$22.77 billion (2009 est.)
Senegal-$1.046 billion (2010 est.)-$1.356 billion (2009 est.)
Serbia-$1.046 billion (2010 est.)-$1.356 billion (2009 est.)
Seychelles-$351 million (2010 est.)-$284.2 million (2009 est.)
Sierra Leone-$63 million (2007 est.)
Singapore$40.44 billion (2010 est.)$32.63 billion (2009 est.)
Slovakia-$1.93 billion (2010 est.)-$2.819 billion (2009 est.)
Slovenia-$598 million (2010 est.)-$732.4 million (2009 est.)
Solomon Islands-$143 million (2007 est.)
South Africa-$16.51 billion (2010 est.)-$11.3 billion (2009 est.)
Spain-$66.74 billion (2010 est.)-$80.38 billion (2009 est.)
Sri Lanka-$1.784 billion (2010 est.)-$291 million (2009 est.)
Sudan-$2.595 billion (2010 est.)-$2.817 billion (2009 est.)
Suriname$24 million (2007 est.)
Swaziland-$374 million (2010 est.)-$213 million (2009 est.)
Sweden$21.68 billion (2010 est.)$30.23 billion (2009 est.)
Switzerland$49.35 billion (2010 est.)$54.01 billion (2009 est.)
Syria$649 million (2010 est.)$394 million (2009 est.)
Taiwan$39 billion (2010 est.)$42.92 billion (2009 est.)
Tajikistan-$330 million (2010 est.)-$179.9 million (2009 est.)
Tanzania-$1.523 billion (2010 est.)-$1.746 billion (2009 est.)
Thailand$12.29 billion (2010 est.)$21.86 billion (2009)
Timor-Leste$1.161 billion (2007 est.)
Togo-$339 million (2010 est.)-$236 million (2009 est.)
Tonga-$23 million (2007 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago$3.363 billion (2010 est.)$1.702 billion (2009 est.)
Tunisia-$1.389 billion (2010 est.)-$1.234 billion (2009 est.)
Turkey-$38.82 billion (2010 est.)-$13.94 billion (2009 est.)
Turkmenistan$3.081 billion (2010 est.)$1.065 billion (2009 est.)
Tuvalu-$11.68 million (2003)
Uganda-$784 million (2010 est.)-$451 million (2009 est.)
Ukraine$603 million (2010 est.)-$1.732 billion (2009 est.)
United Arab Emirates$3.409 billion (2010 est.)$7.871 billion (2009 est.)
United Kingdom-$40.34 billion (2010 est.)-$23.65 billion (2009 est.)
United States-$561 billion (2010 est.)-$378.4 billion (2009 est.)
Uruguay-$377 million (2010 est.)$258.8 million (2009 est.)
Uzbekistan$5.588 billion (2010 est.)$3.595 billion (2009 est.)
Vanuatu-$60 million (2007 est.)
Venezuela$22.07 billion (2010 est.)$8.561 billion (2009 est.)
Vietnam-$9.622 billion (2010 est.)-$7.44 billion (2009 est.)
Yemen-$2.181 billion (2010 est.)-$2.328 billion (2009 est.)
Zambia-$99 million (2010 est.)-$174 million (2009 est.)
Zimbabwe-$414.2 million (2010 est.)-$807.5 million (2009 est.)
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@2188
Field Listing :: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
This entry gives the dollar value for the stock of all financialassets that are available to the central monetary authority for usein meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-dateof the period specified. This category includes not only foreigncurrency and gold, but also a country's holdings of Special DrawingRights in the International Monetary Fund, and its reserve positionin the Fund.Country Comparison to the WorldCountry
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Albania$1.992 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.37 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Algeria$150.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$149.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Angola$16.89 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$13.64 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Argentina$53.61 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$48.03 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Armenia$2.247 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.004 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Australia$38.62 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$41.74 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Austria$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$18.05 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Azerbaijan$6.33 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$5.364 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Bahrain$3.766 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.54 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Bangladesh$10.79 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$10.34 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Barbados$620 million (2007)
Belarus$5.755 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$4.831 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Belgium$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$23.98 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Belize$219 million (31 December 2010 est.)$213.7 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Benin$1.254 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Bolivia$8.739 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$8.581 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina$2.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.245 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Botswana$7.834 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$8.704 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Brazil$290.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$238.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Bulgaria$15.07 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$18.53 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Burkina Faso$1.588 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.296 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Burma$3.762 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.561 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Burundi$320 million (31 December 2010 est.)$323 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Cambodia$3.84 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.289 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Cameroon$4.023 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.676 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Canada$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$54.36 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Cape Verde$296 million (31 December 2010 est.)$284 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Chad$868 million (31 December 2010 est.)$685 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Chile$26.08 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$25.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
China$2.622 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.426 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Colombia$26.92 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$24.99 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the$1.01 billion (March 2010 est.)$1 billion (December 2009 est.)
Congo, Republic of the$4.123 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.806 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Costa Rica$4.584 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$4.066 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire$3.985 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.267 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Croatia$13.79 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$14.89 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Cuba$4.847 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$4.647 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Cyprus$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$1.289 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Czech Republic$38.67 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$41.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Denmark$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$76.65 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Dominican Republic$2.705 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.905 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ecuador$3.59 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.792 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Egypt$35.72 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$33.93 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
El Salvador$2.819 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.985 billion (31 December 2009)
Equatorial Guinea$4.086 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.252 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Eritrea$104 million (31 December 2010 est.)$88 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Estonia$3.641 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.981 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ethiopia$1.88 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.781 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
European Union$NA
Finland$9.128 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$11.45 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
France$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$133.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Gabon$2.602 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.993 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Gambia, The$203 million (31 December 2010 est.)$224 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Georgia$2.35 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.11 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Germany$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$180.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ghana$3.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.165 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Greece$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$5.546 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Guatemala$5.709 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$4.973 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Guinea$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$51 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Guyana$506 million (31 December 2010 est.)$631.4 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Haiti$1.021 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$790 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Honduras$2.302 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.127 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Hong Kong$262.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$255.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Hungary$45.73 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$44.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Iceland$4.206 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.883 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
India$284.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$274.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Indonesia$83.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$66.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Iran$75.06 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$81.31 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Iraq$45.68 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$44.38 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ireland$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$2.154 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Israel$66.98 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$60.61 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Italy$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$132.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Jamaica$1.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.081 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Japan$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$1.024 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Jordan$12.64 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$12.14 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kazakhstan$32.44 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$23.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kenya$4.585 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.85 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Korea, South$274.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$270 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kosovo$NA
Kuwait$22.42 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$20.38 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kyrgyzstan$1.615 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.585 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Laos$756 million (31 December 2010 est.)$712.4 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Latvia$7.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$6.907 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lebanon$41.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$39.16 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lesotho$893 million (31 December 2010 est.)$988 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Libya$107.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$104.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lithuania$6.418 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$6.66 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Luxembourg$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$810 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Macau$NA
Macedonia$2.127 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.292 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Madagascar$1.038 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.136 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Malawi$301 million (31 December 2010 est.)$163.4 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Malaysia$104.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$96.71 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Malta$522 million (31 December 2010 est.)$538.6 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Mauritius$2.36 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.304 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Mexico$116.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$99.86 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Moldova$1.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Montenegro$NA
Morocco$24.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$23.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Mozambique$1.982 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.829 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Namibia$1.961 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.051 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Netherlands$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$39.61 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
New Zealand$17.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$15.59 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Nicaragua$1.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.573 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Nigeria$43.36 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$44.76 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Norway$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$48.86 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Oman$14 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$12.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Pakistan$16.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$13.77 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Panama$3.525 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.028 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Papua New Guinea$3.017 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.607 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Paraguay$4.082 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.862 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Peru$37.27 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Philippines$49.74 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$44.24 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Poland$99.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$79.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Portugal$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$16.03 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Qatar$22.41 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$18.81 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Romania$50.51 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$44.11 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Russia$483.1 billion (30 November 2010)$439.4 billion (31 December 2009)
Rwanda$816 million (31 December 2010 est.)$742.7 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Samoa$70.15 million (FY03/04)
Sao Tome and Principe$46 million (31 December 2010 est.)$39 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Saudi Arabia$456.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$410.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Senegal$2.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.123 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Serbia$16.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$15.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Seychelles$193 million (31 December 2010 est.)$190.6 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Singapore$212.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$187.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Slovakia$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$1.16 billion (31 January 2010 est.)
Slovenia$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$1.08 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
South Africa$45.52 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$39.68 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Spain$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$28.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Sri Lanka$5.63 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$5.358 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Sudan$2.063 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$897 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Suriname$263.3 million (2006)
Swaziland$708 million (31 December 2010 est.)$959 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Sweden$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$47.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Switzerland$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$135.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Syria$17.96 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$17.44 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Taiwan$382.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$353 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Tajikistan$303 million (31 December 2010 est.)$227 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Tanzania$3.687 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$3.206 billion (31 December 2009 est.)note: excludes gold
Thailand$176.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$138.4 billion (31 December 2009)
Togo$686 million (31 December 2010 est.)$703.2 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Tonga$40.83 million (FY04/05)
Trinidad and Tobago$9.659 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$9.246 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Tunisia$11.23 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$11.06 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Turkey$78 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$75 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Turkmenistan$10.81 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$9.551 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uganda$3.743 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$2.995 billion (31 December 2009 est.)note: excludes gold
Ukraine$32.91 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$26.51 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United Arab Emirates$39.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$36.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United Kingdom$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$66.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United States$NA (31 December 2010 est.)$130.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uruguay$7.407 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$8.038 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uzbekistan$10.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Vanuatu$40.54 million (2003)
Venezuela$29.49 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$35 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Vietnam$16.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$16.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Yemen$5.744 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$6.993 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Zambia$2.287 billion (31 December 2010 est.)$1.892 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Zimbabwe$376 million (31 December 2010 est.)$351 million (31 December 2009 est.)
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@2189
Field Listing :: Union name
Country
Union name
European Union conventional long form: European Union abbreviation: EU
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@2190
Field Listing :: Political structure
Country
Political structure
European Uniona hybrid intergovernmental and supranationalorganization
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@2191
Field Listing :: Member states
Country
Member states
European Union27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Croatia, Iceland, Macedonia,Montenegro, Turkey
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@2192
Field Listing :: Preliminary statement
Country
Preliminary statement
European UnionThe evolution of the European Union (EU) from aregional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 totoday's supranational organization of 27 countries across theEuropean continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in theannals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidationwere long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-levelunions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and theAustro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large numberof nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarchingentity is truly unique.Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is farmore than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, orMercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated withindependent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, andcurrency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policyin its dealings with other nations.In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likelyto be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU hasbeen deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The WorldFactbook. However, because of the EU's special status, thisdescription is placed after the regular country entries.
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@2193
Field Listing :: Major infectious diseases
This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the local population. The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines. Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk. Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual country entries may vary according to local conditions. food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on the local economy: Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available. Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark colored urine. Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%. vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected arthropod: Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium; transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito; parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases. Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever; occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%. Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality rates 30%. African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and, in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the parasites. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries; 90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans can act as reservoirs of infection. Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible; recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages; manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes; disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease; infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose, and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%. Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects; infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases. Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever; characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis. water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers: Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans; infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated recovery can take months. Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74 developing countries with 80% of infected people living in sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite. aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine: Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys; endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50% in epidemic outbreaks. respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an infectious person: Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases, typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches from Senegal east to Ethiopia. animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local animals: Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of symptoms. Country
Major infectious diseases
Afghanistandegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariaanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Angoladegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleepingsickness)water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Argentinadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis Awater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bangladeshdegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks insome locationswater contact disease: leptospirosisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Belizedegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Benindegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Bhutandegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Boliviadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Botswanadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Burkina Fasodegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and yellow feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burmadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burundidegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Cambodiadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, andmalarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Cameroondegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Central African Republicdegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariarespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitiswater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Chaddegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Chinadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: Japanese encephalitis and dengue feversoil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renalsyndrome (HFRS)animal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Colombiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Congo, Democratic Republic of thedegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis(sleeping sickness)water contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Congo, Republic of thedegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleepingsickness)animal contact disease: rabieswater contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Costa Ricadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2009)
Cote d'Ivoiredegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverwater contact: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Croatiadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Cubadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis Avectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2009)
Djiboutidegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Dominican Republicdegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Ecuadordegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Egyptdegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: Rift Valley feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
El Salvadordegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Equatorial Guineadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and yellow feveranimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Eritreadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Estoniadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2009)
Ethiopiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malariarespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabieswater contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Gabondegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and chikungunyawater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Gambia, Thedegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Ghanadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Guatemaladegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Guineadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabiesaerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2009)
Guinea-Bissaudegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Guyanadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Haitidegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Hondurasdegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Hungarydegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis Avectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)
Indiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japaneseencephalitis, and malariaanimal contact disease: rabieswater contact disease: leptospirosisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Indonesiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Irandegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Iraqdegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevernote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Kenyadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and Rift Valley feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Laosdegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)(2009)
Latviadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)
Liberiadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow feverwater contact disease: schistosomiasisaerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa feveranimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Lithuaniadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)
Madagascardegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: chikungunya, malaria, and plaguewater contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Malawidegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and plaguewater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Malaysiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malarianote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Malidegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2009)
Mauritaniadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley feverrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Mexicodegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: dengue feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Montenegrodegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)
Mozambiquedegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: malaria and plaguewater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Namibiadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Nepaldegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and denguefever (2009)
Nicaraguadegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: dengue fever and malariawater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Nigerdegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malariawater contact disease: schistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabiesrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Nigeriadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fevervectorborne disease: malaria and yellow feverrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitisaerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highlyendemic areas for Lassa feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis and shistosomiasisanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Pakistandegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malariaanimal contact disease: rabiesnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Panamadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)
Papua New Guineadegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria (2009)
Paraguaydegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)
Perudegree of risk: very highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoidfevervectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow feverwater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Philippinesdegree of risk: highfood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, andtyphoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japaneseencephalitiswater contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Polanddegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Russiadegree of risk: intermediatefood or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitisnote: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified inthis country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare casespossible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)